# HG changeset patch # User Sean Halle # Date 1388515781 28800 # Node ID 8cb89eed66b40defa21297122e444d11e9fc4950 # Parent f04cf8642d6f6396c832e329a827df6d7764f6d8 FORTH driven PR paper diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/02___Paper_Skeletons/Report_template.zip Binary file 0__Papers/02___Paper_Skeletons/Report_template.zip has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/02___Paper_Skeletons/classic-thesis_style_book.zip Binary file 0__Papers/02___Paper_Skeletons/classic-thesis_style_book.zip has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/02___Paper_Skeletons/lab_report_1.zip Binary file 0__Papers/02___Paper_Skeletons/lab_report_1.zip has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/ACM_two_col_format.odt Binary file 0__Papers/ACM_two_col_format.odt has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/GCC_why_a_DLL.rtf Binary file 0__Papers/GCC_why_a_DLL.rtf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Holistic_Model/Perf_Tune__long_version_for_TACO/latex/Holistic_Perf_Tuning.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/Holistic_Model/Perf_Tune__long_version_for_TACO/latex/Holistic_Perf_Tuning.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Holistic_Model/Perf_Tune__long_version_for_TACO/latex/Holistic_Perf_Tuning.tex --- a/0__Papers/Holistic_Model/Perf_Tune__long_version_for_TACO/latex/Holistic_Perf_Tuning.tex Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ b/0__Papers/Holistic_Model/Perf_Tune__long_version_for_TACO/latex/Holistic_Perf_Tuning.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Any one of these interactions could be individually abnormal, and an unexpected source of performance loss. In particular, there may be congestion in the network that causes the data movement to be especially slow for that new unit, or the runtime may experience contention for access to its internal state (IE, contention for an internal lock). -We propose augmenting current tools with a way to visualize each link in such cause-and-effect cascades. The augmentation focuses on just this one aspect of performance tuning. It adds the ability to see inside the runtime system's operation, so that all links in the cause and effect chains can be visualized. It also assigns a meaning to each link, to aid in understanding the patterns. The meaning is determined according to a theory of parallel computation. We touch upon this theory just enough to explain the meaning assigned to each link. +We propose the use of an additional tool, or an augmentation to current tools, that provides a way to visualize each link in such cause-and-effect chains. The new tool, or augmentation, focuses on just this one aspect of performance tuning. It adds the ability to see inside the runtime system's operation, so that all links in the cause and effect chains can be visualized. It also assigns a meaning to each link, to aid in understanding the patterns and provide rich filtering of the information. The meaning is determined according to a theory of parallel computation. We touch upon this theory just enough to explain the meaning assigned to each link. %To help with this particular aspect of tuning, we propose an additional tool. It collects the causal interactions inside the runtime and hardware, and then visualizes them in a useful way. In addition, it helps to generate ideas for ways to reduce idleness by showing the scheduling-related structure of the application. @@ -128,29 +128,25 @@ \section{Basics of the Approach} \label{sec:basics} -learning the categories defined by the theory - -as well as the meaning of the fine details within the visualization. -we introduce the features of our visualization and their meaning \subsection{Elements of the Theory} The core purpose of the theory of parallel computation that we base the tool on is to connect the contributions of application code, language implementation, and hardware. It is meant to first establish a set of primitive concepts that form the basis of parallel computation, and then establish relationships among those primitives. The user of the theory can then look at application code, the language implementation and the hardware, and understand how the three interact. The interaction says how observed performance came about, or can predict performance while consuming minimal computation. Such understanding of the interaction can be useful in many ways. The tool described in this paper is just one useful way to apply the theory. \subsubsection{Primitive Elements of the Theory} -The theory chooses different primitives than are used in the broad literature and common practice. It doesn't consider the concept of compiler to be well defined, nor the concept of runtime system, nor even the concept of programming language. Yet, these things all, clearly are concepts in common usage and each plays a role in the performance of parallel code. So, the theory attempts to identify patterns within those that are, indeed, well defined and also remain invariant across applications, languages, and tool chains. Such a rearrangement of basic terms comes at the price of a steep learning curve, making the theory challenging to accept. +The theory chooses different primitives than are used in the broad literature and common practice. It doesn't consider the concept of compiler to be well defined, nor the concept of runtime system, nor even the concept of programming language. Yet, these things all, clearly are concepts in common usage and each plays a role in the performance of parallel code. So, the theory attempts to identify patterns within those that have precise definitions and also remain invariant across applications, languages, and tool chains. Such a rearrangement of basic terms comes at the price of a steep learning curve, making the theory challenging to accept. The primitives chosen are: unit-of-work, constraints on scheduling a unit of work, managing the constraints, and mapping free units of work onto animators that perform the work. These primitives can then be related to compilers, programming languages, runtime systems, and so forth. Each of those things can be defined by the effect they have on the primitives of the theory. We leave such definitions to other papers, while here simply asserting that this set of primitives appears to be universal, invariant, and capable of being a basis set upon which essentially all aspects of parallel computation can be understood. We ask the patience of the reader to accept this rather bold claim for the moment, and examine it more closely in the context of future papers focused on such claims. -These primitives are defined in terms of each other, so their defintions have a circular quality, but as a whole they form a consistent interlocking set. Formal definitions do exist, but are outside the scope of this paper. +These primitives are defined in terms of each other, so their definitions have a circular quality, but as a whole they form a consistent interlocking set. Formal definitions exist, but are outside the scope of this paper. \begin{description} -\item[A unit of work:] (AKA work unit or just unit), this is the thing that is scheduled. It is defined as the thing that constraints are stated about, which implies that a scheduling decision must be made for each unit of work, and that a single unit of work is indivisible from the point of view of scheduling. Examples of work units are a single firing of a dataflow node, the trace of instructions between consecutive calls to pthread constructs, and a single iteration of a parallel-for loop. They are not always defined statically. It may only be during the run that the contents of a unit become determined. - -\item[A constraint on scheduling a unit of work:]Loosely, this is a condition that must be satisfied before the unit of work can be assigned to an animator. Examples include "must acquire the lock variable", "must wait for a paired send from a different animator", and "comes after completion of the preceding work-unit". +\item[A unit of work:] (AKA work unit or just unit) This is the thing that is scheduled. It is defined as the thing that constraints are stated about, which implies that a scheduling decision must be made for each unit of work, and that a single unit of work is indivisible from the point of view of scheduling. Examples of work units are: a single firing of a dataflow node, the trace of instructions between consecutive calls to pthread constructs, and a single iteration of a parallel-for loop. They are not always defined statically. It may only be during the run that the contents of a unit become determined. + +\item[A constraint on scheduling a unit of work:]Loosely, this is a condition that must be satisfied before the unit of work can be assigned to an animator. Examples include ``must acquire the lock variable", ``must wait for a paired send from a different animator", and ``comes after completion of the preceding work-unit". \item[Managing constraints:] This, in short is part of scheduling. It is the process of communicating among the animators the changes, in states of units and in internal constraint state, plus computing on those such that all constraints on scheduling work are upheld during the evolution of a computation. Some languages place the bulk of this management inside the compiler, others place the bulk inside a runtime system. -\item[Mapping free units of work onto animators:] This, in short is assignment of work onto cores. This takes place after constraint management has communicated that particular units are free from constraints. Sometimes this mapping is performed statically inside the compiler, sometimes it is performed as part of application code, and sometimes it is performed inside a language's or execution model's runtime system. This is the other significant part of the scheduling process. +\item[Mapping free units of work onto animators:] This, in short is assignment of work onto cores. It takes place after constraint management has communicated that particular units are free from constraints. Sometimes this mapping is performed statically inside the compiler, sometimes it is performed as part of application code, and sometimes it is performed inside a language's or execution model's runtime system. This is the other significant part of the scheduling process. \end{description} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Ideas/GCC_why_a_DLL.rtf Binary file 0__Papers/Ideas/GCC_why_a_DLL.rtf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Ideas/Vote_Bucks/MSW_A4_format.doc Binary file 0__Papers/Ideas/Vote_Bucks/MSW_A4_format.doc has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Languages/POP/POP_Intro_paper/latex/POP_ref_manual.ilg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/Languages/POP/POP_Intro_paper/latex/POP_ref_manual.ilg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +This is MakeIndex, version 2.13 [07-Mar-1997] (BaKoMa TNS Edition). +Scanning input file POP_ref_manual.idx...done (0 entries accepted, 0 rejected). +Nothing written in POP_ref_manual.ind. +Transcript written in POP_ref_manual.ilg. diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Languages/PRDSL/13_Nv_22__Eric_Van_Wyk__first_talk_through_of_PRDSL_code.wma Binary file 0__Papers/Languages/PRDSL/13_Nv_22__Eric_Van_Wyk__first_talk_through_of_PRDSL_code.wma has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Languages/PRDSL/expl_for_Eric.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/Languages/PRDSL/expl_for_Eric.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + + +PR is like a separate OS, within regular OS.. so execute command in regular OS to start a regular process.. that process is born running "main".. then inside main, start the proto-runtime system, then create a proto-runtime process.. that PR process is also born running a "main", which is called the "seed birth function". That seed function is the start of proto-runtime application code. It initializes the proto-runtime languages that the application uses, and then issues language commands to create virtual processors and tasks. Those are born running application code that does the work. They also issue language commands in order to control the parallelism behavior. + +Proto runtime provides parallelism features.. the regular OS just provides threads, but PR gives primitives that threads are created from.. like an exo kernel.. so can create own sync constructs that are siblings of threads.. + +PR_start to PR_end is extent within which protoruntime is turned on + +create pr process in order to start application code.. specify a birth function.. the process is created with a single virtual processor, which is born running the birth function. + +inside start PR language + +then use PR language constructs to launch parallel application work + +The meta-tool targets the PRDSL constructs.. those are things built out of PR primitives, so they have low level parallelism behavior, are siblings of thread constructs, at the same level in software stack. There are 7 PRDSL constructs, which is all the meta-tool needs to know about in order to trigger parallelism behavior. + +PR__include has include files needed by makefile +PR__lib has dynamic and static libraries needed to run.. have to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH + +Have to change permissions on RUNME.sh, dist contents and PR__lib contents + +update library to auto-detect number of cores + +uses pinning of threads to take control of hardware away from OS.. + +look into why pinning fails is PR lib that's in PR__lib.. + +User space + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + PR OS thread(core1) + + + Main OS thread + + main + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + + PR_start() + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + birth Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR__start() + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + PR primitive Fnto create VP + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + resume + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + + core 1 + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR OS thread(core 2) + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,545 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + + + Resume (Point 2.R) + + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline B + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,754 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + + + Resume (Point 2.R) + + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + + + HiddenTimeline + comm + comm + control + control + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,366 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + HiddenTimeline + comm + comm + control + control + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_single.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__timeline_single.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,306 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + Hiddenmeta-comm + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 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Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point A1.S) + + + + Resume (Point A1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + Suspend(Point B1.S) + + + Resume (Point B1.R) + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2211 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 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b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + ParallelismConstructModule + + Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) + Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + Code Stack for Runtime System + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Code ofparallelismconstructmodule + Code ofassignmentonto coresmodule + + + Code Breakdown of a Language Implementation + Code ofwrapperlibrary + + Compiled intoapplicationexecutable + Compiled separatelyas a dynamic library + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,618 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + Master(runtime system) + ConstructSemanticsModule + + Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) + Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule + Language Plug-in + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + + + + Seed VP + + + + VP createdby Application + + + + VP createdby Application + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + prallelism_construct2_Fn + Language Wrapper LibCode + Proto-Runtime PrimitiveCode + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeCode + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + Instance of runtime system + Instances ofVirtual Processors + + + + + + + + prallelism_construct1_Fn + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2026 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime 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vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd 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definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + 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get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } 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xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M 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2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def 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setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} 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b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,884 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth 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bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow 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V +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 2365 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +3752 2365 M +399 0 V +1096 2855 M +95 -542 V +439 -867 V +2531 870 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT8 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 2225 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT8 +3752 2225 M +399 0 V +1310 2855 M +320 -574 V +2543 1207 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +1890 0 V +0 2407 R +-1890 0 R +1.000 UP +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1159 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1159 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1631 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1631 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2104 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2104 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2576 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2576 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +1890 0 V +0 2407 R +-1890 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +1631 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3489 1931 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Vthread)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +2744 1301 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +2744 1861 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT0 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1791 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT0 +3752 1791 M +399 0 V +718 626 M +12 -61 V +22 -36 V +42 -37 V +86 -17 V +169 -13 V +341 -7 V +681 -2 V +505 -1 V +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1651 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +3752 1651 M +399 0 V +718 575 M +13 4 V +20 -82 V +43 -20 V +85 -6 V +170 -12 V +340 -4 V +681 -4 V +506 -1 V +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1511 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +3752 1511 M +399 0 V +717 581 M +13 -38 V +23 -9 V +42 -41 V +85 -19 V +169 -11 V +341 -7 V +680 -5 V +506 -1 V +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT4 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1371 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT4 +3752 1371 M +399 0 V +718 589 M +13 -41 V +21 -29 V +43 -20 V +85 -28 V +169 -12 V +341 -4 V +680 -4 V +506 0 V +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +1890 0 V +0 2407 R +-1890 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,948 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:32:06 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:32:06 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow 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10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,844 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_vthread_40cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:23:52 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { 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div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 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mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1109 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1109 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1531 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1531 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1954 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1954 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2377 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2377 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2799 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2799 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3222 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3222 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3644 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3644 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +4067 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +4067 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2376 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3532 2882 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (pthreads)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +2787 2252 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +2787 2812 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3711 2742 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +3795 2742 M +399 0 V +1735 2855 M +662 -919 V +4067 1238 L +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT6 +LCb setrgbcolor +3711 2602 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT6 +3795 2602 M +399 0 V +1748 2855 M +2555 1723 L +4067 1065 L +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3711 2462 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +3795 2462 M +399 0 V +1420 2855 M +170 -542 V +784 -867 V +3986 870 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT8 +LCb setrgbcolor +3711 2322 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT8 +3795 2322 M +399 0 V +1802 2855 M +572 -574 V +4007 1207 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1109 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1109 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1531 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1531 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1954 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1954 308 M +[ 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solution? Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. + +The problem is + +A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is + +The value of this solution is determined by + + + +2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? + What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. + What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? + How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? + +It enables + +The benefit to me is + +Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are + +The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by + + + +3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? + What makes this problem hard? + What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on +How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? + +The fundamentals are + +The hard part is + +The basic elements are + +The proposed solution + + + +4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? + What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? + How does each approach address something the others miss? + Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. + Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. + +Other approaches are + +A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is + +Categories: + +Combining: + + + +5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? + Sketch the details of each of these "things". + Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? + Did you see any really cool techniques? + +Unique main "things" are + +Drawbacks from details: + +Idea of + + + +6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? + +They have to show + + + +7) What results did they show? + Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? + Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? + Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? + +They showed + +Con.. + + + +8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? + +The work my provide value for me + + + +3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). + +1) + + \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1257 @@ + + + +"" +@Article{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + journal = {}, + volume = {}, + number = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@Book{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + publisher = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@misc{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + url = {} +} + + +"Lamport paper with clock sync" +@article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {21}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {558--565}, + } + +"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" +@article{Lamport87, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {5}, + issue = {1}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {1--11} +} + +"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" +@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, + author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, + title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, + series = {SOSP '67}, + year = {1967}, + pages = {10.1--10.6} + } + +"Original coroutine paper" +@article{Conway63, + author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, + title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {6}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1963}, + pages = {396--408} +} + +"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" +@Book{ComponentModel00, + author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, + title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {2000} +} + + +"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" +@misc{Hewitt10, + author = {Carl Hewitt}, + title = {Actor Model of Computation}, + year = {2010}, + note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} +} + +"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" +@article{Actors97, +author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, +title = {A foundation for actor computation}, +journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, +volume = {7}, +number = {01}, +pages = {1-72}, +year = {1997}, +} + +"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" +@article{SchedActivations, + author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, + title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {10}, + issue = {1}, + month = {February}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {53--79} +} + +"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" +@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, + author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, + title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, + series = {DAMP '07}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {37--44}, + numpages = {8} +} + + +//===================================== +"Gain from Chaos tech report" +@techreport + {Halle92, + Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, + Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, + Year = {1992}, + URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, + Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} +} + + +Reprinted in: +Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. +"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" +K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova +pgs 290-308 + + +"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" +Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. +cited by 232 + + +"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" +Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. + + +//========================================== + +"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" +@inproceedings + {BLISInHotPar, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {June}, + title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = {2010} + } + +"2011 HotPar: " +@inproceedings + {HotPar11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {}, + year = {2011} + } + +"VMS in LCPC 2011" +@article{VMSLCPC, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = {2011} +} + + +"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + Year = 2010 +} + +"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" +@misc{DKUTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, + Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"An Extensible Parallel Language" +@misc{EQNLangTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, + Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" +@misc{CTOSTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, + Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" +@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, + Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, + Year = 2009 +} + + +"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" +@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, + Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" +@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, + Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" +@misc{CTRTTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, + Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, + Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" +@misc{CIPTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, + Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, + Year = 2005 +} + +//========================================== + + +"OMP Hompe page" +@misc{OMPHome, + Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, +} + +"The OMP infrastructure site" +@misc{Halle2008, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, + Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} +} + + + +"The DKU sourceforge site" +@misc{DKUSourceForge, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{DKU} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The BLIS sourceforge site" +@misc{BLISHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{BLIS} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The VMS Home page" +@misc{VMSHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, + Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, + Year = {2010} +} + + +"The PStack Home page" +@misc{PStackHome, + Author = {Sean Halle}, + Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, + Year = {2012} +} + + +"Deblocking code in SVN" +@misc{DeblockingCode, + Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} + + + +"Sample code on BLIS site" +@misc{SampleBLISCode, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} +} + +"Framework Technical Report" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} +} + +"Map reduce" +@misc{MapReduceHome, + Author = {Google Corp.}, + Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, +} + + +"TBB Thread Building Blocks" +@misc{TBBHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + Title = {{TBB} Home page}, +} + + +"HPF Wikipedia entry" +@misc{HPFWikipedia, + Author = {Wikipedia}, + Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, +} + + +"OpenMP Home page" +@misc{OpenMPHome, + Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} + + + +"Open MPI Home page" +@misc{MPIHome, + Author = {open-mpi organization}, + Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, + Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} +} + +"OpenCL Home page" +@misc{OpenCLHome, + Author = {Kronos Group}, + Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, + Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} +} + + +"CILK Hompe page" +@misc{CILKHome, + Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, + Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, + Title = {{CILK} homepage}, +} + +@InProceedings{Fri98, + author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, + title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, + booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + pages = {212--223}, + year = 1998, + address = {Montreal, Quebec}, + month = jun +} + + +"Titanium Hompe page" +@misc{TitaniumHome, + Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, + Title = {{Titanium} homepage} +} + + +"CnC in HotPar" +@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, + author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"CnC Hompe page" +@misc{CnCHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, + Title = {{CnC} homepage}, +} + +"Spiral Home page" +@misc{SpiralHome, + Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, + Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, + Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, +} + + +"Scala Hompe page" +@misc{ScalaHome, + Author = {Scala organization}, + Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, + Title = {{Scala} homepage}, +} + + + + +"UPC Hompe page" +@misc{UPCHome, + Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, + Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, + Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, +} + + +"Suif Hompe page" +@misc{SuifHome, + Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, + Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, +} + + + +"SEJITS" +@article{SEJITS, + author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" +@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {404--418} + } + + +"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" +@article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1-12}, +} + +"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" +@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {225--234}, + } + +"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" +@inproceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = {2008}, + pages = {90--100}, + } + + +"Merge in HotPar" +@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Galois system for irregular problems" +@inproceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {211--222} +} + +"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" +@book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = {2002}, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} + } + + +"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" +@MISC{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = {1995} +} + + +"Capsule" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {247--258} +} + +"Sequioa" +@inproceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {83} + } + + + + +"Cole meta skeletons book" +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = {1989} +} + + +"Meta programming skeletons example" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {468--471} +} + + +"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" +@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {154--163} + } + + +"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + + +"View from Berkeley paper" +@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume={18}, + number={2006-183}, + pages={19}, + year={2006}, +} + + + + +"Berkeley Pattern Language" +@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} + + +"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" +@book{Mattson04Patterns, + title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} +} + + +"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" +@article{Skillicorn98, + title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume={30}, + number={2}, + pages={123--169}, + year={1998} +} + + + +"NESL language" +@conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages={102--111}, + year={1993}, + organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} +} + + +"Sisal" +@article{McgrawSisal, + title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume={1} +} + + +"Linda" +@article{Gelernter85Linda, + title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author={Gelernter, D.}, + journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume={7}, + number={1}, + pages={80--112}, + year={1985} +} + + +"ZPL" +@article{Lin94ZPL, + title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume={768}, + pages={96--114}, + year={1994} +} + + + + +// Visual programming +@article + { baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = {40}, + number = {4}, + year = {1997}, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} + } + + +// Visual programming +@article + { ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal ={IEEE Computer}, + volume = {29}, + number = {4}, + year = {1996}, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} + } + + +// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine +@book + {berry89, + title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year={1989}, + publisher={ACM Press} +} + + +// Cilk reference +@article + {blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {8}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {207--216} + } + + +// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. +// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness +@article + {burch90, + title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages={428--439}, + year={1990} +} + +@article + {chamberlain98, +author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, +title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, +journal = {hips}, +volume = {00}, +year = {1998}, +isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, +pages = {50} +} + + + +// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 +@article{church41, + author={A. Church}, + title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number={6}, + year={1941}, + publisher={Princeton University} +} + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + + +@misc + { CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeWebSite + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} + } + +@misc + { CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} + } + + +// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS +@inproceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} + + +// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, +// so cited as foundation a lot +@article{emerson91, + title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages={368--377}, + year={1991} +} + + +// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as +@article{fortune78, + title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages={114--118}, + year={1978}, + publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} + + + +// Smalltalk reference +@book{goldberg83, + title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year={1983}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley} +} + + +// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently +@inproceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, +} + + +// Java spec +@book + { gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = {1996} + } + + +// Survey of prototyping parallel apps +@article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {32}, + number = {1}, + year = {2000}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// Original CSP paper +@article{hoare78, + author={C. A. R. Hoare}, + title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal={Communications of the ACM}, + year={1978}, + volume={21}, + number={8}, + pages={666-677} +} + + +// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. +// This paper does a beautiful job.. +@article{huth, + title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author={Huth, M.}, + journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages={369--380}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow +@article + { johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {36}, + number = {1}, + year = {2004}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} + } + + +@book + { koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = {1993}, + publisher = {MIT Press} + } + + +// mu calculus paper with 430 citations +@article{kozen83, + title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author={Kozen, D.}, + journal={TCS}, + volume={27}, + pages={333--354}, + year={1983} +} + + +// original kripke structure paper +@article{kripke63, + title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author={Kripke, S.}, + journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume={9}, + pages={67--96}, + year={1963} +} + + +@book + { mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = {1985} + } + + +// Milner's own citation to development of CCS +@book{milner80, + title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author={Milner, R.}, + year={1980}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Milner's own pi-calculus reference +@article{milner92, + title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal={Information and Computation}, + volume={100}, + number={1}, + pages={1--40 and 41--77}, + year={1992}, + publisher={Academic Press} +} + + +// more recent Pi calculus reference +@book + { milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {1999} + } + + +// MPI reference +@book + { MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = {1994} + } + + +// Petri nets original citation +@article{petri62, + title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author={Petri, C.A.}, + journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume={62}, + pages={386--390}, + year={1962} +} + + +// Pierce Type system book +@book{pierce02, + title={Types and Programming Languages}, + author={Pierce, B. C.}, + year={2002}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + +// Survey of Visual programming +@Article + { price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = {4}, + number = {3}, + pages = {211--266} + } + + + +@misc + { pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} + } + + +// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing +@unpublished + { reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = {2003}, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} + } + + +// Parallel Pascal +@Article + { reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = {1}, + number = {}, + year = {1984}, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} + } + + +// Survey of parallel langs and models +@article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {2}, + year = {1998}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues +@article{stefik86, + title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal={The AI Magazine}, + volume={6}, + number={4}, + year={1986} +} + + +// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset +// of temporal logics +@book{stirling92, + title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author={Stirling, C.}, + year={1992}, + publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} + + +// Titanium website +@misc + { TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} + } + + +// website with scans of original work by Turing +@misc{turing38, + author={A. Turing}, + note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and +http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and +http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year={1938} +} + + +// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas +@book{vonNeumann45, + title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author={J. von Neumann}, + year={1945}, + publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} +} + + +// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics +@book{winskel93, + title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author={Winskel, G.}, + year={1993}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/plain.bst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/plain.bst Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@ +% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' + % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. + % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved. + % Copying of this file is authorized only if either + % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or + % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than + % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst. + % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical. + % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style. + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + edition + editor + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label } + +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } + +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} + +STRINGS { s t } + +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} + +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem{" write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names + editor num.names$ #1 > + { ", editors" * } + { ", editor" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title "t" change.case$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year empty$ + { month empty$ + { "" } + { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ + month + } + if$ + } + { month empty$ + 'year + { month " " * year * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title emphasize +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { " of " * series emphasize * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "number" } + { "Number" } + if$ + number tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } + { " in " * series * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * } + { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check + { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } + { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + number empty$ + 'skip$ + { "(" number * ")" * * + volume empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ format.pages } + { ":" * pages n.dashify * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { "chapter" } + { type "l" change.case$ } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.connect + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { editor empty$ + { "In " booktitle emphasize * } + { "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} +{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ + month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ + and and and and and + key empty$ not and + { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ + type "t" change.case$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ type empty$ + { "Technical Report" } + 'type + if$ + number empty$ + { "t" change.case$ } + { number tie.or.space.connect } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ key empty$ + { journal empty$ + { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * + warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} +{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + editor num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ " et~al." * } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + "In " + } + { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + " of " * + } + if$ + editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { series empty$ + { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" * + } + { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { key * } + if$ + } + { format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { booktitle empty$ + { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + } + { "In " format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { journal emphasize "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished address new.block.checkb + howpublished output + address output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.pages output + address empty$ + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + organization output + publisher output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output.nonnull + address output + } + if$ + } + { format.authors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { address new.block.checka + address output + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + { organization address new.block.checkb + organization output + address output + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + title howpublished new.block.checkb + format.title output + howpublished new.block.checka + howpublished output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry + empty.misc.check +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + new.block + "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + editor empty$ + { organization output } + { format.editors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + address empty$ + { editor empty$ + { publisher new.sentence.checka } + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + } + if$ + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + editor empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output } + if$ + publisher output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + note "note" output.check + format.date output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +MACRO {jan} {"January"} + +MACRO {feb} {"February"} + +MACRO {mar} {"March"} + +MACRO {apr} {"April"} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"June"} + +MACRO {jul} {"July"} + +MACRO {aug} {"August"} + +MACRO {sep} {"September"} + +MACRO {oct} {"October"} + +MACRO {nov} {"November"} + +MACRO {dec} {"December"} + +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} + +MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} + +MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} + +READ + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { nameptr #1 > + { " " * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr numnames = t "others" = and + { "et al" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} +{ author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {presort} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.organization.sort + { type$ "manual" = + 'author.organization.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { longest.label } + +INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } + +FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} +{ "" 'longest.label := + #1 'number.label := + #0 'longest.label.width := +} + +FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} +{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := + number.label #1 + 'number.label := + label width$ longest.label.width > + { label 'longest.label := + label width$ 'longest.label.width := + } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} + +ITERATE {longest.label.pass} + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/PRT__intro_plus_eco_syst_and_contrast.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/PRT__intro_plus_eco_syst_and_contrast.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2644 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{amstext} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{ The Proto-Runtime Toolkit for Fast, Modular +Implementation of High Performance Parallel Runtime +Systems} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, + and TU Berlin} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Merten Sach} + {TU Berlin} + {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + + + +The proto-runtime approach has been used to implement +the runtime behavior of several parallel languages, including StarSs[], Reo[], PRDSL[], and HWSim[]. As detailed +in other papers, each language's +runtime system is high performance on multiple hardware platforms, including multi-core, NUMA, Adapteva, +Kalray, and distributed super-computers. The proto-runtime infrastructure made the implementations +fast, and the porting nearly effortless, at the same time adding debugging +and performance monitoring features to the languages. In general, the proto-runtime approach provides advantages +for fast implementation of the runtime system, portability of the runtime +code across hardware, and adds elusive debugging facilities to any execution model. +Despite the successes, no publications covering the approach +have yet been accepted to a conference or journal. Here we address this shortcoming by describing the +theory of the approach and the core architecture of its implementation, which is roughly the same on all +hardware platforms. + + +? + +Why no pthreads -- those are portable, so is RPC + +Why not CAS custom -- that's high performance + +Why not MPI -- that's high performance and portable + +What extra does it buy, using PRT? + +Who is going to use it? + +? + +The proto-runtime abstraction has the potential to replace the Thread +abstraction, along with its primitives such as +semaphores, locks, critical sections, atomic +instructions like CAS and similar low-level building blocks, +as the basis upon which the runtime systems for parallel +languages and +operating systems are built. The proto-runtime abstraction + better balances many competing +factors, to provide value in the big picture. It has +better direct hardware implementations, while its extensible +approach + places complex parallel language constructs on the +same intimate hardware level as the current OS kernel's implementation of Thread constructs. It simultaneously makes those +complex language constructs easier to implement than +they are when using Thread constructs or atomic hardware instructions. +It additionally improves the portability of parallel +application code and the portability of the parallel +language runtime system implementations. Further, the +proto-runtime abstraction makes key services for debugging, +verification, and similar language features become conveniently +available to language implementers. This balance and +its portability +benefits make it suitable as the basis for an eco system +that addresses the write once run high performance +anywhere goal [Hotpar paper]. + +? + + + +Thinking purely locally, in any given case, the number +of factors of interest can be reduced to the point +that any one competing approach can look superior. + However, in the larger picture, with all the +factors included, proto-runtime is the only approach +that is strong in every +aspect. It is the only approach that balances all aspects +critical to an industry wide infrastructure that future-proofs +existing +software, making it high performance on future architectures, +while making the introduction of new architectures +quick and low effort, providing a ready base of applications. ? + +? + +Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. +As one step to ameliorate this, we apply the proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port the runtime systems of parallel languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by providing an interface +that separates the language-construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. +As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, multiple languages can be mixed within +the same program, and reusable services such as performance +tuning and debugging +support are available. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. +We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement for existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of implementations +based on proto-runtime, going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. + +? + + +replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging\end{abstract} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background and Motivation} +\label{sec:intro} + +[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] + +As hardware becomes increasingly parallel, programming must also +become parallel. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. + +The main difficulties with parallel programming are: 1) difficult mental model, which reduces productivity, 2) additional effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in work practices. + +Many believe that these can be overcome with the use of embedded style parallel Domain-Specific Languages (epDSLs) []. epDSL language +constructs match the mental model of the domain, while +they internally imply parallelism. For example, a simulation +epDSL called HWSim[] has only 10 constructs, which match +the actions taken during a simulation +of interacting objects. They are mixed into sequential C code and take +only a couple of hours to learn. Yet they encapsulate subtle +and complex dependencies that relate simulated time +to the physical time in the machine. They encapsulate the parallelism +present, while simultaneously making the implementation +simpler to think about than a purely sequential implementation. + + + + Despite this, the adoption of such languages has been slow, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. + +We propose that a method that makes epDSLs lower cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise. We show +how to apply the proto-runtime approach to help towards this goal. + +In this approach, a language's runtime system is built +as a plugin that is connected to a pre-existing proto-runtime instance installed on given hardware. Together, the plugin +plus proto-runtime instance form the runtime system +of the language. The proto-runtime instance itself acts as the infrastructure of a runtime system, and +encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, +while providing a number of services for use by the +plugged in language module. + +A proto-runtime instance is essentially a full runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The proto-runtime instance then supplies +the rest of the runtime system. + +The decomposition, into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors, modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. + +We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). + +\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware +related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + +\item The modularization gives the language control +over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + + +\item + +The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + +\end{itemize} + + +\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). + +\begin{itemize} + + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing common services for all languages to (re)use. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). + +\item Part is due to hiding the low +level hardware aspects inside the proto-runtime module, +independent from language (\S \ref{sec:intro}). + +\item Part is due to reuse of the effort of performance-tuning the runtime internals (\S ). + +\item Part is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + + +\end{itemize} + +\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + + +\item The proto-runtime approach appears to future-proof language +runtime +construction, because the patterns underlying proto-runtime appear to be fundamental (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and so should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused on those, although performance related updates to the +plugins may be desired. + +\end{itemize} + +The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style parallel DSLs (epDSLs), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of epDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. +We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. +With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background: The epDSL Hypothesis} + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + +Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. + +In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical systems, bio-informatics, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. + + +The custom syntax can capture parallelism information while simultaneously being natural to think about. In practice, multiple aspects of domains provide opportunities for parallelism. For example, the custom data structures seen by the coder can be internally implemented with distributed algorithms; common operations in the domain can be internally implemented with parallel algorithms; and, the domain constructs often imply dependencies. All of these are gained without the programmer being aware of this implied parallelism; they just follow simple language usage rules. + + + +\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} + +A style of domain language, which we feel has good adoption potential, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base sequential language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. + + +For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, then mix-in custom syntax from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a runtime library that becomes linked, at run time, to an implementation that has been tuned to the hardware. + +As with HWSim, the number of such embedded +constructs tends to be low, easy to learn, and significantly +reduce the complexity of the code written. All while +implicitly specifying parallelism. + +Additionally, parallel versions, or epDSLs have more than just a syntactic advantage over libraries. The language has a toolchain that provides build-time optimization and can take advantage of relationships among distinct constructs within the code. The relationship information allows derivation of communication patterns that inform the choice of placement of work, which is critical to performance on parallel hardware. +\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} + eDSLs tend to have low learning curve because domain experts are already familiar with the concepts behind the language constructs, and there are relatively few constructs +for an embedded DSL. This is especially valuable for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these address the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. + +Productivity has been shown to be enhanced by a well designed DSL, with studies measuring +10x reduction in development time [][][]. Factors +behind this include simplifying the application code, modularizing it, and encapsulating performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. + +Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familiar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. + +Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. The aspects that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, so only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware. Although fully achieving such isolation isn't always possible, epDSLs hold promise for making significant strides towards it. + +\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} + +Using an epDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + Constructs from the epDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. + + \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} + +What appears to be holding epDSLs back from widespread +adoption is mainly the time, expertise, and cost to develop an epDSL. The effort to create a usable epDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for a user base of only a few hundred. + +The effort falls into three categories: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item effort to explore language design and create the epDSL syntax +\item effort to create the runtime that produces the epDSL behavior +\item effort to performance tune the epDSL on particular hardware +\end{itemize} + + +\subsection{The big picture} + +Across the industry as a whole, when epDSLs become successful, there may be thousands of epDSLs, that +each must be mapped onto hundreds of different hardware platforms. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the epDSL approach economically viable. + +The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. + +The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation and toolchain optimizations. +Runtime implementation includes hardware-specific low-level tuning and modification of mapping of work onto cores. + +This is where leveraging the proto-runtime approach +pays off. Hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. Proto-runtime +presents a common abstraction for all hardware +platforms, but a portion of the interface supplies performance related +information specific to the hardware. This portion is specialized for each +cluster. Examples of clusters include: + +\begin{itemize} +\item single chip shared coherent memory +\item multi-chip shared coherent memory (NUMA) +\item coprocessor with independent address space (GPGPU) +\item a network among nodes of the above categories +(Distributed) \item a hierarchy of sub-networks +\end{itemize} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} + +We propose addressing the runtime effort portion of creating +an epDSL by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface, called the \textit{proto-runtime +instance}. The language supplies +the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module (proto-runtime instance) presents the same interface +for all platforms, with a specialization for each category +of platform sharing similar performance related features. The proto-runtime module only has to be implement once for a given platform, and is then reused by all the languages. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +Because of the modularization, a language has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing just for each category. + +The higher level of abstraction simplifies the task for the language implementer. +The language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. + +One additional benefit is that the assignment module +gives control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. +This simplifies implementation of language features related to scheduling behavior. +It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated +methods for choosing placement of work, which can significantly impact +application performance. + +In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent +shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical +heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. + +\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} + +The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig. +\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. One is a thin wrapper library that +invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of that invoked runtime. These are called +the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation + is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper + that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic + library that plugs into the runtime.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + + + +Thus, a non-changing application executable is able to invoke hardware specific plugin code, which changes between machines. The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library. The library is implemented, compiled, distributed and installed separately from applications. The application executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. + + +In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs, +even a simple mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms +of the primitives in the tie-point model. In turn, +the tie-point primitives are implemented +by proto-runtime. + + This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching +channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime instance. + +We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either +start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. + + + +\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} + + +\subsection{timelines} +A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. + +For example, take a thread library, which we consider +a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:singleTimeline} +\end{figure} + + + Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but +it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. +The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact +of the release on one timeline has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes +the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points. +Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point +2 on timeline B. +It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that +establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} + \label{fig:dualTimeline} +\end{figure} + +Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about +how the release goes about causing the end of the block +on the acquire. It reveals +a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the +acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts +with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication +sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then +checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't +and leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline +B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication +to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline +A is waiting for the release and performs a special +control action that resumes timeline A, followed by +doing the control action again to resume timeline B. + It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire +gets linked to the release, tying the constructs together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that +performs the behavior that ties the points together. +Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent +as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows +represent special control that causes resume of the +target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and +B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which +calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then +exercises control to make resume happen.} + \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} +\end{figure} + + + +We show in \S\ref{sec:FormalTiePoint} that the pattern +of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes +an ordering relationship between events before and +after the tied points. That implies a relation on +the visibility of events. + +Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between +the timelines. Operations that execute in +the first timeline before the tie-point are visible +in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies +the requirements +of a synchronization construct. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} + \caption{The +visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. Shows which + operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other +timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing +an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied +points. Both timelines agree on what events are before +versus after the tied point. } + \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} +In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs +can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting +there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization +construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point +and use it to show that a tie point +satisfies the conditions of any +such synchronization +construct. + +Our formalism defines timelines, communication between +timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. +We conclude by showing a few classical definitions +of synchronization and show that those definitions +are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. + +\subsubsection{} + +\begin{description} +\item[timeline:] +\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered +sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the +subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, +and vice versa. + Any and all memory locations in a system are part + of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that +timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that +is separate +from any timeline that code executes in). + +\item[event:] +\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} +\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event +that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, +which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a +send of a communication which pushes out contents from +the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication +which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, +a synchronization +construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way +as to establish a relation between events on this timeline +versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted +$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma +,t}$ where $s$ +and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position +on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes +the synchronization construct. +\item[communication:] +\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of +one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events +from different timelines, with the send +event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto +r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication +set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the +timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication +orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. +However, the ordering is only between two points. In +particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline +2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on +timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position +of the ordering integer represents a wild +card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ +followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} +< s_{2,\_,2}$ + implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. + +\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not +seen by application code. It has an additional +kind of event available, which ends a synchronization +event on a different timeline. + We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, + standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position + on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the +event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application +visible timeline implies a send from that timeline +to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow +s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ + +\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more +synchronization points from different timelines which +are related by a particular pattern of communications. +As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, +as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. + +\end{description} + +We now show that from these definitions it follows: +[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. + +We take the event immediately preceding and the event +immediately following two synchronization events on +two timelines. The synchronization events begin with +a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. +The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to +a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, +and later in its sequence it has a receive for the +synchronization event from the second timeline. The +hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. + +From that, we get the following relations: + +Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. + +This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. + +\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} +Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing +a synchronization construct this way any different +from how they're currently implemented?" The answer +is that currently, synchronization constructs are +implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, +where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction +to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the +hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled +from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements +according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. + +What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that +has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. +For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, +the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the +instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive +access is the part that provides the ordering relations. +So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point +portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in +semantics portion associated with the tie point. + +In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply +say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization +construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather +has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must +create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization +can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed +for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization +construct. For example, any asynchronous communication +establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can +be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining +memory consistency models. + +The key here is the elements of the model within which +tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not +exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline +have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, +ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves +(or be suspended by a different timeline), +and be resumed by a different timeline. + +Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization +can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually +one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point +is derived, versus synchronization is given. + +True, the two are equally powerful. + +More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and +more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own +scheduler, have no control over where and when work +happens. + +It is different because it only directly provides half +the behavior, the time half. in the sense that + +The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point +is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement +synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can +implement other sync constructs.. + +But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs +nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed +memory things that sync constructs cannot. + +The sync constructs can be used together with shared +memory-based communication in order to make more complex +sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed +memory system to make distributed memory things. + +Unless use communication to implement shared memory +on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's +a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- +proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, +which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose +that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application +code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code +running in an application timeline.. so.. need to +get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" +timeline, versus function call.. + +What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from +equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want +that notion of animator in there.. and want to get +at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched +over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from +just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator +just by entering the code that implements the mutex? +Say, place that code in-line in the application code +everywhere it's used.. + +Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the +pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, +which is how the more-primitive operations are able +to construct the more powerful mutex. That might +be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. +show that things that have no time-related semantics, +only simple one-way communication, are able to construct +the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence +of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. + +In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from +must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern +within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all +you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, +in order to prove synchronization properties.. where +"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility +relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. +the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual +exclusion". + +This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that +those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence +the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, +that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical +section, cannot take actions +that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the +end of the critical section, need the same isolation. + + +Let's see.. the relation model said that something +with synchronization constraints can be created from +just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long +as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. + +What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as +the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what +a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter +how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. + +So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct +a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation +thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed +with a synchronization construct. + +I guess the question would be: if one starts with a +synchronization construct existing within a distributed +system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs +from that one.. + +For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive +thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? + +For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one +of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ +has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. +but being able to construct one from something that +is NOT one, whose individual components all have less +than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. +then it is a particular combination that brings the extra +time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. +It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings +that extra into existence that is of value. + +It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from +simpler pieces. + +So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" +synchronization construct property, construct something +that does have the synchronization property. That, +is building something more powerful from pieces that +are less powerful. + +The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot +be used by itself. It requires addition before it +can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive +at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times +M\mapsto M$.. but can't +use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. +So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, +but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't +do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't +accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide +$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside +of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. + +*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, +because it doesn't do anything. No computation is +performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of +computation, then?) + +The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior +-- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a +particular set of constraints on time.. constructed +out of primitives none of which have sych nor time +behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. + +Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed +directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs +in distributed system? Does using sync constructs +do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it +add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms +of something that already has the property being constructed.. +that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that +has the property and building something else that has +it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and +building something that does. + +So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after +property of communication to derive compound communication, +of particular write to particular read, via memory +locations. + +So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the +tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the +other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between +the two timelines. + +Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. + +Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. +the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before +the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just +establishes a half tie-point, no? + +In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. + +Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point +cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". + A sync construct is a full tie-point. + + +================================================ + + +\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} +We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, +where a timeline is a type of lifeline. +We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between +lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. + +\begin{description} +\item[event:] +\(E \) represents an event, which is something that +can be initiated or observed. +\item[occurrence:] +\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated +integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) + +\item[clock:] +\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer +onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) + is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) +is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation +of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated +to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value +associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated +\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated +\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one +lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple +beats +from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, +including one initiated earlier in the sequence of +the lifeline, +and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, +each multiple times. + +\item[projection:] +Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) + is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) +\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). + This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat +of the second lifeline. + +\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting +of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do +not participate in projections, plus a set of projections +that cross the two beats in the forward direction. +Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an +ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) +|iy\ \) +\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. +The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and +ends with the end of all lifelines. + +\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. +Given two positions within different sequences, if +one or both both can be +validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to +define valid rearrangements, so they occupy + the same position in their rearranged sequences, then +they are equivalent positions. + +\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are +equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation +measurements of interest. If the observation measurement +involves sequences, then the two events must lie at +equivalent positions within their respective sequences. + +\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats +can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline +has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do +not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. +Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. + +\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that +their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent +lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines +in one run can be different from the projections in +the other run. + +\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. +\end{description} + + +Some things to note: A particular occurrence +can be associated to at most one beat from a given +lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated +to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may +be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. +Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. + +For example, the event could +be writing a value into a variable. Two separate +write events are considered equivalent occurrences if +they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location +is associated to the same particular +variable, and happen within valid partial orderings +relative to the other occurrences. This is normally +compared across re-creations of the "universe" that +provides the context for the orderings of events instances. + +========= + + Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats +-- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the +distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it +through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. + +So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs +are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! + + What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. + +So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. + +The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. + +From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this +defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- +the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect + +======= + +From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. + +The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may +be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, +and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation +is on non-origin lifeline. + +But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. + In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, +they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal +state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat +that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the +same internal activity will have the behavior of a +full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves +resumed in different internal activities. + +A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. + +The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. + +For +example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired +receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. + +For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared +context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner +and resume self else place self onto end of sequence +of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner +and place the next in sequence of special beats into +lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. +in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can +form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. +? + +==== + +Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description +of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. + + + + + +\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates +to tie-points} + +To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to +specify a synchronization construct, we first state +clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. + +The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two +independent timelines, both performing reads and writes +within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The +timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any +write on Timeline A can be received by any read of +the same address on +Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, +the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} + \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines +by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each +other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} + \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} +\end{figure} + + + +To control the behavior of writes and reads to the +same addresses, a common point must be established, which +limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to +each other. A synchronization construct is used for +this. +The net effect of such a construct is to establish +a common point that both timelines agree on. This +point separates reads and writes before it from reads +and writes after it. + +For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline +before entering the critical section. Any writes performed +on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. + +The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, +any writes performed by that new +timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible +to reads performed by the old timeline before it released +the lock. + +With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct +as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has +the property that it creates +a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different +timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point +fit our definition of synchronization constructs. + + +\subsection{More on tie-points} + +Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by +a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes +behavior in the gaps; 3) resume +called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement +of instruction completion relative to resume. + +What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. + + +Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point +do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint +on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible + timeline that embodies notions such as dependency + between units of work, mutual exclusion, + partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the + primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion +of reads/writes. + +It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside +the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up +sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the +semantics of a synchronization construct. + +A workshop paper also discusses tie points +[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and +will be published in a future paper. + + + +\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} + + Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the +proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. +It acts as the hidden timeline. + + The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations +of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: + + %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. + +%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. + +%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) + +\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with +parameters from application +\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution +\item end a timeline +\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered +core + +\end{itemize} + +Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + + +The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire +can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, +which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. + +The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task +or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner +portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. + + + +\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} + +To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing +acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: + +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, +and +provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the +mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it +continues to make progress. However, if a different thread +already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue +of waiting threads, and stops making progress. +\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and +provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread +that called the release construct.. +\end{itemize} + +This calls for a data structure that has two fields: +one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, +the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire +the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple +reads +and writes of the data structure. Hence, the + structure must be protected +from races between different threads. + +The protection +is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, +and where performance issues come into the picture. +It could be accomplished with a single global lock + that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished +with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence +mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus +quorum techniques. + +However, the implementation of the semantics is independent +of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, +and an interface can be placed between them. One side +of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of +the data structure, while the other side implements +protecting the first side from interference. + +The side that provides protection requires fields, +for its use, to be placed into the data structure used +to represent a thread. To hide those details, +the protection side should also provide +primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend +and resume them. + +This interface that separates the semantic side from +the protection +side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables +the modularization of runtime system implementations. + +The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking +about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. + That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization +behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. + + %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization +%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves +%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. + + + + + +\section{Concrete Details} +Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize +a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is +time to make the concepts concrete by showing code +segments that implement each of the concepts, and code +segments that use the concepts. We will start with +the big picture and work down. + +The first stop will be the development process, showing +how it is fractured into three separate and independent +development activities. Next, we will show examples +of how application +code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls +down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, +we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, +where we will focus on the interaction between plugin +code and proto-runtime code. + +In this last portion, we will show how the +interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside +the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will +show how providing +a consistent environment + is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion + of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is + the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline + that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs +to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. + + +\subsection{Three independent development efforts} + +To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the +three independent paths that development takes: +one for development of proto-runtime code, one for +development of language implementation, and one for +application development. Each of these produces a separate +installable artifact. +The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. + +The proto-runtime code is developed separately from +both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +The wrapper library, however, is not +installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it +is only used during development of an application, +and remains independent of hardware. + +Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +When an application is executed, the loader binds the +dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. + In this way, a single, +unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +However, the success of the compile-once approach has +limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work +itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. + +\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} + +At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each +of two cores, as the core is switched between application +code and runtime code. It is too early to understand +the details, but this figure can be referred back to +as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. +Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. + +At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, +and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is +depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, +along with the animation of application code by those virtual +processors. + +? + +The application passes information to a wrapper library +call, +such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the +information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime +primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing +that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer +to the plugin function that will handle the request. +The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which +other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library +call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from +whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a +synchronization construct. + +However, there is one last step between the request +handler marking a timeline as ready to resume +and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the +assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. +The request handlers stack up work that is free to +be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which +of those to place onto an offered core. + + + + + +\begin{figure*}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] + {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} + \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple +cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls +between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the +code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated +by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core +2. The boxes +represent virtual processors, each with its associated +timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative +ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request +Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, +which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime +code module.} + \label{fig:physTimeSeq} +\end{figure*} + + + +\subsection{Using language constructs} +In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs +take the form of function calls. The reader familiar +with posix threads will have used function calls to +perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. +Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the +same way. + +We use posix threads for our example because it is +a familiar language that the reader already knows well. +It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. + +\subsubsection{Main and startup} +Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime +system must be started, and a proto-runtime process +must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the +create process was given a pointer +to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime +based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime +based languages that will be used in the application, +and must create the virtual processors and tasks that +perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. + +==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == + +\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth +function} +Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts +the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It +is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. +Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two +threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both +threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the +command that kills the virtual processor that is animating +the function. + +==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, +Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== + +Notice the signature +of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer +to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is +the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for +proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. + + +Also, notice that the standard signature includes a +pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime +defined structure, which holds the meta-information +about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed +the structure of the virtual processor that is animating +it. + +An illuminating aside is that the birth function for +a posix thread doesn't need +to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. +That is because the operating system tracks which thread +is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing +an instruction that suspends the code executing on +the core and switches +the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel +then looks up the data structure that is assigned to +the core. + +That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the +pointer to the thread that was animating the application +code that called the posix construct. But the implementation +of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't +have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, +and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data +structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. + +Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created +by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent +of mutex acquire and release to protect access to +a critical section. Notice that the signature +is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. +Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to +each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next +several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure +is used. + +==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and +release to protect a counter plus print of count value== + + +\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} + +Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls +reveals code such as in Fig X. + +==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== + +There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data +structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime +call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library +calls. The data structure is used to carry information +into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was +started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is +the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends +application code and switches to the kernel. For the +implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this +call is implemented with assembly instructions. + +This wrapper library code is placed on the machine +used during development of the application, and is +compiled into the application executable. However, +the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, +and is not part of the application executable. + +Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to +a function. This is called the handler function, and +is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime +will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled +way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment +to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. +We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the +handler function, and what such a handler function +looks like. + +First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and +switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X + +==assembly of suspend and switch== + +All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer +into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program +counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, +which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. + +\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched +to} + +The PR assembly code switches the core to executing +the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. + +==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== + +All this does is invoke the handler function named +in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. +This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point +model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, +fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens +to use a global lock for each language's environment. + However other implementations are possible. In order + to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap + instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random + backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. + + The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes + on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point + model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special + beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that + executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler + code that then establishes the causal connections + between such special beats, and so ties them together. + The causal connection is via the changes make to the + language environment. + + So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. + The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat + and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The + lock is what isolates and sequentializes + the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language + environment is the hidden state used to establish + causal connection between special beats. + + + +This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. + +Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. + + +If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. + +Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. + +This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. + +? + +Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. + +The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. + +=================== + + +\subsection{not sure} +A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. + +However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. + +As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. + +? + +The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. + +? + +The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". +The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. + +================= + +\subsection{more on tie-points} +Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. + +From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. + +However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. + +Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. + +The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. + +That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. + + +The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. + +At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. + +The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. + +=========== + +The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. + +So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. + +For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. + +============ + + +\subsection{More on eDSLs} +%====================================== + +%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + +%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. + +%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. + + +% ============== + +%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. + +%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. + +%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Details} +\label{subsec:Details} + + what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. + +modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. + +? + + + + overhead measurements + +implementation time measurements + + discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. + + give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. + + summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the +least, the same effort would have to be expended on +each and every language that we expended on performance +tuning our proto-runtime. + + We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to + +illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + +Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). + +Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). + + + +? + + + + + The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints +due to data dependencies. + + a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. + +? + +The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. + + + + this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. + + implementing language logic, + +show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. + +give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, +we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. + +support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. + + discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. + +reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} +With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} + +\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} +For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. + +For runtime performance: + +-- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) + +-- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) + +-- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci + +-- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{} +\label{tab} + +As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. + + +\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} +\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} +Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. +\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} +In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk +\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} +OMPSs +\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} +VOMP + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} +Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. + +Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements +of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. + + +\begin{centering} +\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} + \cline{2-8} + \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ + \cline{2-8} + \noalign{\vskip2pt} + \hline + Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ + Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ + Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ + L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\caption +{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. +} +\end{centering} +\label{tabPersonHoursLang} + +%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} +%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} + +We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. + +We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. + + +\begin{center} +\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for +the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ +\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline +\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline +%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline +\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline +\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + + + +The first two methods have poor runtime and application +performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. + +Both also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. + +For the same reason, porting is poor for these two +approaches. The DSL's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. + +Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra +effort is expended to take advantage. + +Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. + +Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. +%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. + + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + + +Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. + + The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. + +The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. + +Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. + +Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. + +Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: +\begin{itemize} +\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. +\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. +\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. +\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. +\end{itemize} + + +\end{document} +============================================= +== +== +== +== +== +============================================= + +\section{The Problem} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. + +To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). + +Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). + +The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). + +\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} +\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. + +A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. + +In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. + +Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. + +The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. + +In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. + +Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. + + +\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} +\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. + +DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. + +It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. + +In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. + +\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} +\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. + + +An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} +\begin{verbatim} +newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} +\begin{verbatim} +SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} +\begin{verbatim} +messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} +} +} + +\caption +{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. +} +\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} +\end{figure} +An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. + +As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. + +It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. + +\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} +\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. + +For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. + +An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. + +When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. + +The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. + +The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + +Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). + +\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. + +Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. + +In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. + + + During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. + +If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. + +For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. + +The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. + + +\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + +Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. + +The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. + +The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. + +For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. + +While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. + +These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. + +For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. + + +One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: +\begin{itemize} +\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. +\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. +\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. +\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. +\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Summary of Section} + [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. + +The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. + +The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Description} +\label{sec:idea} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + + +Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. + +The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. + +\subsection{Creating an eDSL} + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} + \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} + \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} +\end{figure} + +As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. + +As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. + +\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} + +\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} +-- standardizes runtime code +-- makes familiar going from one lang to another +-- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs + +-- show the enums, and the switch table + +-- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave + +\subsubsection{The Request Handler} +-- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. + +-- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL + +\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } +The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. + +For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. + +Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. + +This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. + +\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + +-- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) + +-- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency + +\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} +-- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) + +-- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. + +\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} + +-- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. +-- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. +-- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. +-- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. + +Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. +-- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, +-- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. +-- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption + +-- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. + +-- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects + +-- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + + +\section{(outline and notes)} + +-- What a plugin looks like: + +-- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units + +-- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. + +-- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), + +-- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). + + +-- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. + + + + +\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. + + +\subsection{Some Definitions} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. + +In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. + +\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. + +For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. + +It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. + + +The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. + + + +======= + + I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). + Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. + Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. + +================= + +\subsection{The patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + + +Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. + +Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + + +\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The +basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. + +Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. + +Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. + +Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. + +\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. + +Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. +The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. + +Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. + +Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. + +Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. + +Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. + +\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. + +The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. + +For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} + \caption{Something to help understanding} + \label{fig:SCG_expl} +\end{figure} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Details} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] +[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. + +Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. + +Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. + +\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Demonstrate reuse of language logic: +All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. + +? + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + +? + +In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. + +The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and +other application features. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} + +\subsection{Implementation time} + + +\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} + + + +\end{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +Here is an example of netlist creation: + +The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. + + Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. + +First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: + +To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. + +The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimNetlist * +createPingPongNetlist() + { HWSimNetlist *netlist; + HWSimElem **elems; + HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; + HWSimCommPath **commPaths; + int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); + + numElems = 2; + elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); + + numCommPaths = 2; + commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); + + numActivityTypes = 1; + activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); + + netlist->numElems = numElems; + netlist->elems = elems; + netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; + netlist->commPaths = commPaths; + netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; + netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //have to create activity types before create elements + //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist + elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. + +Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements + elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. + +This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 + commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); + commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units + + //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 + commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); + commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +done building netlist, return it +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + return netlist; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ +do{\ + commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ + commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ + }while(0); //macro magic for namespace +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimElem * +createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) + { HWSimElem *elem; + elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); + elem->numInPorts = 1; + elem->numOutPorts = 1; + elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); + elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port + elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; + return elem; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimActivityType * +createPingPongActivityType( ) + { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; + pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); + + pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; + pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; + return pingPongActivityType; + } +\end{verbatim} \end{small} + + +========= + +All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. + +Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +void +pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 + HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +There are four ways a behavior can end: +\begin{description} +\item end, no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + +============= + + +\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} +All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. + +Here's an example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { + return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} + +The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) + { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +====== + +Details of VMS interface, details of its impl on multi-core, details of differences on different machines. + +wrapper-lib calls VMS-supplied primitive that suspends the virtual-processor calling the lib, and sends a request to VMS. VMS calls lang-supplied plugin to handle requests -- this is the part of the scheduler that handles constraints -- it determines which virt-processors must remain suspended, and which are free to be re-animated. + +The language is implemented as either a collection of wrapper-lib calls embedded into the base language, or as custom syntax that uses uses the VMS-supplied primitive to suspend virtual processors and send requests to VMS. + + +VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. From the application-programmer point of view, the embedded version looks like a function call, albeit the data-struc of the virtual-processor animating the code has to be passed as a parameter to the wrapper-lib call. + +Hence, VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. + +The wrapper-lib call is standard library code that is loaded along with the application executable. + +However, VMS primitives may be hardware-implemented, or loaded as OS modules, or dynamic or static libraries. Rhey are naturally custom instructions, but may be emulated by software. + +The interface between application-executable and language-runtime is the VMS-primitive that sends a request to VMS. The language-runtime receives the request under control of VMS, which calls a language-supplied request-handling function and passes the request as a parameter. This passive behavior of the request handler leaves control-flow inside VMS, which is part of hiding concurrency from the language-runtime implementation. + +The interface between the runtime and VMS is VMS's plugin API. The runtime is implemented as two functions, whose pointers are handed to VMS. VMS then controls the flow of execution. When a request is ready for the runtime, VMS cIalls the request-handler function, and when a spot on hardware is free for work, VMS calls the scheduler-assign function. Hence, the language implements its runtime as two isolated functions. By keeping control-flow inside VMS, the language-specific portion of the runtiem is simplified. + +This structure is also the reason VMS encourages reuse of scheduler code. The VMS API separates out control flow from scheduling, so scheduling code is isolated, with well-defined interfaces. Scheduling is then further sub-divided into modules: constraint-management (IE enforcing dependencies); and choosing physical location to place work. Each has its own well-defined interface, and they communicate to each other via VMS-managed shared state. + +The greatest application performance impact due to the scheduler is communication it causes. + +, management of the memory hierarchy, and the match between work-characteristics and hardware-characteristics (IE, assigning to accelerator vs CPU). Hence, significant work goes into implementing strategies and mechanisms for finding the best assignment-choices. Such implementations are only loosely coupled to language, through the shared state by which the request-handler informs the assigner of what work is ready to be animated. + +Hence, it is straight-forward to reuse the code that assigns work to physical locations. The only language-specific influence on the assigner is the shared constraint-state. + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,942 @@ + +@inbook{PerfToolPoem, +title = {The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe, Complete edition}, +chapter = {The Blind Men and the Elephant}, +author = {John Godfrey Saxe}, +publisher = {Boston: James R. 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+} +@Misc{DeblockingCode, + note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + title = {{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} +@Misc{SampleBLISCode, + note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + title = {{Sample BLIS Code}} +} +@Misc{OMPHome, + note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage} +} +@Misc{MapReduceHome, + author = {Google Corp.}, + note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + title = {{MapReduce} Home page} +} +@Misc{TBBHome, + author = {Intel Corp.}, + note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + title = {{TBB} Home page} +} +@Misc{HPFWikipedia, + author = {Wikipedia}, + note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + title = {{HPF} wikipedia page} +} +@Misc{OpenMPHome, + author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} +@Misc{MPIHome, + author = {open-mpi organization}, + note = 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Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. 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Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = 1985 +} +@Book{milner80, + title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author = {Milner, R.}, + year = 1980, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{milner92, + title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal = {Information and Computation}, + volume = 100, + number = 1, + pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {Academic Press} +} +@Book{milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 1999 +} +@Book{MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{petri62, + title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author = {Petri, C.A.}, + journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume = 62, + pages = {386--390}, + year = 1962 +} +@Book{pierce02, + title = {Types and Programming Languages}, + author = {Pierce, B. C.}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = 4, + number = 3, + pages = {211--266} +} +@Misc{pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} +} +@Unpublished{reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = 2003, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} +} +@Article{reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = 1, + number = {}, + year = 1984, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} +} +@Article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + year = 1998, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{stefik86, + title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal = {The AI Magazine}, + volume = 6, + number = 4, + year = 1986 +} +@Book{stirling92, + title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author = {Stirling, C.}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} +@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} +} +@Misc{turing38, + author = {A. Turing}, + note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year = 1938 +} +@Book{vonNeumann45, + title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author = {J. von Neumann}, + year = 1945, + publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} +} +@Book{winskel93, + title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author = {Winskel, G.}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/sigplanconf.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/sigplanconf.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% LaTeX Class/Style File +% +% Name: sigplanconf.cls +% +% Purpose: A LaTeX 2e class file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% This class file supercedes acm_proc_article-sp, +% sig-alternate, and sigplan-proc. +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul [atsign] windfall.com +% +% Created: 12 September 2004 +% +% Revisions: See end of file. +% +% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. +% To view a copy of this license, visit +% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ +% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, +% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] +\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] + +% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted +% from the ZzTeX macro package. + +% Token Hackery +% ----- ------- + + +\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} +\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} + +% This macro discards the next token. + +\def \@discardtok #1{}% token + +% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. + +{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 + +\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} + +} % \catcode + +% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. +% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark + +\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} + +% Control Sequence Names +% ------- -------- ----- + + +\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} + \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} + +\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} + \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} + +% Flags (Booleans) +% ----- ---------- + +% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with +% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. + +\def \@true {TT} +\def \@false {FL} + +\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean + +% IF and Predicates +% -- --- ---------- + +% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. +% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: +% +% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi + +% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: +% +% \@setflag \flag = {} + +% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional +% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with +% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. +% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. + +\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else + \@true \fi} +\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} + +\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@definedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} + +\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} + +\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp + +\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} + \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} +\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% + \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@empargq {\@empargq} + +\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} + \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} + +\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} + +\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + + +% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: +% +% \if \flaga \else \fi + + +% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. + +\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} + +\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \else + \@false + \fi} + +\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% + \@true + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +% Arithmetic +% ---------- + +\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} + +\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} + +% Options +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false +\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false +\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false +\@setflag \@natbib = \@true +\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true +\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 +\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false +\@setflag \@preprint = \@false +\@setflag \@reprint = \@false +\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false +\@setflag \@times = \@false + +% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. + +\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} + +\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} + +\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} + +\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} + +\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} + +\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} + +%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} + +\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} + +\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\ProcessOptions + +\if \@onecolumn + \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \fi + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} +\else + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} +\fi +\LoadClass{article} + +\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% + \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} + +% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. + +\def \setpagenumber #1{% + \setcounter{page}{#1}} + +\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% + #1 = #2 + \advance #1 by -1\parskip} + +% Document Parameters +% -------- ---------- + + +% Page: + +\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} +\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} + +\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} +\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\else + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\fi + +% Text area: + +\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} +\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} +\else + \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} +\fi + +\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} +\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} +\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} + +% Running foot: + +\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} + +% Paragraphs: + +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\else + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} +\fi + +\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} +\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} + +\frenchspacing +\pretolerance = 400 +\tolerance = \pretolerance +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} +\clubpenalty = 10000 +\widowpenalty = 10000 +\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} + +% Standard vertical spaces: + +\newskip{\standardvspace} +\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} + +% Margin paragraphs: + +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} +\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} + + +\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} +\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} + +\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% + \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} + +\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% + \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} + +% Floats: + +\setcounter{topnumber}{4} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} +\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} +\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} + +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} + +\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} +\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +% Miscellaneous: + +\errorcontextlines = 5 + +% Fonts +% ----- + + +\if \@times + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% + \if \@mathtime + \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% + \else +%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% + \fi +\else + \relax +\fi + +\if \@ninepoint + +\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% + \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} + +\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} + +\renewcommand{\small}{% + \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% + \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} + +\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} + +\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} + +\else\if \@tenpoint + +\relax + +\else + +\relax + +\fi\fi + +% Abstract +% -------- + + +\renewenvironment{abstract}{% + \section*{Abstract}% + \normalsize}{% + } + +% Bibliography +% ------------ + + +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\section*{\refname + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + \bibfont + \clubpenalty4000 + \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty + \widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} + +\if \@natbib + +\if \@authoryear + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} + \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} + \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, + % eliminate comma between author and year. + \let \cite = \citep +\else + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} + \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} +\fi +\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} + +\fi + +\def \bibfont {\small} + +% Categories +% ---------- + + +\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true + +\newcommand{\category}[3]{% + \if \@firstcategory + \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% + \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false + \else + \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% + \fi + \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} + +\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% + {\let \and = \relax + #1 [\textit{#2}]% + \if \@emptyargp{#4}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi + \else + :\space + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi + \textrm{#4}% + \fi}} + +% Copyright Notice +% --------- ------ + + +\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} +\def \@toappear {} +\def \@permission {} +\def \@reprintprice {} + +\def \@copyrightspace {% + \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% + \vbox to 1in{% + \vfill + \parbox[b]{20pc}{% + \scriptsize + \if \@preprint + [Copyright notice will appear here + once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par + \else + \@toappear + \fi + \if \@reprint + \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, + \@proceedings, + \@conferenceinfo, + pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par + \fi}}% + \end@float} + +\long\def \toappear #1{% + \def \@toappear {#1}} + +\toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata + \dots \@reprintprice\par} + +\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% + \gdef \@permission {#1}} + +\permission{% + Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or + part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without + fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or + commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full + citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to + post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific + permission and/or a fee.} + +% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: + +\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. + ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the + National Research Council of Canada (NRC). + As such, the Crown in Right of + Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting + nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution + is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} + +\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for + Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored + by a contractor or affiliate + of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, + royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} + +\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% + \permission{% + This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States + Government and is in the public domain.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% + \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} + +\reprintprice{\$10.00} + +\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% + \permission{% + Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. + It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. + Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in + #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} + +% Enunciations +% ------------ + + +\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} + \trivlist + \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +% Figures +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@caprule = \@true + +\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% + \addvspace{4pt} + \if \@caprule + \hrule width \hsize height .33pt + \vspace{4pt} + \fi + \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% + \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% + \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par + \else + \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% + \fi} + +\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% + \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} + +\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% + {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} + +% Hierarchy +% --------- + + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} + +\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\section}{% + \@startsection + {section}% + {1}% + {0pt}% + {-\@sectionaboveskip}% + {\@sectionbelowskip}% + {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\subsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsection}% + {2}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsubsection}% + {3}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip} + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% + \@startsection% + {paragraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} + +\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% + \@startsection% + {subparagraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \itshape}} + +% Standard headings: + +\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} + +\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} + +\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} + +% Identification +% -------------- + + +\def \@conferencename {} +\def \@conferenceinfo {} +\def \@copyrightyear {} +\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} +\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} + + +\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% + \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% + \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} + +\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} + +\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear + +\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} + +\let \crdata = \copyrightdata + +\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% + \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} + +% Lists +% ----- + + +\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} +\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} + +\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\else + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\fi + +\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} + +\renewcommand{\@listi}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmargini + \listparindent = 0pt} +%%% \itemsep = 1pt +%%% \parsep = 3pt} +%%% \listparindent = \parindent} + +\let \@listI = \@listi + +\renewcommand{\@listii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginii + \topsep = 1pt + \labelwidth = \leftmarginii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +% Mathematics +% ----------- + + +\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} + +% Miscellaneous +% ------------- + + +\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% + \vfill\eject + \global\@colht = \textheight + \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} + +\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} + +\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% + \let \\ = \@centercr + \leftskip = 0pt + \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} + +% Program Code +% ------- ---- + + +\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% + {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font + \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} + +% Running Heads and Feet +% ------- ----- --- ---- + + +\def \@preprintfooter {} + +\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% + \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} + +\if \@preprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize + \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil + \thepage \hfil + \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else\if \@reprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else + +\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty +\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty +\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty + +\fi\fi + +\def \@formatyear {% + \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} + +% Special Characters +% ------- ---------- + + +\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% + \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} + +% Title Page +% ----- ---- + + +\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false + +\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} +\def \@subtitletext {} + +\newcount{\@authorcount} + +\newcount{\@titlenotecount} +\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} + +\def \@titlebanner {} + +\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% + \gdef \@titletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% + \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} + \global\@increment \@authorcount + \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} + +\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% + \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; + use \string\authorinfo}{}} + +\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% + \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} + +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% + \pagestyle{plain}% + \if \@onecolumn + {\hsize = \standardtextwidth + \@maketitle}% + \else + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \fi + \@placetitlenotes + \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} + +\def \@maketitle {% + \begin{center} + \@settitlebanner + \let \thanks = \titlenote + {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth + \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth + \parfillskip = 0pt + \spaceskip = .7em + \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} + \vskip 6pt + \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par + \vskip 12pt + \ifcase \@authorcount + \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% + \else + \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% + \fi + \vspace{1.75pc} + \end{center}} + +\def \@settitlebanner {% + \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% + \vbox to 0pt{% + \vskip -32pt + \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par + \vss}% + \nointerlineskip + \fi} + +\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% + \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% + \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par + \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% + \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% + \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par + \else + \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par + \relax + \fi\fi + \vspace{20pt}} + +\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} + \vtop{% + \def \and {% + \hspace{16pt}} + \hsize = #1 + \normalfont + \centering + \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par + \vspace{5pt} + \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par + \vspace{2pt} + \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} + +\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% + \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% + \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% + \fi} + +\newtoks{\@fnmark} + +\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% + \global\@increment \@titlenotecount + \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or + \@fnmark = {\ast}\or + \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\S}\or + \@fnmark = {\P}\or + \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% + \fi + \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% + \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% + \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% + \reserved@a{#1}} + +\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% + \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} + +\newcount{\@authori} + +\iffalse +\def \additionalauthors {% + \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% + \section{Additional Authors}% + \label{@addauthors}% + \noindent + \@authori = 4 + {\let \\ = ,% + \loop + \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, + \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, + email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% + \@increment \@authori + \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% + \par + \fi + \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} +\fi + +\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors + +\def \@placetitlenotes { + \the\@titlenotetext} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% + {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% + \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) + \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ + \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 + \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} + +\newbox{\@measbox} + +\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} + \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% + #1 = \ht\@measbox} + +\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% + \insert\footins{% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore +%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% +%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% + \color@begingroup + \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} + +% LaTeX Modifications +% ----- ------------- + +\def \@seccntformat #1{% + \@name{\the#1}% + \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark + \quad} + +\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% + \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} + +% Revision History +% -------- ------- + + +% Date Person Ver. Change +% ---- ------ ---- ------ + +% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. + +% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. + +% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with +% \authorinfo. +% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. +% Compress article opener spacing. +% Add 'mathtime' option. +% Increase text height by 6 points. + +% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. +% Change default to Times text. + +% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot +% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. + +% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. + +% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. + +% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. + +% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', +% and it uses the full type width. + +% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. +% Allow margin paragraphs during review. + +% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. +% Remove proof and newdef environments. + +% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. +% Change footer to small italic and eliminate +% left portion if no \preprintfooter. +% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. +% Clean up and shrink copyright box. + +% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. + +% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. + +% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. +% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust +% spacing between items and paragraphs. + +% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated +% commands. + +% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. + +% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the +% 'preprint' option. + +% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. +% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure +% the natbib package. + +% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article +% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). + +% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. + +% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. +% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. + +% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by +% Stephen Chong). + +% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. +% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to +% control citation style when using natbib. +% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for +% 'authoryear' style. + +% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography +% environment. Also add to template so it will +% happen with natbib. + +% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. +% Just include in the template. + +% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. + +% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. +% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using +% 'authoryear' style. +% Add the \authorversion command. + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/latex/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + PR OS thread(core1) + + + Main OS thread + + main + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + + PR_start() + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + birth Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR__start() + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + PR primitive Fnto create VP + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + resume + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + + core 1 + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR OS thread(core 2) + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,545 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + + + Resume (Point 2.R) + + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline B + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,754 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + + + Resume (Point 2.R) + + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + + + HiddenTimeline + comm + comm + control + control + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,366 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + HiddenTimeline + comm + comm + control + control + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf Binary file 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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline B + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering_2.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering_2.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point A1.S) + + + + Resume (Point A1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + Suspend(Point B1.S) + + + Resume (Point B1.R) + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2211 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Portability_stack_combined.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Portability_stack_combined.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2691 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 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+ + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Code ofparallelismconstructmodule + Code ofassignmentonto coresmodule + + + Code Breakdown of a Language Implementation + Code ofwrapperlibrary + + Compiled intoapplicationexecutable + Compiled separatelyas a dynamic library + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 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heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1678 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + ConstructSemanticsModule + + Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) + Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule + Language Plug-in + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + + + Seed VP + + + + VP createdby Application1 + + + + VP createdby Application2 + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeCode + Handlerfor create VP + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system + Instances ofVirtual Processors + + create VPwrapper Fn + + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + Call via Ptr + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + Top Level Fn + Work_Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + End VPPrimitive Fn + + + + + + + + + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + create VPprimitive Fn + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + + end VPwrapper 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Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + Top Level Fn + Work_Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Assigner Fn + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + Top Level Fn + + 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0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/StarSs_meas/VMS_nested.png Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/StarSs_meas/VMS_nested.png has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/StarSs_meas/VMS_numbers.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/StarSs_meas/VMS_numbers.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + +measurements of total runtime for the h264 decoder running with both runtimes, but I haven't found a good way to isolate the time spent in the runtime for the nanos runtime. + +graphs comparing total runtime across different task sizes, with nested tasks or with all tasks submitted by the master thread / seedVP (flat), for VMS and nanos. + +Green is elapsed wallclock time, red is user time. + +There's very little available parallelism, so there's a performance minimum in the middle around 9-10 blocks per task. After that the overhead nixes any additional parallelism you might gain from slicing tasks more finely. + +For VMS I also have the following measurements, for a run with nested tasks and 8 blocks per task: + + +for a run with nested tasks and 8 blocks per task: + +Total busy cycles/Total overhead/Percentage: 5910976399 / 1172314900 / 19.83 % +Avg overhead per unit: 36669 +Critical path length: 1960539705 cycles +Overhead contribution to critical path: 237533850 cycles = 12.1157377937 % +Overhead breakdown along critical path: +Total overhead: 237533850 cycles | 100 % +Request Handler: 21778888 cycles | 9.17 % +Scheduler: 5580024 cycles | 2.35 % +ReqHdlr to Scheduler: 1886857 cycles | 0.79 % +Master to Work switch: 4069306 cycles | 1.71 % +Work to Core switch: 3403127 cycles | 1.43 % +Coreloop until Lock: 1868531 cycles | 0.79 % +Lock Acquire: 198947117 cycles | 83.76 % diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 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stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +602 448 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 448 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 715 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 715 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 983 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 983 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 1250 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 1250 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 1518 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 1518 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 1785 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 1785 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 2053 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 2053 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 2320 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 2320 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 2588 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 2588 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 9)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 10)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +602 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1035 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1035 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1468 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1468 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1901 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1901 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2335 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2335 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2768 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2768 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3201 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3201 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3634 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3634 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +4067 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +4067 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +602 2855 M +602 448 L +3465 0 V +0 2407 R +-3465 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2334 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3538 2919 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (pthreads)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +2793 2289 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +2793 2849 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3717 2779 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (8 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +3801 2779 M +399 0 V +775 2855 M +28 -401 V +924 1709 L +249 -553 V +1658 827 L +2629 643 L +4067 572 L +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT6 +LCb setrgbcolor +3717 2639 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (32 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT6 +3801 2639 M +399 0 V +1064 2855 M +111 -618 V +488 -826 V +2631 949 L +4067 767 L +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3717 2499 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (128 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +3801 2499 M +399 0 V +2210 2855 M +429 -685 V +4067 1557 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT8 +LCb setrgbcolor +3717 2359 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (512 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT8 +3801 2359 M +399 0 V +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +602 2855 M +602 448 L +3465 0 V +0 2407 R +-3465 0 R +1.000 UP +602 448 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 448 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +602 715 M +63 0 V +stroke +518 715 M +[ [(Helvetica) 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def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch 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L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd 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0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} 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fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 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neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd 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b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/vms_vthread_8_32_128_512thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,852 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: vms_vthread_8_32_128_512thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:12:20 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 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{stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 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closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor 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(xoanon_pthreads_40cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:22:29 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + 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0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 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MRshow +LT2 +1778 721 M +399 0 V +1420 2855 M +170 -542 V +784 -867 V +3986 870 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 581 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +1778 581 M +399 0 V +1802 2855 M +572 -574 V +4007 1207 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,695 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 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plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 721 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +1778 721 M +399 0 V +618 2134 R +476 -856 V +796 -271 V +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 581 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +1778 581 M +399 0 V +166 2274 R +586 -716 V +4067 1495 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,884 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} 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0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd 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{pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch 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closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse 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+933 2855 M +7 -106 V +316 -533 V +639 -908 V +3183 912 L +884 -75 V +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +518 2855 M +518 448 L +3549 0 V +0 2407 R +-3549 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/vms_pthread_vthread_8_32_128_512thds__o30000__perfCtrs.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/vms_pthread_vthread_8_32_128_512thds__o30000__perfCtrs.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1319 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: vms_pthreads_vthread_8_32_128_512thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:20:37 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (vms_pthreads_vthread_8_32_128_512thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:20:37 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 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R +-3465 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2334 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3538 2919 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (pthreads)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +2793 2289 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +2793 2849 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3717 2779 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (8 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +3801 2779 M +399 0 V +742 2855 M +2 -67 V +851 1788 L +206 -591 V +1473 836 L +2306 644 L +3967 545 L +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT6 +LCb setrgbcolor +3717 2639 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (32 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT6 +3801 2639 M +399 0 V 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Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. + +The problem is + +A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is + +The value of this solution is determined by + + + +2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? + What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. + What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? + How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? + +It enables + +The benefit to me is + +Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are + +The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by + + + +3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? + What makes this problem hard? + What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on +How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? + +The fundamentals are + +The hard part is + +The basic elements are + +The proposed solution + + + +4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? + What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? + How does each approach address something the others miss? + Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. + Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. + +Other approaches are + +A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is + +Categories: + +Combining: + + + +5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? + Sketch the details of each of these "things". + Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? + Did you see any really cool techniques? + +Unique main "things" are + +Drawbacks from details: + +Idea of + + + +6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? + +They have to show + + + +7) What results did they show? + Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? + Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? + Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? + +They showed + +Con.. + + + +8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? + +The work my provide value for me + + + +3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). + +1) + + \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1257 @@ + + + +"" +@Article{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + journal = {}, + volume = {}, + number = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@Book{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + publisher = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@misc{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + url = {} +} + + +"Lamport paper with clock sync" +@article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {21}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {558--565}, + } + +"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" +@article{Lamport87, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {5}, + issue = {1}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {1--11} +} + +"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" +@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, + author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, + title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, + series = {SOSP '67}, + year = {1967}, + pages = {10.1--10.6} + } + +"Original coroutine paper" +@article{Conway63, + author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, + title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {6}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1963}, + pages = {396--408} +} + +"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" +@Book{ComponentModel00, + author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, + title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {2000} +} + + +"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" +@misc{Hewitt10, + author = {Carl Hewitt}, + title = {Actor Model of Computation}, + year = {2010}, + note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} +} + +"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" +@article{Actors97, +author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, +title = {A foundation for actor computation}, +journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, +volume = {7}, +number = {01}, +pages = {1-72}, +year = {1997}, +} + +"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" +@article{SchedActivations, + author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, + title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {10}, + issue = {1}, + month = {February}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {53--79} +} + +"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" +@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, + author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, + title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, + series = {DAMP '07}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {37--44}, + numpages = {8} +} + + +//===================================== +"Gain from Chaos tech report" +@techreport + {Halle92, + Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, + Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, + Year = {1992}, + URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, + Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} +} + + +Reprinted in: +Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. +"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" +K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova +pgs 290-308 + + +"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" +Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. +cited by 232 + + +"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" +Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. + + +//========================================== + +"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" +@inproceedings + {BLISInHotPar, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {June}, + title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = {2010} + } + +"2011 HotPar: " +@inproceedings + {HotPar11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {}, + year = {2011} + } + +"VMS in LCPC 2011" +@article{VMSLCPC, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = {2011} +} + + +"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + Year = 2010 +} + +"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" +@misc{DKUTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, + Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"An Extensible Parallel Language" +@misc{EQNLangTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, + Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" +@misc{CTOSTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, + Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" +@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, + Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, + Year = 2009 +} + + +"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" +@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, + Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" +@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, + Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" +@misc{CTRTTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, + Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, + Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" +@misc{CIPTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, + Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, + Year = 2005 +} + +//========================================== + + +"OMP Hompe page" +@misc{OMPHome, + Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, +} + +"The OMP infrastructure site" +@misc{Halle2008, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, + Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} +} + + + +"The DKU sourceforge site" +@misc{DKUSourceForge, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{DKU} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The BLIS sourceforge site" +@misc{BLISHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{BLIS} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The VMS Home page" +@misc{VMSHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, + Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, + Year = {2010} +} + + +"The PStack Home page" +@misc{PStackHome, + Author = {Sean Halle}, + Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, + Year = {2012} +} + + +"Deblocking code in SVN" +@misc{DeblockingCode, + Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} + + + +"Sample code on BLIS site" +@misc{SampleBLISCode, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} +} + +"Framework Technical Report" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} +} + +"Map reduce" +@misc{MapReduceHome, + Author = {Google Corp.}, + Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, +} + + +"TBB Thread Building Blocks" +@misc{TBBHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + Title = {{TBB} Home page}, +} + + +"HPF Wikipedia entry" +@misc{HPFWikipedia, + Author = {Wikipedia}, + Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, +} + + +"OpenMP Home page" +@misc{OpenMPHome, + Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} + + + +"Open MPI Home page" +@misc{MPIHome, + Author = {open-mpi organization}, + Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, + Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} +} + +"OpenCL Home page" +@misc{OpenCLHome, + Author = {Kronos Group}, + Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, + Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} +} + + +"CILK Hompe page" +@misc{CILKHome, + Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, + Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, + Title = {{CILK} homepage}, +} + +@InProceedings{Fri98, + author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, + title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, + booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + pages = {212--223}, + year = 1998, + address = {Montreal, Quebec}, + month = jun +} + + +"Titanium Hompe page" +@misc{TitaniumHome, + Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, + Title = {{Titanium} homepage} +} + + +"CnC in HotPar" +@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, + author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"CnC Hompe page" +@misc{CnCHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, + Title = {{CnC} homepage}, +} + +"Spiral Home page" +@misc{SpiralHome, + Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, + Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, + Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, +} + + +"Scala Hompe page" +@misc{ScalaHome, + Author = {Scala organization}, + Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, + Title = {{Scala} homepage}, +} + + + + +"UPC Hompe page" +@misc{UPCHome, + Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, + Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, + Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, +} + + +"Suif Hompe page" +@misc{SuifHome, + Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, + Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, +} + + + +"SEJITS" +@article{SEJITS, + author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" +@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {404--418} + } + + +"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" +@article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1-12}, +} + +"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" +@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {225--234}, + } + +"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" +@inproceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = {2008}, + pages = {90--100}, + } + + +"Merge in HotPar" +@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Galois system for irregular problems" +@inproceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {211--222} +} + +"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" +@book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = {2002}, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} + } + + +"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" +@MISC{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = {1995} +} + + +"Capsule" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {247--258} +} + +"Sequioa" +@inproceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {83} + } + + + + +"Cole meta skeletons book" +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = {1989} +} + + +"Meta programming skeletons example" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {468--471} +} + + +"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" +@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {154--163} + } + + +"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + + +"View from Berkeley paper" +@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume={18}, + number={2006-183}, + pages={19}, + year={2006}, +} + + + + +"Berkeley Pattern Language" +@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} + + +"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" +@book{Mattson04Patterns, + title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} +} + + +"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" +@article{Skillicorn98, + title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume={30}, + number={2}, + pages={123--169}, + year={1998} +} + + + +"NESL language" +@conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages={102--111}, + year={1993}, + organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} +} + + +"Sisal" +@article{McgrawSisal, + title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume={1} +} + + +"Linda" +@article{Gelernter85Linda, + title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author={Gelernter, D.}, + journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume={7}, + number={1}, + pages={80--112}, + year={1985} +} + + +"ZPL" +@article{Lin94ZPL, + title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume={768}, + pages={96--114}, + year={1994} +} + + + + +// Visual programming +@article + { baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = {40}, + number = {4}, + year = {1997}, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} + } + + +// Visual programming +@article + { ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal ={IEEE Computer}, + volume = {29}, + number = {4}, + year = {1996}, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} + } + + +// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine +@book + {berry89, + title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year={1989}, + publisher={ACM Press} +} + + +// Cilk reference +@article + {blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {8}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {207--216} + } + + +// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. +// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness +@article + {burch90, + title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages={428--439}, + year={1990} +} + +@article + {chamberlain98, +author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, +title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, +journal = {hips}, +volume = {00}, +year = {1998}, +isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, +pages = {50} +} + + + +// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 +@article{church41, + author={A. Church}, + title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number={6}, + year={1941}, + publisher={Princeton University} +} + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + + +@misc + { CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeWebSite + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} + } + +@misc + { CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} + } + + +// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS +@inproceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} + + +// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, +// so cited as foundation a lot +@article{emerson91, + title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages={368--377}, + year={1991} +} + + +// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as +@article{fortune78, + title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages={114--118}, + year={1978}, + publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} + + + +// Smalltalk reference +@book{goldberg83, + title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year={1983}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley} +} + + +// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently +@inproceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, +} + + +// Java spec +@book + { gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = {1996} + } + + +// Survey of prototyping parallel apps +@article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {32}, + number = {1}, + year = {2000}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// Original CSP paper +@article{hoare78, + author={C. A. R. Hoare}, + title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal={Communications of the ACM}, + year={1978}, + volume={21}, + number={8}, + pages={666-677} +} + + +// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. +// This paper does a beautiful job.. +@article{huth, + title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author={Huth, M.}, + journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages={369--380}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow +@article + { johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {36}, + number = {1}, + year = {2004}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} + } + + +@book + { koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = {1993}, + publisher = {MIT Press} + } + + +// mu calculus paper with 430 citations +@article{kozen83, + title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author={Kozen, D.}, + journal={TCS}, + volume={27}, + pages={333--354}, + year={1983} +} + + +// original kripke structure paper +@article{kripke63, + title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author={Kripke, S.}, + journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume={9}, + pages={67--96}, + year={1963} +} + + +@book + { mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = {1985} + } + + +// Milner's own citation to development of CCS +@book{milner80, + title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author={Milner, R.}, + year={1980}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Milner's own pi-calculus reference +@article{milner92, + title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal={Information and Computation}, + volume={100}, + number={1}, + pages={1--40 and 41--77}, + year={1992}, + publisher={Academic Press} +} + + +// more recent Pi calculus reference +@book + { milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {1999} + } + + +// MPI reference +@book + { MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = {1994} + } + + +// Petri nets original citation +@article{petri62, + title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author={Petri, C.A.}, + journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume={62}, + pages={386--390}, + year={1962} +} + + +// Pierce Type system book +@book{pierce02, + title={Types and Programming Languages}, + author={Pierce, B. C.}, + year={2002}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + +// Survey of Visual programming +@Article + { price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = {4}, + number = {3}, + pages = {211--266} + } + + + +@misc + { pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} + } + + +// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing +@unpublished + { reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = {2003}, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} + } + + +// Parallel Pascal +@Article + { reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = {1}, + number = {}, + year = {1984}, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} + } + + +// Survey of parallel langs and models +@article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {2}, + year = {1998}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues +@article{stefik86, + title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal={The AI Magazine}, + volume={6}, + number={4}, + year={1986} +} + + +// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset +// of temporal logics +@book{stirling92, + title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author={Stirling, C.}, + year={1992}, + publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} + + +// Titanium website +@misc + { TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} + } + + +// website with scans of original work by Turing +@misc{turing38, + author={A. Turing}, + note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and +http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and +http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year={1938} +} + + +// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas +@book{vonNeumann45, + title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author={J. von Neumann}, + year={1945}, + publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} +} + + +// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics +@book{winskel93, + title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author={Winskel, G.}, + year={1993}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/plain.bst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/plain.bst Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@ +% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' + % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. + % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved. + % Copying of this file is authorized only if either + % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or + % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than + % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst. + % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical. + % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style. + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + edition + editor + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label } + +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } + +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} + +STRINGS { s t } + +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} + +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem{" write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names + editor num.names$ #1 > + { ", editors" * } + { ", editor" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title "t" change.case$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year empty$ + { month empty$ + { "" } + { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ + month + } + if$ + } + { month empty$ + 'year + { month " " * year * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title emphasize +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { " of " * series emphasize * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "number" } + { "Number" } + if$ + number tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } + { " in " * series * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * } + { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check + { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } + { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + number empty$ + 'skip$ + { "(" number * ")" * * + volume empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ format.pages } + { ":" * pages n.dashify * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { "chapter" } + { type "l" change.case$ } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.connect + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { editor empty$ + { "In " booktitle emphasize * } + { "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} +{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ + month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ + and and and and and + key empty$ not and + { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ + type "t" change.case$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ type empty$ + { "Technical Report" } + 'type + if$ + number empty$ + { "t" change.case$ } + { number tie.or.space.connect } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ key empty$ + { journal empty$ + { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * + warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} +{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + editor num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ " et~al." * } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + "In " + } + { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + " of " * + } + if$ + editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { series empty$ + { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" * + } + { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { key * } + if$ + } + { format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { booktitle empty$ + { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + } + { "In " format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { journal emphasize "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished address new.block.checkb + howpublished output + address output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.pages output + address empty$ + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + organization output + publisher output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output.nonnull + address output + } + if$ + } + { format.authors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { address new.block.checka + address output + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + { organization address new.block.checkb + organization output + address output + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + title howpublished new.block.checkb + format.title output + howpublished new.block.checka + howpublished output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry + empty.misc.check +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + new.block + "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + editor empty$ + { organization output } + { format.editors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + address empty$ + { editor empty$ + { publisher new.sentence.checka } + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + } + if$ + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + editor empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output } + if$ + publisher output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + note "note" output.check + format.date output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +MACRO {jan} {"January"} + +MACRO {feb} {"February"} + +MACRO {mar} {"March"} + +MACRO {apr} {"April"} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"June"} + +MACRO {jul} {"July"} + +MACRO {aug} {"August"} + +MACRO {sep} {"September"} + +MACRO {oct} {"October"} + +MACRO {nov} {"November"} + +MACRO {dec} {"December"} + +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} + +MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} + +MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} + +READ + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { nameptr #1 > + { " " * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr numnames = t "others" = and + { "et al" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} +{ author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {presort} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.organization.sort + { type$ "manual" = + 'author.organization.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { longest.label } + +INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } + +FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} +{ "" 'longest.label := + #1 'number.label := + #0 'longest.label.width := +} + +FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} +{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := + number.label #1 + 'number.label := + label width$ longest.label.width > + { label 'longest.label := + label width$ 'longest.label.width := + } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} + +ITERATE {longest.label.pass} + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/.pdf --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/.pdf Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: PDF2EPS - BaKoMa TeX Portable Document Format (PDF) Import Filter. +%%Title: ..\figures\Proto-Runtime__mdoules_plus_plugin_plus +%%CreationDate: Sat May 04 20:18:38 2013 +%%LanguageLevel: 3 +%%DocumentData: Clean7Bit +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 +%%Rotate: 0 +%%EndComments + +%%Error: Can't find image + +%%Page: 1 1 +newpath +0 0 moveto 0 792 lineto 612 792 lineto 612 0 lineto closepath +1 0 0 setrgbcolor stroke +0 0 0.5 setrgbcolor +/Times-Roman findfont 30 scalefont setfont +0 396 moveto 0 90 rmoveto +gsave (Filter:) gsave show grestore 120 0 rmoveto (PDF2EPS) show grestore +0 -30 rmoveto gsave (File:) gsave show grestore 120 0 rmoveto (../figures/Proto-Runtime__mdoules_plus_plugin_plus) show grestore +1 0 0 setrgbcolor +0 -30 rmoveto gsave (Error:) gsave show grestore + /Times-Roman findfont 24 scalefont setfont 120 0 rmoveto (Can't find image) show grestore +0 0.5 0 setrgbcolor +0 -60 rmoveto gsave (Hint:) show grestore +/Times-Roman findfont 24 scalefont setfont +0 -30 rmoveto gsave 20 0 rmoveto (Open the file by Acrobat and then save) show grestore +%%EndPage +(\nPDF2EPS Error: ../figures/Proto-Runtime__mdoules_plus_plugin_plus - Can't find image\n) print flush +%%EndDocument diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/PRT__toolkit_here_it_is.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/PRT__toolkit_here_it_is.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2557 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{amstext} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{ The Proto-Runtime Toolkit for Fast, Modular +Implementation of High Performance Parallel Runtime +Systems} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, + and TU Berlin} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Merten Sach} + {TU Berlin} + {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + + + +The proto-runtime approach has been used to implement +the runtime behavior of several parallel languages, including StarSs[], Reo[], PRDSL[], and HWSim[]. As detailed +in other papers, each language's +runtime system is high performance on multiple NUMA multi-core architectures. The proto-runtime infrastructure made the implementations +fast, and the specialization to different multi-core configurations effortless, at the same time adding debugging +and performance monitoring features to the languages. In general, the proto-runtime approach provides advantages +for fast implementation of the runtime system, portability of the runtime +code across hardware, and adds elusive debugging facilities to any execution model. +Here we describe the +theory of the approach and the core architecture of its implementation, which is roughly the same on all +hardware platforms. + + + + +\end{abstract} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background and Motivation} +\label{sec:intro} + + +As hardware becomes increasingly parallel, programming must also +become parallel in order to take full advantage. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. + +The main difficulties with parallel programming have been: 1) difficult mental model, which reduces productivity, 2) additional effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in work practices. + +Many believe that these can be overcome with custom parallel programming models, such as embedded style parallel Domain-Specific Languages (epDSLs) []. In epDSL languages, the +constructs match the mental model of the domain, while +also implying parallelism information. For example, a simulation +epDSL called HWSim[] has only 10 constructs, which match +the actions taken during a simulation +of interacting objects. The constructs are mixed in with sequential C code and take +only a couple of hours to learn. Yet they encapsulate subtle +and complex dependencies that relate simulated time +to the physical time in the machine. They also encapsulate the parallelism +present, while simultaneously making the implementation +simpler to think about than a purely sequential implementation. + + + + Despite this, the adoption of such languages has been slow, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. + +We propose the proto-runtime toolkit as a method that simplifies the construction and exploration of new parallel programming models, including the runtime system for epDSLs. We show +how to apply the proto-runtime toolkit, and the theory underlying it. + +In this approach, a language's runtime system is built +as a plugin that is connected to a pre-existing proto-runtime instance installed on given hardware. Together, the plugin +plus proto-runtime instance form the runtime system +of the language. The proto-runtime instance itself acts as the runtime system's infrastructure. It +encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, and also provides a number of services for use by the +plugged in language module. + +A proto-runtime instance can be thought of as a full runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The proto-runtime instance then supplies +the rest of the runtime system. + +The decomposition, into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors, modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. + +We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). + +\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware +related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + +\item The modularization gives the language control +over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + + +\item + +The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + +\end{itemize} + + +\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). + +\begin{itemize} + + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing common services for all languages to (re)use. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). + +\item Part is due to hiding the low +level hardware aspects inside the proto-runtime module, +independent from language (\S \ref{sec:intro}). + +\item Part is due to reuse of the effort of performance-tuning the runtime internals (\S ). + +\item Part is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + + +\end{itemize} + +\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + + +\item The proto-runtime approach appears to future-proof language +runtime +construction, because the patterns underlying proto-runtime appear to be fundamental (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and so should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused on those, although performance related updates to the +plugins may be desired. + +\end{itemize} + +The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of custom parallel programming models, with special focus on embedded style parallel DSLs (epDSLs) (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. +We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. +With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background: Simplifying the mental model} + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + +Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. + +In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical systems, bio-informatics, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. + + +The custom syntax can capture parallelism information while simultaneously being natural to think about. In practice, multiple aspects of domains provide opportunities for parallelism. For example, language provided data structures can be internally implemented with distributed algorithms; the common operations in the domain can be internally implemented with parallel algorithms; and, the domain constructs often imply dependencies. All of these are gained without the programmer being aware of this implied parallelism; they just follow simple language usage rules. + + + + + +A style of domain language, which we feel has good adoption potential, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base sequential language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. + + +For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, then mix-in custom syntax from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a runtime library that becomes linked, at run time, to an implementation that has been tuned to the hardware. + +As with HWSim, the number of such embedded +constructs tends to be low, easy to learn, and significantly +reduce the complexity of the code written. All while +implicitly specifying parallelism. + +Additionally, parallel versions, or epDSLs have more than just a syntactic advantage over libraries. The language has a toolchain that provides build-time optimization and can take advantage of relationships among distinct constructs within the code. The relationship information allows derivation of communication patterns that inform the choice of placement of work, which is critical to performance on parallel hardware. + + + +%\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} +%eDSLs tend to have low learning curve because domain experts are already familiar with the concepts behind the language constructs, and there are relatively few constructs for an embedded DSL. This is especially valuable for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these address the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. + +%Productivity has been shown to be enhanced by a well designed DSL, with studies measuring 10x reduction in development time [][][]. Factors behind this include simplifying the application code, modularizing it, and encapsulating performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. + +%Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familiar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. + +%Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. The aspects that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, so only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware. Although fully achieving such isolation isn't always possible, epDSLs hold promise for making significant strides towards it. + +%\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} + +%Using an epDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Constructs from the epDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. + +% \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} + +%The barrier to widespread adoption appears to be mainly the time, expertise, and cost to develop an epDSL. The effort to create a usable epDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for a user base of only a few hundred. + +%The effort falls into three categories: + +%\begin{enumerate} +%\item effort to explore language design and create the epDSL syntax +%\item effort to create the runtime that produces the epDSL behavior +%\item effort to performance tune the epDSL on particular hardware +%\end{itemize} + + +\subsection{The big picture} + +Across the industry as a whole, as custom programming models and epDSLs become successful, there may eventually be thousands, where +each must be mapped onto hundreds of different hardware platforms. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the approach economically viable. + +%The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. + +The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation and toolchain optimizations. +Runtime implementation includes hardware-specific low-level tuning as well as modification of the mapping of work onto cores. + +This is where leveraging the proto-runtime approach pays off. Hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. Proto-runtime presents a common abstraction for all hardware platforms, with an extra portion of the interface suppling performance related information specific to the hardware. This portion is specialized for each cluster. Examples of clusters include: + +\begin{itemize} +\item single chip shared coherent memory +\item multi-chip shared coherent memory (NUMA) +\item coprocessor with independent address space (GPGPU) +\item a network among nodes of the above categories +(Distributed) \item a hierarchy of sub-networks +\end{itemize} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} + +We propose addressing the runtime effort portion of creating +a programming model or epDSL by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface, called the \textit{proto-runtime +instance}. The language supplies +the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module (proto-runtime instance) presents the same interface +for all platforms, with a specialization for each category +of platform, whose members share similar performance related features. The proto-runtime module only has to be implement once for a given platform, and is then reused by all the languages. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} + \caption{How the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime system. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +Because of the modularization, a language has a much lower effort requirement. It need only implement once for each category. + +The higher level of abstraction means the language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. + +By giving control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute, the assignment module supplies multiple benefits. +It simplifies implementation of language features related to scheduling behavior. +It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated +methods for choosing placement of work, which can significantly improve +application performance. + +In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent +shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical +heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. + +\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} + +The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig. +\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. One is a thin wrapper library that +invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of that runtime. These are called +the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation + is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper + that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic + library that plugs into the runtime.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + + + +Thus, a non-changing application executable is able to invoke hardware specific plugin code, which changes between machines. The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library. The library is implemented, compiled, distributed and installed separately from applications. The application executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. + + +In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for implementing synchronization constructs. We call it the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs, +even a simple mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms +of the primitives of the tie-point model. The tie-point primitives are then implemented +in the proto-runtime toolkit. + + This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex, such as the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching +channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime toolkit. + +We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either +start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. + + + +\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} + + +\subsection{timelines} +A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others, which is what synchronizes or coordinates them. + +For example, take a thread library, which we consider +a parallel programming model. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:singleTimeline} +\end{figure} + + + Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but +it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. +The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact +of the release happening on one timeline is what has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes +the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points. +Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point +2 on timeline B. +It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that +establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} + \label{fig:dualTimeline} +\end{figure} + +Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about +how the release goes about causing the end of the block +on the acquire. It reveals +a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the +acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts +with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication +sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then +checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't +and so leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline +B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication +to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline +A is waiting for the release and performs a special +control action that resumes timeline A, followed by +doing the control action again to resume timeline B. + It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire +gets linked to the release, which is what ties the constructs together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that +performs the behavior that ties the points together. +Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent +as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows +represent special control that causes resume of the +target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and +B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which +calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then +exercises control to make resume happen.} + \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} +\end{figure} + + + +The pattern +of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes +an ordering relationship between events before and +after the tied points. That implies a relation on +the visibility of events. + +Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between +the timelines. Operations that execute in +the first timeline before the tie-point are visible +in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies +the requirements +of a synchronization construct. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} + \caption{The +visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. It shows which + operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other +timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing +an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied +points. Both timelines agree on what events are before +versus after the tied point. } + \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} +\end{figure} + + + +\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates +to tie-points} + +To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to +specify a synchronization construct, we first state +clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. + +The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two +independent timelines, both performing reads and writes +within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The +timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any +write on Timeline A can be received by any read of +the same address on +Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, +the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} + \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines +by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each +other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} + \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} +\end{figure} + + + +To control the behavior of writes and reads to the +same addresses, a common point must be established, which +limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to +each other. A synchronization construct is used for +this. +The net effect of such a construct is to establish +a common point that both timelines agree on. This +point separates reads and writes before it from reads +and writes after it. + +\subsubsection{Critical section example} + +For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline +before entering the critical section. Any writes performed +on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. + +The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, +any writes performed by that new +timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible +to reads performed by the old timeline before it released +the lock. + +With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct +as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has +the property that it creates +a tie-point together with another synchronization operation performed on a different +timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point +fit our definition of synchronization constructs. + + +\subsection{Summary of tie-points} + +Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by +a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes +behavior in the gaps; 3) resume +called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement +of instruction completion relative to resume. + +What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. + + +Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point +do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint +on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible + timeline that embodies notions such as dependency + between units of work, mutual exclusion, + partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the + primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion +of reads/writes. + +It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside +the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up +sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the +semantics of a synchronization construct. + +A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and +will be published in a future paper. + + + +\subsection{Proto-runtime used to establish tie-points} + + Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime instance does. An instance of the +proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. +It acts as the hidden timeline, which is where suspend points on different application timelines are tied together. + + The proto-runtime toolkit supplies implementations +of primitives that are used to escape to the hidden timeline, and to invoke particular language supplied handlers. The primitives supplied include these: + + %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. + +%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. + +%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) + +\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with +parameters from application +\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution +\item end a timeline +\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered +core + +\end{itemize} + +Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a command from a programming model that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + + +The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex that a thread wishes to acquire +can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, +which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. + +The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task +or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner +portion of the plugin. The Assigner responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. + + + +\subsection{Example of implementing a mutex}\label{subsec:Example} + +To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing +acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: + +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, +and +provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the +mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it +continues to make progress. However, if a different thread +already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue +of waiting threads, and stops making progress. +\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and +provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread +that called the release construct.. +\end{itemize} + +This calls for a data structure that has two fields: +one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, +the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire +the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple +reads +and writes of the data structure. Hence, the + structure must be protected +from races between different threads. + +The protection +is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, +and where performance issues come into the picture. +It could be accomplished with a single global lock + that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished +with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence +mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus +quorum techniques. + +However, the implementation of the semantics is independent +of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, +and an interface can be placed between them. One side +of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of +the data structure, while the other side implements +protecting the first side from interference. + +The side that provides protection requires fields, +for its use, to be placed into the data structure used +to represent a thread. To hide those details, +the protection side should also provide +primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend +and resume them. + +This interface that separates the semantic side from +the protection +side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables +the modularization of runtime system implementations. + +\subsubsection{Invariance of model} + +The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking +about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves focusing on actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. + That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization +behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. + + %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization +%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves +%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. + + + + + +\section{Details} +Now it is +time to make the concepts concrete, by showing code +segments that implement each concept, and code +segments that use the concepts. We will start with +the big picture and work down. + +First comes the development process, which is fractured into three separate and independent +development activities. Next, we show examples +of how application +code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls +down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, +we look at the flow of control inside the runtime, +where we will focus on the interaction between plugin +code and proto-runtime code. + +In this last portion, we show how the +interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside +the runtime" environment. Providing +such a consistent environment + is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion + of the tie-point model. We also show how it is + the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline + that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs +to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. + + +\subsection{Three independent development efforts} + +In the big picture, development takes three independent paths: one for development of proto-runtime code, one for development of language implementation, and one for application development. Each of these produces a separate installable artifact. The proto-runtime development produces a number of dynamic libraries, with a separate version for each machine, tuned to its details. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even during installation and the run. Meanwhile the application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. + +%The proto-runtime code is packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has its own proto-runtime implemention that is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +%The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +%However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +%The wrapper library, however, may either be bundled together with the plugin code or provided as a separate static library. It is used during development of an application, and remains independent of hardware. + +%Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +%When an application is executed, the loader binds the dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. In this way, a single, unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +%However, the success of the compile-once approach has limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. + +\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} + +At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each +of two cores, as the core is switched between application +code and runtime code. It is too early to understand +the details, but this figure can be referred back to +as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. +Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. + +At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, +and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is +depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, +along with the animation of application code by those virtual +processors. + +? + +The application passes information to a wrapper library +call, +such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the +information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime +primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing +that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer +to the plugin function that will handle the request. +The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which +other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library +call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from +whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a +synchronization construct. + +However, there is one last step between the request +handler marking a timeline as ready to resume +and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the +assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. +The request handlers stack up work that is free to +be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which +of those to place onto an offered core. + + + + + +\begin{figure*}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] + {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} + \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple +cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls +between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the +code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated +by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core +2. The boxes +represent virtual processors, each with its associated +timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative +ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request +Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, +which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime +code module.} + \label{fig:physTimeSeq} +\end{figure*} + + + +\subsection{Using language constructs} +In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs +take the form of function calls. The reader familiar +with posix threads will have used function calls to +perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. +Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the +same way. + +We use posix threads for our example because it is +a familiar language that the reader already knows well. +It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. + +\subsubsection{Main and startup} +Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime +system must be started, and a proto-runtime process +must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the +create process was given a pointer +to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime +based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime +based languages that will be used in the application, +and must create the virtual processors and tasks that +perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. + +==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == + +\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth +function} +Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts +the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It +is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. +Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two +threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both +threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the +command that kills the virtual processor that is animating +the function. + +==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, +Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== + +Notice the signature +of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer +to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is +the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for +proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. + + +Also, notice that the standard signature includes a +pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime +defined structure, which holds the meta-information +about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed +the structure of the virtual processor that is animating +it. + +An illuminating aside is that the birth function for +a posix thread doesn't need +to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. +That is because the operating system tracks which thread +is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing +an instruction that suspends the code executing on +the core and switches +the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel +then looks up the data structure that is assigned to +the core. + +That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the +pointer to the thread that was animating the application +code that called the posix construct. But the implementation +of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't +have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, +and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data +structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. + +Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created +by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent +of mutex acquire and release to protect access to +a critical section. Notice that the signature +is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. +Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to +each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next +several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure +is used. + +==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and +release to protect a counter plus print of count value== + + +\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} + +Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls +reveals code such as in Fig X. + +==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== + +There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data +structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime +call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library +calls. The data structure is used to carry information +into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was +started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is +the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends +application code and switches to the kernel. For the +implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this +call is implemented with assembly instructions. + +This wrapper library code is placed on the machine +used during development of the application, and is +compiled into the application executable. However, +the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, +and is not part of the application executable. + +Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to +a function. This is called the handler function, and +is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime +will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled +way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment +to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. +We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the +handler function, and what such a handler function +looks like. + +First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and +switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X + +==assembly of suspend and switch== + +All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer +into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program +counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, +which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. + +\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched +to} + +The PR assembly code switches the core to executing +the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. + +==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== + +All this does is invoke the handler function named +in the wrapper library, and hands it an environment. +This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point +model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, +fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens +to use a global lock for each language's environment. + However other implementations are possible. In order + to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap + instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random + backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. + + The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes + on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point + model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special + beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that + executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler + code that then establishes the causal connections + between such special beats, and so ties them together. + The causal connection is via the changes make to the + language environment. + + So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. + The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat + and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The + lock is what isolates and sequentializes + the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language + environment is the hidden state used to establish + causal connection between special beats. + + + +This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. + +Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. + + +If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. + +Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. + +This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. + +? + +Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. + +The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Details} +\label{subsec:Details} + + what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. + +modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. + +? + + + + overhead measurements + +implementation time measurements + + discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. + + give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. + + summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the +least, the same effort would have to be expended on +each and every language that we expended on performance +tuning our proto-runtime. + + We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to + +illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + +Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). + +Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). + + + +? + + + + + The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints +due to data dependencies. + + a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. + +? + +The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. + + + + this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. + + implementing language logic, + +show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. + +give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, +we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. + +support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. + + discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. + +reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} +With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} + +\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} +For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. + +For runtime performance: + +-- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) + +-- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) + +-- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci + +-- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{} +\label{tab} + +As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. + + +\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} +\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} +Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation. Equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued (they all sit on top of OS threads, using OS thread constructs to implement user-level thread constructs), leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare Vthread against. + +? +\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} +In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime toolkit is also competitive with Cilk +\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} +OMPSs + + +%\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} +%VOMP + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} +Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. + +Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements +of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. + + +\begin{centering} +\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} + \cline{2-8} + \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ + \cline{2-8} + \noalign{\vskip2pt} + \hline + Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ + Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ + Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ + L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\caption +{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. +} +\end{centering} +\label{tabPersonHoursLang} + +%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} +%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} + +We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. + +We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. + + +\begin{center} +\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for +the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ +\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline +\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline +%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline +\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline +\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + + + +The first two methods have poor runtime and application +performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. + +Both also force the programming model implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. + +For the same reason, porting is poor for these two +approaches. The programming model's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. + +Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the programming model's runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra +effort is expended to take advantage. + +Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and has the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. + +Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. +%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. + + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + + +Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. + + The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. + +The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. + +Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. + +Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. + +Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: +\begin{itemize} +\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. +\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. +\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. +\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. +\end{itemize} + + +\end{document} +============================================= +== +== +== +== +== +============================================= + + + + + +=================== + + +\subsection{not sure} +A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. + +However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. + +As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. + +? + +The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. + +? + +The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". +The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. + +================= + +\subsection{more on tie-points} +Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. + +From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. + +However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. + +Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. + +The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. + +That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. + + +The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. + +At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. + +The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. + +=========== + +The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. + +So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. + +For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. + +============ + + +\subsection{More on eDSLs} +%====================================== + +%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + +%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. + +%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. + + +% ============== + +%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. + +%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. + +%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. + + + + +== Formal stuff == + +%\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} +In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point and use it to show that a tie point satisfies the conditions of any such synchronization construct. + +%Our formalism defines timelines, communication between timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. We conclude by showing a few classical definitions of synchronization and show that those definitions are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. + +\subsubsection{} + +\begin{description} +\item[timeline:] +\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered +sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the +subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, +and vice versa. + Any and all memory locations in a system are part + of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that +timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that +is separate +from any timeline that code executes in). + +\item[event:] +\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} +\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event +that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, +which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a +send of a communication which pushes out contents from +the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication +which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, +a synchronization +construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way +as to establish a relation between events on this timeline +versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted +$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma +,t}$ where $s$ +and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position +on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes +the synchronization construct. +\item[communication:] +\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of +one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events +from different timelines, with the send +event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto +r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication +set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the +timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication +orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. +However, the ordering is only between two points. In +particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline +2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on +timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position +of the ordering integer represents a wild +card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ +followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} +< s_{2,\_,2}$ + implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. + +\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not +seen by application code. It has an additional +kind of event available, which ends a synchronization +event on a different timeline. + We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, + standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position + on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the +event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application +visible timeline implies a send from that timeline +to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow +s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ + +\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more +synchronization points from different timelines which +are related by a particular pattern of communications. +As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, +as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. + +\end{description} + +We now show that from these definitions it follows: +[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. + +We take the event immediately preceding and the event +immediately following two synchronization events on +two timelines. The synchronization events begin with +a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. +The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to +a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, +and later in its sequence it has a receive for the +synchronization event from the second timeline. The +hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. + +From that, we get the following relations: + +Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. + +This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. + +\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} +Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing +a synchronization construct this way any different +from how they're currently implemented?" The answer +is that currently, synchronization constructs are +implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, +where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction +to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the +hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled +from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements +according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. + +What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that +has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. +For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, +the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the +instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive +access is the part that provides the ordering relations. +So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point +portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in +semantics portion associated with the tie point. + +In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply +say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization +construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather +has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must +create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization +can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed +for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization +construct. For example, any asynchronous communication +establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can +be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining +memory consistency models. + +The key here is the elements of the model within which +tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not +exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline +have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, +ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves +(or be suspended by a different timeline), +and be resumed by a different timeline. + +Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization +can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually +one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point +is derived, versus synchronization is given. + +True, the two are equally powerful. + +More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and +more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own +scheduler, have no control over where and when work +happens. + +It is different because it only directly provides half +the behavior, the time half. in the sense that + +The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point +is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement +synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can +implement other sync constructs.. + +But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs +nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed +memory things that sync constructs cannot. + +The sync constructs can be used together with shared +memory-based communication in order to make more complex +sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed +memory system to make distributed memory things. + +Unless use communication to implement shared memory +on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's +a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- +proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, +which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose +that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application +code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code +running in an application timeline.. so.. need to +get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" +timeline, versus function call.. + +What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from +equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want +that notion of animator in there.. and want to get +at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched +over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from +just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator +just by entering the code that implements the mutex? +Say, place that code in-line in the application code +everywhere it's used.. + +Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the +pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, +which is how the more-primitive operations are able +to construct the more powerful mutex. That might +be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. +show that things that have no time-related semantics, +only simple one-way communication, are able to construct +the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence +of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. + +In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from +must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern +within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all +you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, +in order to prove synchronization properties.. where +"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility +relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. +the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual +exclusion". + +This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that +those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence +the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, +that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical +section, cannot take actions +that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the +end of the critical section, need the same isolation. + + +Let's see.. the relation model said that something +with synchronization constraints can be created from +just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long +as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. + +What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as +the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what +a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter +how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. + +So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct +a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation +thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed +with a synchronization construct. + +I guess the question would be: if one starts with a +synchronization construct existing within a distributed +system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs +from that one.. + +For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive +thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? + +For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one +of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ +has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. +but being able to construct one from something that +is NOT one, whose individual components all have less +than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. +then it is a particular combination that brings the extra +time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. +It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings +that extra into existence that is of value. + +It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from +simpler pieces. + +So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" +synchronization construct property, construct something +that does have the synchronization property. That, +is building something more powerful from pieces that +are less powerful. + +The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot +be used by itself. It requires addition before it +can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive +at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times +M\mapsto M$.. but can't +use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. +So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, +but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't +do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't +accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide +$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside +of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. + +*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, +because it doesn't do anything. No computation is +performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of +computation, then?) + +The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior +-- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a +particular set of constraints on time.. constructed +out of primitives none of which have sych nor time +behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. + +Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed +directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs +in distributed system? Does using sync constructs +do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it +add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms +of something that already has the property being constructed.. +that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that +has the property and building something else that has +it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and +building something that does. + +So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after +property of communication to derive compound communication, +of particular write to particular read, via memory +locations. + +So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the +tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the +other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between +the two timelines. + +Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. + +Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. +the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before +the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just +establishes a half tie-point, no? + +In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. + +Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point +cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". + A sync construct is a full tie-point. + + +================================================ + + +\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} +We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, +where a timeline is a type of lifeline. +We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between +lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. + +\begin{description} +\item[event:] +\(E \) represents an event, which is something that +can be initiated or observed. +\item[occurrence:] +\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated +integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) + +\item[clock:] +\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer +onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) + is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) +is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation +of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated +to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value +associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated +\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated +\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one +lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple +beats +from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, +including one initiated earlier in the sequence of +the lifeline, +and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, +each multiple times. + +\item[projection:] +Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) + is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) +\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). + This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat +of the second lifeline. + +\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting +of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do +not participate in projections, plus a set of projections +that cross the two beats in the forward direction. +Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an +ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) +|iy\ \) +\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. +The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and +ends with the end of all lifelines. + +\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. +Given two positions within different sequences, if +one or both both can be +validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to +define valid rearrangements, so they occupy + the same position in their rearranged sequences, then +they are equivalent positions. + +\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are +equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation +measurements of interest. If the observation measurement +involves sequences, then the two events must lie at +equivalent positions within their respective sequences. + +\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats +can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline +has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do +not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. +Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. + +\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that +their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent +lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines +in one run can be different from the projections in +the other run. + +\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. +\end{description} + + +Some things to note: A particular occurrence +can be associated to at most one beat from a given +lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated +to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may +be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. +Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. + +For example, the event could +be writing a value into a variable. Two separate +write events are considered equivalent occurrences if +they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location +is associated to the same particular +variable, and happen within valid partial orderings +relative to the other occurrences. This is normally +compared across re-creations of the "universe" that +provides the context for the orderings of events instances. + +========= + + Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats +-- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the +distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it +through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. + +So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs +are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! + + What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. + +So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. + +The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. + +From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this +defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- +the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect + +======= + +From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. + +The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may +be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, +and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation +is on non-origin lifeline. + +But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. + In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, +they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal +state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat +that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the +same internal activity will have the behavior of a +full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves +resumed in different internal activities. + +A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. + +The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. + +For +example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired +receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. + +For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared +context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner +and resume self else place self onto end of sequence +of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner +and place the next in sequence of special beats into +lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. +in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can +form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. +? + +==== + +Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description +of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. + + + + +===== + + + + + + + + + + +\section{The Problem} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. + +To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). + +Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). + +The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). + +\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} +\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. + +A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. + +In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. + +Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. + +The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. + +In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. + +Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. + + +\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} +\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. + +DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. + +It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. + +In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. + +\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} +\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. + + +An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} +\begin{verbatim} +newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} +\begin{verbatim} +SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} +\begin{verbatim} +messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} +} +} + +\caption +{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. +} +\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} +\end{figure} +An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. + +As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. + +It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. + +\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} +\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. + +For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. + +An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. + +When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. + +The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. + +The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + +Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). + +\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. + +Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. + +In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. + + + During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. + +If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. + +For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. + +The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. + + +\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + +Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. + +The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. + +The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. + +For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. + +While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. + +These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. + +For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. + + +One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: +\begin{itemize} +\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. +\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. +\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. +\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. +\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Summary of Section} + [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. + +The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. + +The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Description} +\label{sec:idea} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + + +Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. + +The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. + +\subsection{Creating an eDSL} + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} + \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} + \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} +\end{figure} + +As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. + +As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. + +\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} + +\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} +-- standardizes runtime code +-- makes familiar going from one lang to another +-- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs + +-- show the enums, and the switch table + +-- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave + +\subsubsection{The Request Handler} +-- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. + +-- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL + +\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } +The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. + +For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. + +Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. + +This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. + +\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + +-- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) + +-- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency + +\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} +-- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) + +-- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. + +\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} + +-- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. +-- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. +-- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. +-- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. + +Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. +-- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, +-- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. +-- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption + +-- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. + +-- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects + +-- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + + +\section{(outline and notes)} + +-- What a plugin looks like: + +-- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units + +-- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. + +-- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), + +-- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). + + +-- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. + + + + +\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. + + +\subsection{Some Definitions} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. + +In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. + +\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. + +For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. + +It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. + + +The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. + + + +======= + + I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). + Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. + Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. + +================= + +\subsection{The patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + + +Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. + +Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + + +\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The +basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. + +Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. + +Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. + +Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. + +\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. + +Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. +The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. + +Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. + +Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. + +Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. + +Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. + +\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. + +The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. + +For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} + \caption{Something to help understanding} + \label{fig:SCG_expl} +\end{figure} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Details} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] +[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. + +Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. + +Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. + +\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Demonstrate reuse of language logic: +All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. + +? + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + +? + +In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. + +The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and +other application features. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} + +\subsection{Implementation time} + + +\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} + + + +\end{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +Here is an example of netlist creation: + +The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. + + Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. + +First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: + +To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. + +The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimNetlist * +createPingPongNetlist() + { HWSimNetlist *netlist; + HWSimElem **elems; + HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; + HWSimCommPath **commPaths; + int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); + + numElems = 2; + elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); + + numCommPaths = 2; + commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); + + numActivityTypes = 1; + activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); + + netlist->numElems = numElems; + netlist->elems = elems; + netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; + netlist->commPaths = commPaths; + netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; + netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //have to create activity types before create elements + //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist + elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. + +Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements + elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. + +This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 + commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); + commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units + + //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 + commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); + commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +done building netlist, return it +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + return netlist; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ +do{\ + commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ + commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ + }while(0); //macro magic for namespace +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimElem * +createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) + { HWSimElem *elem; + elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); + elem->numInPorts = 1; + elem->numOutPorts = 1; + elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); + elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port + elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; + return elem; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimActivityType * +createPingPongActivityType( ) + { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; + pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); + + pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; + pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; + return pingPongActivityType; + } +\end{verbatim} \end{small} + + +========= + +All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. + +Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +void +pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 + HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +There are four ways a behavior can end: +\begin{description} +\item end, no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + +============= + + +\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} +All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. + +Here's an example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { + return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} + +The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) + { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +====== + +Details of VMS interface, details of its impl on multi-core, details of differences on different machines. + +wrapper-lib calls VMS-supplied primitive that suspends the virtual-processor calling the lib, and sends a request to VMS. VMS calls lang-supplied plugin to handle requests -- this is the part of the scheduler that handles constraints -- it determines which virt-processors must remain suspended, and which are free to be re-animated. + +The language is implemented as either a collection of wrapper-lib calls embedded into the base language, or as custom syntax that uses uses the VMS-supplied primitive to suspend virtual processors and send requests to VMS. + + +VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. From the application-programmer point of view, the embedded version looks like a function call, albeit the data-struc of the virtual-processor animating the code has to be passed as a parameter to the wrapper-lib call. + +Hence, VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. + +The wrapper-lib call is standard library code that is loaded along with the application executable. + +However, VMS primitives may be hardware-implemented, or loaded as OS modules, or dynamic or static libraries. Rhey are naturally custom instructions, but may be emulated by software. + +The interface between application-executable and language-runtime is the VMS-primitive that sends a request to VMS. The language-runtime receives the request under control of VMS, which calls a language-supplied request-handling function and passes the request as a parameter. This passive behavior of the request handler leaves control-flow inside VMS, which is part of hiding concurrency from the language-runtime implementation. + +The interface between the runtime and VMS is VMS's plugin API. The runtime is implemented as two functions, whose pointers are handed to VMS. VMS then controls the flow of execution. When a request is ready for the runtime, VMS cIalls the request-handler function, and when a spot on hardware is free for work, VMS calls the scheduler-assign function. Hence, the language implements its runtime as two isolated functions. By keeping control-flow inside VMS, the language-specific portion of the runtiem is simplified. + +This structure is also the reason VMS encourages reuse of scheduler code. The VMS API separates out control flow from scheduling, so scheduling code is isolated, with well-defined interfaces. Scheduling is then further sub-divided into modules: constraint-management (IE enforcing dependencies); and choosing physical location to place work. Each has its own well-defined interface, and they communicate to each other via VMS-managed shared state. + +The greatest application performance impact due to the scheduler is communication it causes. + +, management of the memory hierarchy, and the match between work-characteristics and hardware-characteristics (IE, assigning to accelerator vs CPU). Hence, significant work goes into implementing strategies and mechanisms for finding the best assignment-choices. Such implementations are only loosely coupled to language, through the shared state by which the request-handler informs the assigner of what work is ready to be animated. + +Hence, it is straight-forward to reuse the code that assigns work to physical locations. The only language-specific influence on the assigner is the shared constraint-state. + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,942 @@ + +@inbook{PerfToolPoem, +title = {The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe, Complete edition}, +chapter = {The Blind Men and the Elephant}, +author = {John Godfrey Saxe}, +publisher = {Boston: James R. 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Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = 1995 +} +@InProceedings{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = 2006, + pages = {247--258} +} +@InProceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = 2006, + pages = 83 +} +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = 1989 +} +@InProceedings{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = 1998, + pages = {468--471} +} +@InProceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = 2008, + pages = {154--163} +} +@InProceedings{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = 1993, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title = {{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author = {Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal = {Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume = 18, + number = {2006-183}, + pages = 19, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} +@Book{Mattson04Patterns, + title = {{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author = {Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year = 2004, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley Professional} +} +@Article{Skillicorn98, + title = {{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author = {Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + pages = {123--169}, + year = 1998 +} +@Conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title = {{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author = {Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages = {102--111}, + year = 1993, + organization = {ACM New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{McgrawSisal, + title = {{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author = {McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal = {Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume = 1 +} +@Article{Gelernter85Linda, + title = {{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author = {Gelernter, D.}, + journal = {ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume = 7, + number = 1, + pages = {80--112}, + year = 1985 +} +@Article{Lin94ZPL, + title = {{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author = {Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume = 768, + pages = {96--114}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = 40, + number = 4, + year = 1997, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal = {IEEE Computer}, + volume = 29, + number = 4, + year = 1996, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} +} +@Book{berry89, + title = {{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author = {Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year = 1989, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = 30, + number = 8, + year = 1995, + pages = {207--216} +} +@Article{burch90, + title = {{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author = {Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal = {Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages = {428--439}, + year = 1990 +} +@Article{chamberlain98, + author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, + title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, + journal = {hips}, + volume = 00, + year = 1998, + isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, + pages = 50 +} +@Article{church41, + author = {A. Church}, + title = {The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal = {Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number = 6, + year = 1941, + publisher = {Princeton University} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeWebSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} +} +@InProceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = 1994, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{emerson91, + title = {{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author = {Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages = {368--377}, + year = 1991 +} +@Article{fortune78, + title = {{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author = {Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages = {114--118}, + year = 1978, + publisher = {ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{goldberg83, + title = {{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author = {Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year = 1983, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley} +} +@InProceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = 1978, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Book{gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = 1996 +} +@Article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 32, + number = 1, + year = 2000, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{hoare78, + author = {C. A. R. Hoare}, + title = {Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + year = 1978, + volume = 21, + number = 8, + pages = {666-677} +} +@Article{huth, + title = {{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author = {Huth, M.}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages = {369--380}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 36, + number = 1, + year = 2004, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{kozen83, + title = {{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author = {Kozen, D.}, + journal = {TCS}, + volume = 27, + pages = {333--354}, + year = 1983 +} +@Article{kripke63, + title = {{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author = {Kripke, S.}, + journal = {Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume = 9, + pages = {67--96}, + year = 1963 +} +@Book{mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = 1985 +} +@Book{milner80, + title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author = {Milner, R.}, + year = 1980, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{milner92, + title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal = {Information and Computation}, + volume = 100, + number = 1, + pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {Academic Press} +} +@Book{milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 1999 +} +@Book{MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{petri62, + title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author = {Petri, C.A.}, + journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume = 62, + pages = {386--390}, + year = 1962 +} +@Book{pierce02, + title = {Types and Programming Languages}, + author = {Pierce, B. C.}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = 4, + number = 3, + pages = {211--266} +} +@Misc{pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} +} +@Unpublished{reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = 2003, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} +} +@Article{reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = 1, + number = {}, + year = 1984, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} +} +@Article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + year = 1998, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{stefik86, + title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal = {The AI Magazine}, + volume = 6, + number = 4, + year = 1986 +} +@Book{stirling92, + title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author = {Stirling, C.}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} +@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} +} +@Misc{turing38, + author = {A. Turing}, + note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year = 1938 +} +@Book{vonNeumann45, + title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author = {J. von Neumann}, + year = 1945, + publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} +} +@Book{winskel93, + title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author = {Winskel, G.}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/sigplanconf.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/sigplanconf.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% LaTeX Class/Style File +% +% Name: sigplanconf.cls +% +% Purpose: A LaTeX 2e class file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% This class file supercedes acm_proc_article-sp, +% sig-alternate, and sigplan-proc. +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul [atsign] windfall.com +% +% Created: 12 September 2004 +% +% Revisions: See end of file. +% +% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. +% To view a copy of this license, visit +% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ +% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, +% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] +\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] + +% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted +% from the ZzTeX macro package. + +% Token Hackery +% ----- ------- + + +\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} +\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} + +% This macro discards the next token. + +\def \@discardtok #1{}% token + +% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. + +{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 + +\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} + +} % \catcode + +% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. +% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark + +\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} + +% Control Sequence Names +% ------- -------- ----- + + +\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} + \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} + +\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} + \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} + +% Flags (Booleans) +% ----- ---------- + +% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with +% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. + +\def \@true {TT} +\def \@false {FL} + +\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean + +% IF and Predicates +% -- --- ---------- + +% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. +% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: +% +% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi + +% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: +% +% \@setflag \flag = {} + +% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional +% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with +% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. +% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. + +\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else + \@true \fi} +\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} + +\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@definedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} + +\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} + +\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp + +\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} + \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} +\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% + \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@empargq {\@empargq} + +\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} + \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} + +\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} + +\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + + +% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: +% +% \if \flaga \else \fi + + +% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. + +\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} + +\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \else + \@false + \fi} + +\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% + \@true + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +% Arithmetic +% ---------- + +\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} + +\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} + +% Options +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false +\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false +\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false +\@setflag \@natbib = \@true +\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true +\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 +\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false +\@setflag \@preprint = \@false +\@setflag \@reprint = \@false +\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false +\@setflag \@times = \@false + +% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. + +\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} + +\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} + +\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} + +\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} + +\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} + +\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} + +%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} + +\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} + +\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\ProcessOptions + +\if \@onecolumn + \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \fi + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} +\else + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} +\fi +\LoadClass{article} + +\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% + \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} + +% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. + +\def \setpagenumber #1{% + \setcounter{page}{#1}} + +\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% + #1 = #2 + \advance #1 by -1\parskip} + +% Document Parameters +% -------- ---------- + + +% Page: + +\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} +\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} + +\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} +\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\else + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\fi + +% Text area: + +\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} +\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} +\else + \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} +\fi + +\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} +\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} +\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} + +% Running foot: + +\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} + +% Paragraphs: + +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\else + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} +\fi + +\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} +\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} + +\frenchspacing +\pretolerance = 400 +\tolerance = \pretolerance +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} +\clubpenalty = 10000 +\widowpenalty = 10000 +\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} + +% Standard vertical spaces: + +\newskip{\standardvspace} +\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} + +% Margin paragraphs: + +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} +\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} + + +\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} +\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} + +\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% + \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} + +\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% + \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} + +% Floats: + +\setcounter{topnumber}{4} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} +\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} +\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} + +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} + +\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} +\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +% Miscellaneous: + +\errorcontextlines = 5 + +% Fonts +% ----- + + +\if \@times + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% + \if \@mathtime + \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% + \else +%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% + \fi +\else + \relax +\fi + +\if \@ninepoint + +\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% + \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} + +\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} + +\renewcommand{\small}{% + \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% + \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} + +\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} + +\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} + +\else\if \@tenpoint + +\relax + +\else + +\relax + +\fi\fi + +% Abstract +% -------- + + +\renewenvironment{abstract}{% + \section*{Abstract}% + \normalsize}{% + } + +% Bibliography +% ------------ + + +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\section*{\refname + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + \bibfont + \clubpenalty4000 + \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty + \widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} + +\if \@natbib + +\if \@authoryear + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} + \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} + \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, + % eliminate comma between author and year. + \let \cite = \citep +\else + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} + \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} +\fi +\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} + +\fi + +\def \bibfont {\small} + +% Categories +% ---------- + + +\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true + +\newcommand{\category}[3]{% + \if \@firstcategory + \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% + \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false + \else + \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% + \fi + \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} + +\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% + {\let \and = \relax + #1 [\textit{#2}]% + \if \@emptyargp{#4}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi + \else + :\space + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi + \textrm{#4}% + \fi}} + +% Copyright Notice +% --------- ------ + + +\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} +\def \@toappear {} +\def \@permission {} +\def \@reprintprice {} + +\def \@copyrightspace {% + \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% + \vbox to 1in{% + \vfill + \parbox[b]{20pc}{% + \scriptsize + \if \@preprint + [Copyright notice will appear here + once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par + \else + \@toappear + \fi + \if \@reprint + \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, + \@proceedings, + \@conferenceinfo, + pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par + \fi}}% + \end@float} + +\long\def \toappear #1{% + \def \@toappear {#1}} + +\toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata + \dots \@reprintprice\par} + +\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% + \gdef \@permission {#1}} + +\permission{% + Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or + part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without + fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or + commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full + citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to + post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific + permission and/or a fee.} + +% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: + +\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. + ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the + National Research Council of Canada (NRC). + As such, the Crown in Right of + Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting + nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution + is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} + +\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for + Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored + by a contractor or affiliate + of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, + royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} + +\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% + \permission{% + This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States + Government and is in the public domain.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% + \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} + +\reprintprice{\$10.00} + +\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% + \permission{% + Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. + It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. + Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in + #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} + +% Enunciations +% ------------ + + +\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} + \trivlist + \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +% Figures +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@caprule = \@true + +\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% + \addvspace{4pt} + \if \@caprule + \hrule width \hsize height .33pt + \vspace{4pt} + \fi + \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% + \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% + \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par + \else + \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% + \fi} + +\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% + \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} + +\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% + {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} + +% Hierarchy +% --------- + + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} + +\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\section}{% + \@startsection + {section}% + {1}% + {0pt}% + {-\@sectionaboveskip}% + {\@sectionbelowskip}% + {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\subsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsection}% + {2}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsubsection}% + {3}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip} + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% + \@startsection% + {paragraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} + +\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% + \@startsection% + {subparagraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \itshape}} + +% Standard headings: + +\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} + +\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} + +\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} + +% Identification +% -------------- + + +\def \@conferencename {} +\def \@conferenceinfo {} +\def \@copyrightyear {} +\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} +\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} + + +\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% + \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% + \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} + +\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} + +\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear + +\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} + +\let \crdata = \copyrightdata + +\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% + \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} + +% Lists +% ----- + + +\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} +\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} + +\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\else + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\fi + +\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} + +\renewcommand{\@listi}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmargini + \listparindent = 0pt} +%%% \itemsep = 1pt +%%% \parsep = 3pt} +%%% \listparindent = \parindent} + +\let \@listI = \@listi + +\renewcommand{\@listii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginii + \topsep = 1pt + \labelwidth = \leftmarginii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +% Mathematics +% ----------- + + +\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} + +% Miscellaneous +% ------------- + + +\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% + \vfill\eject + \global\@colht = \textheight + \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} + +\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} + +\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% + \let \\ = \@centercr + \leftskip = 0pt + \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} + +% Program Code +% ------- ---- + + +\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% + {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font + \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} + +% Running Heads and Feet +% ------- ----- --- ---- + + +\def \@preprintfooter {} + +\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% + \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} + +\if \@preprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize + \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil + \thepage \hfil + \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else\if \@reprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else + +\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty +\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty +\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty + +\fi\fi + +\def \@formatyear {% + \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} + +% Special Characters +% ------- ---------- + + +\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% + \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} + +% Title Page +% ----- ---- + + +\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false + +\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} +\def \@subtitletext {} + +\newcount{\@authorcount} + +\newcount{\@titlenotecount} +\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} + +\def \@titlebanner {} + +\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% + \gdef \@titletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% + \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} + \global\@increment \@authorcount + \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} + +\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% + \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; + use \string\authorinfo}{}} + +\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% + \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} + +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% + \pagestyle{plain}% + \if \@onecolumn + {\hsize = \standardtextwidth + \@maketitle}% + \else + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \fi + \@placetitlenotes + \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} + +\def \@maketitle {% + \begin{center} + \@settitlebanner + \let \thanks = \titlenote + {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth + \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth + \parfillskip = 0pt + \spaceskip = .7em + \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} + \vskip 6pt + \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par + \vskip 12pt + \ifcase \@authorcount + \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% + \else + \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% + \fi + \vspace{1.75pc} + \end{center}} + +\def \@settitlebanner {% + \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% + \vbox to 0pt{% + \vskip -32pt + \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par + \vss}% + \nointerlineskip + \fi} + +\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% + \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% + \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par + \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% + \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% + \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par + \else + \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par + \relax + \fi\fi + \vspace{20pt}} + +\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} + \vtop{% + \def \and {% + \hspace{16pt}} + \hsize = #1 + \normalfont + \centering + \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par + \vspace{5pt} + \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par + \vspace{2pt} + \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} + +\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% + \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% + \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% + \fi} + +\newtoks{\@fnmark} + +\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% + \global\@increment \@titlenotecount + \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or + \@fnmark = {\ast}\or + \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\S}\or + \@fnmark = {\P}\or + \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% + \fi + \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% + \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% + \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% + \reserved@a{#1}} + +\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% + \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} + +\newcount{\@authori} + +\iffalse +\def \additionalauthors {% + \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% + \section{Additional Authors}% + \label{@addauthors}% + \noindent + \@authori = 4 + {\let \\ = ,% + \loop + \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, + \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, + email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% + \@increment \@authori + \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% + \par + \fi + \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} +\fi + +\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors + +\def \@placetitlenotes { + \the\@titlenotetext} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% + {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% + \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) + \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ + \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 + \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} + +\newbox{\@measbox} + +\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} + \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% + #1 = \ht\@measbox} + +\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% + \insert\footins{% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore +%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% +%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% + \color@begingroup + \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} + +% LaTeX Modifications +% ----- ------------- + +\def \@seccntformat #1{% + \@name{\the#1}% + \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark + \quad} + +\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% + \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} + +% Revision History +% -------- ------- + + +% Date Person Ver. Change +% ---- ------ ---- ------ + +% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. + +% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. + +% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with +% \authorinfo. +% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. +% Compress article opener spacing. +% Add 'mathtime' option. +% Increase text height by 6 points. + +% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. +% Change default to Times text. + +% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot +% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. + +% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. + +% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. + +% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. + +% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', +% and it uses the full type width. + +% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. +% Allow margin paragraphs during review. + +% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. +% Remove proof and newdef environments. + +% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. +% Change footer to small italic and eliminate +% left portion if no \preprintfooter. +% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. +% Clean up and shrink copyright box. + +% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. + +% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. + +% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. +% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust +% spacing between items and paragraphs. + +% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated +% commands. + +% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. + +% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the +% 'preprint' option. + +% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. +% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure +% the natbib package. + +% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article +% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). + +% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. + +% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. +% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. + +% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by +% Stephen Chong). + +% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. +% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to +% control citation style when using natbib. +% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for +% 'authoryear' style. + +% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography +% environment. Also add to template so it will +% happen with natbib. + +% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. +% Just include in the template. + +% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. + +% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. +% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using +% 'authoryear' style. +% Add the \authorversion command. + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit_Multiprog14__here_it_is/latex/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__system_component_breakdown.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__system_component_breakdown.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__system_component_breakdown.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__system_component_breakdown.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,664 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Proto-runtime Instance + (implementation of hardwaremodule for platform 5) + + + + Proto-runtime Instance + (implementation of hardwaremodule for platform 4) + + + + Proto-runtime Instance + (implementation of hardwaremodule for platform 3) + + + + Proto-runtime Instance + (implementation of hardwaremodule for platform 2) + + + + Proto-runtime Core Ctlr + (implementation of hardwaremodule for platform 1) + + + + Proto-runtime Toolkit + (Used during development ofruntime system for a language, makes API and structs avail, plusimpl of wrapper-library primitives) + + + + + + + + + + + Tie-Point Model + (Theory that enables themodularization of a parallelruntime system) + + + + + Language Library + (implementation of languageWL and plugin for HW class 2) + + + + Language Library + (implementation of language A'sWL and plugin for HW class 1) + + + + Language Library + (implementation of languageWL and plugin for HW class 2) + + + + Language Library + (implementation of language B'sWL and plugin for HW class 1) + + + + + The Proto-Runtime Eco System + This machine is an instance ofplatform 3,which is amember ofHW Class 1 + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + PR OS thread(core1) + + + Main OS thread + + main + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + + PR_start() + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + birth Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR__start() + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + PR primitive Fnto create VP + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + resume + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + + core 1 + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR OS thread(core 2) + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,545 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + + + Resume (Point 2.R) + + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline B + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ 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diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,366 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + HiddenTimeline + comm + comm + control + control + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_single.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_single.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,306 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + Hiddenmeta-comm + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + SyncPoint + + Timeline A + + + + write + read + + + + Timeline B + + + + + SyncPoint + + Timeline A + + + + write + read + + + SyncPoint + + write + + X + + + + + + + Timeline B + + Timeline A + + write + read + read + write + + shift relative to each other + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline B + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering_2.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering_2.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point A1.S) + + + + Resume (Point A1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + Suspend(Point B1.S) + + + Resume (Point B1.R) + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2211 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Portability_stack_combined.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Portability_stack_combined.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2691 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 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Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + ParallelismConstructModule + + Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime Core Controller) + WorkAssignmentModule + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + Modules of a Runtime System + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + ParallelismConstructBehaviorSource Code + Assignmentonto coresSource Code + + + Language Runtime System has Three Code Modules + WrapperLibrarySource Code + + All are compiled together into a dynamic library + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,618 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + Master(runtime system) + ConstructSemanticsModule + + Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) + Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule + Language Plug-in + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + + + + Seed VP + + + + VP createdby Application + + + + VP createdby Application + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + prallelism_construct2_Fn + Language Wrapper LibCode + Proto-Runtime PrimitiveCode + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeCode + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + Instance of runtime system + Instances ofVirtual Processors + + + + + + + + prallelism_construct1_Fn + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2026 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1678 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + ConstructSemanticsModule + + Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) + Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule + Language Plug-in + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + + + Seed VP + + + + VP createdby Application1 + + + + VP createdby Application2 + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeCode + Handlerfor create VP + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system + Instances ofVirtual Processors + + create VPwrapper Fn + + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + Call via Ptr + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + Top Level Fn + Work_Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + End VPPrimitive Fn + + + + + + + + + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + create VPprimitive Fn + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + end VPPrimitive Fn + + + + + + + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + send requestprimitive Fn + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + normal call + normal call + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + Call via Ptr + + Top Level Fn + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back_2.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back_2.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2231 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + Top Level Fn + Work_Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Assigner Fn + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + + VP 2(created byapplication,on core 3) + + Master Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + send requestprimitive Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + returnfromsuspend + + + suspendand switchto runtime + normal call + normal call + + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call via Ptr + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + Lang Handlerfor Acq Mutex + + + + + PR primitive Fnto create VP + Master Fn + + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + Call via Ptr + Call to dyn lib + + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + + return fromsuspend + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/Scheduling_states_2.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ 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-r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/StarSs_meas/VMS_numbers.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/StarSs_meas/VMS_numbers.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + +measurements of total runtime for the h264 decoder running with both runtimes, but I haven't found a good way to isolate the time spent in the runtime for the nanos runtime. + +graphs comparing total runtime across different task sizes, with nested tasks or with all tasks submitted by the master thread / seedVP (flat), for VMS and nanos. + +Green is elapsed wallclock time, red is user time. + +There's very little available parallelism, so there's a performance minimum in the middle around 9-10 blocks per task. After that the overhead nixes any additional parallelism you might gain from slicing tasks more finely. + +For VMS I also have the following measurements, for a run with nested tasks and 8 blocks per task: + + +for a run with nested tasks and 8 blocks per task: + +Total busy cycles/Total overhead/Percentage: 5910976399 / 1172314900 / 19.83 % +Avg overhead per unit: 36669 +Critical path length: 1960539705 cycles +Overhead contribution to critical path: 237533850 cycles = 12.1157377937 % +Overhead breakdown along critical path: +Total overhead: 237533850 cycles | 100 % +Request Handler: 21778888 cycles | 9.17 % +Scheduler: 5580024 cycles | 2.35 % +ReqHdlr to Scheduler: 1886857 cycles | 0.79 % +Master to Work switch: 4069306 cycles | 1.71 % +Work to Core switch: 3403127 cycles | 1.43 % +Coreloop until Lock: 1868531 cycles | 0.79 % +Lock Acquire: 198947117 cycles | 83.76 % diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 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setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 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userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 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moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 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xoanon_pthreads_40cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:22:29 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def 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+/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors 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setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M 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{BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 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2855 M +2555 1723 L +4067 1065 L +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 721 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +1778 721 M +399 0 V +1420 2855 M +170 -542 V +784 -867 V +3986 870 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 581 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +1778 581 M +399 0 V +1802 2855 M +572 -574 V +4007 1207 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,695 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 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0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,884 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V 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01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,948 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:32:06 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def 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def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1109 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1109 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1531 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1531 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1954 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1954 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2377 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2377 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2799 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2799 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3222 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3222 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3644 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3644 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +4067 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +4067 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2376 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3532 2882 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (pthreads)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +2787 2252 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +2787 2812 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3711 2742 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +3795 2742 M +399 0 V +1735 2855 M +662 -919 V +4067 1238 L +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT6 +LCb setrgbcolor +3711 2602 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT6 +3795 2602 M +399 0 V +1748 2855 M +2555 1723 L +4067 1065 L +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3711 2462 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +3795 2462 M +399 0 V +1420 2855 M +170 -542 V +784 -867 V +3986 870 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT8 +LCb setrgbcolor +3711 2322 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT8 +3795 2322 M +399 0 V +1802 2855 M +572 -574 V +4007 1207 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb 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makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 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def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 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0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/xoanon_pthread_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/xoanon_pthread_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ + + +1) What are the problems the authors are trying to solve? + When done, for each problem, how does one decide the value of a proposed solution? Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. + +The problem is + +A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is + +The value of this solution is determined by + + + +2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? + What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. + What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? + How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? + +It enables + +The benefit to me is + +Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are + +The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by + + + +3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? + What makes this problem hard? + What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on +How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? + +The fundamentals are + +The hard part is + +The basic elements are + +The proposed solution + + + +4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? + What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? + How does each approach address something the others miss? + Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. + Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. + +Other approaches are + +A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is + +Categories: + +Combining: + + + +5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? + Sketch the details of each of these "things". + Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? + Did you see any really cool techniques? + +Unique main "things" are + +Drawbacks from details: + +Idea of + + + +6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? + +They have to show + + + +7) What results did they show? + Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? + Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? + Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? + +They showed + +Con.. + + + +8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? + +The work my provide value for me + + + +3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). + +1) + + \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1257 @@ + + + +"" +@Article{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + journal = {}, + volume = {}, + number = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@Book{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + publisher = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@misc{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + url = {} +} + + +"Lamport paper with clock sync" +@article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {21}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {558--565}, + } + +"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" +@article{Lamport87, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {5}, + issue = {1}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {1--11} +} + +"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" +@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, + author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, + title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, + series = {SOSP '67}, + year = {1967}, + pages = {10.1--10.6} + } + +"Original coroutine paper" +@article{Conway63, + author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, + title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {6}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1963}, + pages = {396--408} +} + +"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" +@Book{ComponentModel00, + author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, + title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {2000} +} + + +"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" +@misc{Hewitt10, + author = {Carl Hewitt}, + title = {Actor Model of Computation}, + year = {2010}, + note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} +} + +"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" +@article{Actors97, +author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, +title = {A foundation for actor computation}, +journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, +volume = {7}, +number = {01}, +pages = {1-72}, +year = {1997}, +} + +"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" +@article{SchedActivations, + author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, + title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {10}, + issue = {1}, + month = {February}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {53--79} +} + +"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" +@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, + author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, + title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, + series = {DAMP '07}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {37--44}, + numpages = {8} +} + + +//===================================== +"Gain from Chaos tech report" +@techreport + {Halle92, + Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, + Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, + Year = {1992}, + URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, + Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} +} + + +Reprinted in: +Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. +"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" +K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova +pgs 290-308 + + +"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" +Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. +cited by 232 + + +"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" +Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. + + +//========================================== + +"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" +@inproceedings + {BLISInHotPar, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {June}, + title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = {2010} + } + +"2011 HotPar: " +@inproceedings + {HotPar11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {}, + year = {2011} + } + +"VMS in LCPC 2011" +@article{VMSLCPC, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = {2011} +} + + +"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + Year = 2010 +} + +"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" +@misc{DKUTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, + Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"An Extensible Parallel Language" +@misc{EQNLangTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, + Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" +@misc{CTOSTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, + Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" +@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, + Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, + Year = 2009 +} + + +"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" +@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, + Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" +@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, + Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" +@misc{CTRTTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, + Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, + Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" +@misc{CIPTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, + Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, + Year = 2005 +} + +//========================================== + + +"OMP Hompe page" +@misc{OMPHome, + Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, +} + +"The OMP infrastructure site" +@misc{Halle2008, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, + Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} +} + + + +"The DKU sourceforge site" +@misc{DKUSourceForge, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{DKU} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The BLIS sourceforge site" +@misc{BLISHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{BLIS} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The VMS Home page" +@misc{VMSHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, + Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, + Year = {2010} +} + + +"The PStack Home page" +@misc{PStackHome, + Author = {Sean Halle}, + Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, + Year = {2012} +} + + +"Deblocking code in SVN" +@misc{DeblockingCode, + Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} + + + +"Sample code on BLIS site" +@misc{SampleBLISCode, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} +} + +"Framework Technical Report" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} +} + +"Map reduce" +@misc{MapReduceHome, + Author = {Google Corp.}, + Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, +} + + +"TBB Thread Building Blocks" +@misc{TBBHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + Title = {{TBB} Home page}, +} + + +"HPF Wikipedia entry" +@misc{HPFWikipedia, + Author = {Wikipedia}, + Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, +} + + +"OpenMP Home page" +@misc{OpenMPHome, + Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} + + + +"Open MPI Home page" +@misc{MPIHome, + Author = {open-mpi organization}, + Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, + Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} +} + +"OpenCL Home page" +@misc{OpenCLHome, + Author = {Kronos Group}, + Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, + Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} +} + + +"CILK Hompe page" +@misc{CILKHome, + Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, + Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, + Title = {{CILK} homepage}, +} + +@InProceedings{Fri98, + author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, + title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, + booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + pages = {212--223}, + year = 1998, + address = {Montreal, Quebec}, + month = jun +} + + +"Titanium Hompe page" +@misc{TitaniumHome, + Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, + Title = {{Titanium} homepage} +} + + +"CnC in HotPar" +@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, + author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"CnC Hompe page" +@misc{CnCHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, + Title = {{CnC} homepage}, +} + +"Spiral Home page" +@misc{SpiralHome, + Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, + Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, + Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, +} + + +"Scala Hompe page" +@misc{ScalaHome, + Author = {Scala organization}, + Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, + Title = {{Scala} homepage}, +} + + + + +"UPC Hompe page" +@misc{UPCHome, + Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, + Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, + Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, +} + + +"Suif Hompe page" +@misc{SuifHome, + Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, + Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, +} + + + +"SEJITS" +@article{SEJITS, + author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" +@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {404--418} + } + + +"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" +@article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1-12}, +} + +"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" +@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {225--234}, + } + +"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" +@inproceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = {2008}, + pages = {90--100}, + } + + +"Merge in HotPar" +@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Galois system for irregular problems" +@inproceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {211--222} +} + +"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" +@book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = {2002}, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} + } + + +"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" +@MISC{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = {1995} +} + + +"Capsule" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {247--258} +} + +"Sequioa" +@inproceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {83} + } + + + + +"Cole meta skeletons book" +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = {1989} +} + + +"Meta programming skeletons example" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {468--471} +} + + +"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" +@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {154--163} + } + + +"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + + +"View from Berkeley paper" +@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume={18}, + number={2006-183}, + pages={19}, + year={2006}, +} + + + + +"Berkeley Pattern Language" +@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} + + +"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" +@book{Mattson04Patterns, + title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} +} + + +"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" +@article{Skillicorn98, + title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume={30}, + number={2}, + pages={123--169}, + year={1998} +} + + + +"NESL language" +@conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages={102--111}, + year={1993}, + organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} +} + + +"Sisal" +@article{McgrawSisal, + title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume={1} +} + + +"Linda" +@article{Gelernter85Linda, + title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author={Gelernter, D.}, + journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume={7}, + number={1}, + pages={80--112}, + year={1985} +} + + +"ZPL" +@article{Lin94ZPL, + title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume={768}, + pages={96--114}, + year={1994} +} + + + + +// Visual programming +@article + { baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = {40}, + number = {4}, + year = {1997}, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} + } + + +// Visual programming +@article + { ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal ={IEEE Computer}, + volume = {29}, + number = {4}, + year = {1996}, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} + } + + +// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine +@book + {berry89, + title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year={1989}, + publisher={ACM Press} +} + + +// Cilk reference +@article + {blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {8}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {207--216} + } + + +// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. +// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness +@article + {burch90, + title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages={428--439}, + year={1990} +} + +@article + {chamberlain98, +author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, +title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, +journal = {hips}, +volume = {00}, +year = {1998}, +isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, +pages = {50} +} + + + +// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 +@article{church41, + author={A. Church}, + title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number={6}, + year={1941}, + publisher={Princeton University} +} + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + + +@misc + { CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeWebSite + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} + } + +@misc + { CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} + } + + +// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS +@inproceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} + + +// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, +// so cited as foundation a lot +@article{emerson91, + title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages={368--377}, + year={1991} +} + + +// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as +@article{fortune78, + title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages={114--118}, + year={1978}, + publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} + + + +// Smalltalk reference +@book{goldberg83, + title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year={1983}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley} +} + + +// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently +@inproceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, +} + + +// Java spec +@book + { gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = {1996} + } + + +// Survey of prototyping parallel apps +@article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {32}, + number = {1}, + year = {2000}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// Original CSP paper +@article{hoare78, + author={C. A. R. Hoare}, + title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal={Communications of the ACM}, + year={1978}, + volume={21}, + number={8}, + pages={666-677} +} + + +// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. +// This paper does a beautiful job.. +@article{huth, + title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author={Huth, M.}, + journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages={369--380}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow +@article + { johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {36}, + number = {1}, + year = {2004}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} + } + + +@book + { koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = {1993}, + publisher = {MIT Press} + } + + +// mu calculus paper with 430 citations +@article{kozen83, + title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author={Kozen, D.}, + journal={TCS}, + volume={27}, + pages={333--354}, + year={1983} +} + + +// original kripke structure paper +@article{kripke63, + title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author={Kripke, S.}, + journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume={9}, + pages={67--96}, + year={1963} +} + + +@book + { mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = {1985} + } + + +// Milner's own citation to development of CCS +@book{milner80, + title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author={Milner, R.}, + year={1980}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Milner's own pi-calculus reference +@article{milner92, + title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal={Information and Computation}, + volume={100}, + number={1}, + pages={1--40 and 41--77}, + year={1992}, + publisher={Academic Press} +} + + +// more recent Pi calculus reference +@book + { milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {1999} + } + + +// MPI reference +@book + { MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = {1994} + } + + +// Petri nets original citation +@article{petri62, + title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author={Petri, C.A.}, + journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume={62}, + pages={386--390}, + year={1962} +} + + +// Pierce Type system book +@book{pierce02, + title={Types and Programming Languages}, + author={Pierce, B. C.}, + year={2002}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + +// Survey of Visual programming +@Article + { price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = {4}, + number = {3}, + pages = {211--266} + } + + + +@misc + { pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} + } + + +// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing +@unpublished + { reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = {2003}, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} + } + + +// Parallel Pascal +@Article + { reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = {1}, + number = {}, + year = {1984}, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} + } + + +// Survey of parallel langs and models +@article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {2}, + year = {1998}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues +@article{stefik86, + title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal={The AI Magazine}, + volume={6}, + number={4}, + year={1986} +} + + +// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset +// of temporal logics +@book{stirling92, + title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author={Stirling, C.}, + year={1992}, + publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} + + +// Titanium website +@misc + { TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} + } + + +// website with scans of original work by Turing +@misc{turing38, + author={A. Turing}, + note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and +http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and +http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year={1938} +} + + +// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas +@book{vonNeumann45, + title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author={J. von Neumann}, + year={1945}, + publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} +} + + +// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics +@book{winskel93, + title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author={Winskel, G.}, + year={1993}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/plain.bst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/plain.bst Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@ +% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' + % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. + % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved. + % Copying of this file is authorized only if either + % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or + % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than + % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst. + % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical. + % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style. + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + edition + editor + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label } + +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } + +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} + +STRINGS { s t } + +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} + +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem{" write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names + editor num.names$ #1 > + { ", editors" * } + { ", editor" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title "t" change.case$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year empty$ + { month empty$ + { "" } + { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ + month + } + if$ + } + { month empty$ + 'year + { month " " * year * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title emphasize +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { " of " * series emphasize * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "number" } + { "Number" } + if$ + number tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } + { " in " * series * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * } + { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check + { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } + { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + number empty$ + 'skip$ + { "(" number * ")" * * + volume empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ format.pages } + { ":" * pages n.dashify * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { "chapter" } + { type "l" change.case$ } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.connect + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { editor empty$ + { "In " booktitle emphasize * } + { "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} +{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ + month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ + and and and and and + key empty$ not and + { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ + type "t" change.case$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ type empty$ + { "Technical Report" } + 'type + if$ + number empty$ + { "t" change.case$ } + { number tie.or.space.connect } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ key empty$ + { journal empty$ + { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * + warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} +{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + editor num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ " et~al." * } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + "In " + } + { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + " of " * + } + if$ + editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { series empty$ + { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" * + } + { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { key * } + if$ + } + { format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { booktitle empty$ + { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + } + { "In " format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { journal emphasize "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished address new.block.checkb + howpublished output + address output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.pages output + address empty$ + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + organization output + publisher output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output.nonnull + address output + } + if$ + } + { format.authors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { address new.block.checka + address output + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + { organization address new.block.checkb + organization output + address output + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + title howpublished new.block.checkb + format.title output + howpublished new.block.checka + howpublished output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry + empty.misc.check +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + new.block + "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + editor empty$ + { organization output } + { format.editors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + address empty$ + { editor empty$ + { publisher new.sentence.checka } + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + } + if$ + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + editor empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output } + if$ + publisher output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + note "note" output.check + format.date output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +MACRO {jan} {"January"} + +MACRO {feb} {"February"} + +MACRO {mar} {"March"} + +MACRO {apr} {"April"} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"June"} + +MACRO {jul} {"July"} + +MACRO {aug} {"August"} + +MACRO {sep} {"September"} + +MACRO {oct} {"October"} + +MACRO {nov} {"November"} + +MACRO {dec} {"December"} + +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} + +MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} + +MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} + +READ + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { nameptr #1 > + { " " * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr numnames = t "others" = and + { "et al" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} +{ author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {presort} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.organization.sort + { type$ "manual" = + 'author.organization.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { longest.label } + +INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } + +FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} +{ "" 'longest.label := + #1 'number.label := + #0 'longest.label.width := +} + +FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} +{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := + number.label #1 + 'number.label := + label width$ longest.label.width > + { label 'longest.label := + label width$ 'longest.label.width := + } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} + +ITERATE {longest.label.pass} + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/.pdf --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/.pdf Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: PDF2EPS - BaKoMa TeX Portable Document Format (PDF) Import Filter. +%%Title: ..\figures\Proto-Runtime__mdoules_plus_plugin_plus +%%CreationDate: Sat May 04 20:18:38 2013 +%%LanguageLevel: 3 +%%DocumentData: Clean7Bit +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 +%%Rotate: 0 +%%EndComments + +%%Error: Can't find image + +%%Page: 1 1 +newpath +0 0 moveto 0 792 lineto 612 792 lineto 612 0 lineto closepath +1 0 0 setrgbcolor stroke +0 0 0.5 setrgbcolor +/Times-Roman findfont 30 scalefont setfont +0 396 moveto 0 90 rmoveto +gsave (Filter:) gsave show grestore 120 0 rmoveto (PDF2EPS) show grestore +0 -30 rmoveto gsave (File:) gsave show grestore 120 0 rmoveto (../figures/Proto-Runtime__mdoules_plus_plugin_plus) show grestore +1 0 0 setrgbcolor +0 -30 rmoveto gsave (Error:) gsave show grestore + /Times-Roman findfont 24 scalefont setfont 120 0 rmoveto (Can't find image) show grestore +0 0.5 0 setrgbcolor +0 -60 rmoveto gsave (Hint:) show grestore +/Times-Roman findfont 24 scalefont setfont +0 -30 rmoveto gsave 20 0 rmoveto (Open the file by Acrobat and then save) show grestore +%%EndPage +(\nPDF2EPS Error: ../figures/Proto-Runtime__mdoules_plus_plugin_plus - Can't find image\n) print flush +%%EndDocument diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/PRT__toolkit_FORTH_present_driven.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/PRT__toolkit_FORTH_present_driven.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/PRT__toolkit_FORTH_present_driven.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/PRT__toolkit_FORTH_present_driven.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2963 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{amstext} +\usepackage{float} +\usepackage{caption} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{ The Proto-Runtime Toolkit for Fast, Modular +Implementation of High Performance Parallel Runtime +Systems} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Merten Sach} + {TU Berlin} + {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Nina Engelhardt} + {TU Berlin} + {nengel@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + + + + +The proto-runtime toolkit has been used to implement the runtime behavior of several parallel languages, including StarSs, Reo, PRDSL, and HWSim. As detailed in the respective papers, each language's runtime system is high performance on multiple NUMA multi-core architectures, yet required mere days to create, as opposed to the typical months for that level of performance. Other approaches can provide similar low implementation effort, but suffer from poor performance, or can provide similar performance, but suffer from orders of magnitude more effort. Proto-runtime alone provides both high performance and low effort. In addition, it makes specialization, for high performance on different multi-core configurations, effortless, and adds debugging and performance monitoring features to the languages. In a nutshell, the proto-runtime approach provides advantages for fast implementation of the runtime system, performance-portability of the runtime code across hardware, and adds elusive debugging facilities to any execution model. + +Here we describe the theory of the approach and the core architecture of its implementation on coherent shared memory hardware platforms. + + + + +\end{abstract} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background and Motivation} +\label{sec:intro} + + + + +Parallel behavior requires creating units of work and managing when it is safe to execute them, and then assigning the work units to hardware resources. For example, creating threads that call blocking constructs, then managing when they can be unblocked. Some languages perform much of the management statically at compile time, such as high performance versions of Fortran. However, most parallel languages and execution models require the management to be performed during the run as the computation evolves. This is done inside a runtime system. + + +The management of when it is safe to execute work is overhead which uses CPU cycles but doesn't directly perform work. Both language aspects and hardware aspects are involved in this management. In order to reduce it to an absolute minimum, the hardware aspects of the management have to be carefully considered, the implementation then tested across a variety of application patterns, and then tuned. This consumes considerable effort, often multiple months for each hardware platform targeted. + + + + +Essentially only three strategies have existed for obtaining such a runtime system: 1) build on top of a lower-level runtime system such as OS threads; 2) start from scratch and build a full custom system using hardware atomic operations; or 3) start with an existing custom runtime and modify it. In the first approach, moderately low effort is required, but the final system suffers from high overhead. In the second two approaches, high effort is required in order to push the overhead down to low levels. + +We propose a fourth alternative, which is to modularize the construction of runtime systems. +In this approach, a language's runtime system is built +as one module that implements the language semantics. This is then plugged in to a separately developed reusable module that implements the hardware specific aspects of the runtime system. The reusable hardware-encapsulating module is called a \textit{proto-runtime core controller}. It +encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, and also provides a number of services for use by the +plugged in language module. The approach provides the elusive combination of both low effort and also low overhead. + +A proto-runtime core controller can be thought of as a normal runtime, but with two key pieces removed and replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of the language constructs, and the other piece is an algorithm for choosing which work to assign to a free core. + + + +We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). + +\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware +related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + +\item The modularization gives the language control +over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + + +\item + +The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to performance. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which have their own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + +\end{itemize} + + +\item +Multiple parallel languages can be used together in the application, intimately inter mixing constructs without interfering. + +\item The modularization results in reduced effort to implement a new language's runtime behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). + +\begin{itemize} + + +\item Sequential thinking simplifies implementing the language logic. It is enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and presenting the illusion of a single core programming model to the language (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). +\item The proto-runtime provides common services for all languages to (re)use, which saves the language implementor from that effort. Services may include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). + +\item Low +level hardware aspects are hidden inside the proto-runtime module, freeing the language implementor from learning them (\S \ref{sec:intro}). + +\item Performance-tuning of the runtime internals takes place inside the proto-runtime, and is reused by the languages (\S ). + + + +\end{itemize} + +\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the patterns underlying proto-runtime (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + + +\item A measure of future-proofing is provided by proto-runtime because the underlying patterns are generic (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused, although performance related updates to the +plugins may be desired. + +\end{itemize} + +?Runtime Systems: “ + +big picture, the problem” + +Modularization: “top level solution” + +Tie-point: “concept to enable soln” + +Implementing Lang: “top level how to use” +PRT + +Measurements: “Is it real?” + +Future work + + +The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the problems encountered by runtime implementers(\S\ref{sec:TheProblem}), and current strategies they use(\S\ref{sec:StrategiesForRuntime}). We then move on to an overview of the proto-runtime approach, including terminology(\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), followed by the abstract model that enables modularizing a runtime system (\S\ref{sec:TiePoints}). We discuss how to use the proto-runtime toolkit to create a language's runtime system (\S\ref{sec:LangImpl}) then give internal details of the proto-runtime system implementation for coherent shared memory (\S\ref{sec:PRImpl}) . +We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation effort. +With that understanding in hand, we then compare the approach to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:conclusion}). + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Problem} +\label{sec:TheProblem} + +The problem being solved is the high effort that is required to create a low overhead runtime system that also has rich features and enables high performance placement of work. A part of this problem is the high effort expended to keep the overhead low on multiple hardware platforms, which requires re-tuning and re-architecting the runtime system on each target hardware platform. + + We wish a much lower effort way to create the first runtime and a lower effort way to port it to the various hardware platforms. In order to gain the lower effort, we are willing to sacrifice a small amount of overhead, say a maximum of 50\% extra overhead per runtime call versus the most carefully hand-tuned ``bare metal" version. + +\subsection{Functionality to be implemented} + + + + +To get a handle on how to reduce the effort, we take a closer look at where that effort goes. The main functions of a runtime system for a parallel language are: creating units of work; managing when each unit is free to begin execution; and choosing what hardware resource performs each unit of work. + +By `unit of work' we mean the trace of instructions that execute between successive interactions with the runtime system. One kind of unit is a task, which runs to completion after being started. The start of the task is one interaction, and the end of the task causes the second interaction with the runtime system. If the work inside invokes any runtime system functionality then it ceases to be a task type of unit. The second kind of unit of work is the trace of instructions that execute in a suspendable virtual processor (VP), otherwise know as a ``thread'', between runtime system interactions. For example, say a thread is created, then performs some work, then calls a synchronization construct. The work that happens between creation and that synchronization call is one work unit. Hence, a work unit is represented either by the meta-state of a not-yet-started task, or by the meta-state of a suspended virtual processor. + +In order to manage when a work unit is free to execute and where to execute it, there must be a system that keeps track of the state of each unit of work, and the state of each hardware resource. This system has a global aspect because it involves the ability for any work to potentially execute on any appropriate hardware resource. Hence, when one core's work causes a change in constraint state, that change needs to be communicated to the other cores in some fashion, and trigger processing that change on those cores. + +For example, when one core executes a mutex release, that execution causes a change in the mutex data structure. That change has to be propagated to the other cores, in case one of them has a blocked acquire operation that is waiting. The state of the mutex data structure is considered constraint state, and the change caused by the release is a change in constraint state that must be propagated, then trigger calculating any consequences of the change. + +%Semantic constraints, such as mutex or coord. + + + +%Constraints are global to the language, forcing cores to communicate + +%Release of mutex on one core is acquired on other + +%The mutex data struct is modified on core releases, and then read and again modified on core acquires + +%Internally protect access to mutex data struct + + + + +\subsection{Why this functionality requires high effort} + + + +This global management of constraint state and work placement accounts for the majority of the runtime overhead of simple parallel constructs. It has three aspects: 1) computing the changes in constraint state; 2) communicating the state change and maintaining consistent state across the cores; and 3) triggering management of the consequences of a given change. The first is language specific, while the second two are hardware specific. In fact, the second and third, communication, consistency, and triggering, are largely independent of details of the language's parallel constructs. This fact forms the basis of the modularization proposed in this paper. + + In particular, on shared memory hardware the constraint state may be held in shared data structures that are then protected by one or more locks. It is the overhead of acquiring these locks and moving the constraint data through the memory system that composes the majority of the hardware-specific portion of global management of constraint state. + +The details of the lowest overhead way to perform this global management often change, from one hardware platform to the next. The details include both the high level way the state is managed, and also parameter values used inside that. For example, on a multi socket system, the constraint state may be replicated, with a separate copy for each socket, while prefetch instructions are used in combination with a fast context switch scheme to hide the latency of communicating the updates among sockets. + +Such details are difficult to debug and require deep knowledge of the behavior of very low level aspects of the hardware, down to the level of memory consistency model, coherence protocol, and number of set-ways in the cache. In addition, several kinds of patterns must be tested. For example, some applications will have good constraint update locality, while others will cause high global traffic of constraint state updates moving between cores. The chosen scheme must be tuned to perform well on all significant patterns. Both, the low level nature and the variety of patterns, make finding the lowest overhead approach on given hardware very time consuming. + +Unfortunately, even small changes in hardware require repeating the experiments and tweaking the parameters used in the implementation. One often discovers during this process that more extensive changes need to be made in order to get the lowest overhead. As a result, not only must significant effort be expended on the first implementation of the runtime, but each hardware platform requires yet more effort to be expended in repeating experiments and tweaking. + In the age of increasing variety of chips, including Intel Phi, SCC, Tilera, Adapteva, Kalray, and so on, such effort poses a high barrier. + + + + +\subsection{Strategies for obtaining a runtime system} +\label{sec:StrategiesForRuntime} + +As stated in the introduction, we see four strategies for obtaining a runtime system: 1) build on top of a lower-level runtime system such as OS threads; 2) start from scratch and build a full custom system using hardware atomic operations; or 3) start with an existing custom runtime and modify it. The fourth, which we introduce in this paper, is to use a modularized runtime-implementation-toolkit and implement just the language specific modules. + +Perhaps the most obvious way of implementing a runtime system is to build on top of an existing low-level runtime system such as pthreads, TBB, and so on. In this case, the implementor uses constructs from the lower level system to manage constraint state within the higher-level system. This approach insulates the language implementor from hardware details. Unfortunately, the runtime systems used as a base are not designed with creation of higher level runtimes in mind. As a result, they insulate in such a way as to cause high overhead. In effect, two separate levels of constraint state management are taking place, the higher level uses lower level constructs to manage its constraint state, and those lower level constructs in turn have their own internal constraint state management. + +The result is high overhead for this approach. As the measurements in \S\ref{} show, the overhead is on the order of 5x to 100x higher than a well tuned system. In addition, the placement of work is controlled by the lower level, so the higher level loses control, which hurts data locality and application performance. Not only that, but the execution model exposed by the lower level is often incompatible with the execution model of the higher level, which makes implementation awkward. Lastly, some hardware details still find their way into the higher level, such as number of threads to keep in a thread pool, which forces rewrites when the target hardware platform changes. + +The second strategy is to write your own runtime system from scratch, on top of hardware atomic instructions. +This gives the most freedom to trim overhead to a minimum, but comes at the cost of having to do that careful detailed crafting on each hardware platform. It can take 3 to 6 months just to tune a runtime system for a new target platform. + +The third strategy involves the code of existing runtime systems, which generally falls into one of two categories: either highly complex monolithic code such as Nanos [], or very simple code such as libGomp []. In general, attempting to modify complex monolithic code can end up costing more time than just starting from scratch. This is even more true for code with the low level non-obvious characteristics of a runtime system, where odd things are often done for reasons of hardware structure, but are rarely explained in the code. In contrast, simple runtime systems are, indeed, easy to modify, but that simplicity means they haven't been tuned for low overhead. Hence, one either pays high effort or else high overhead. Neither approach gives both low effort and also low overhead. + + + +The fourth strategy is the one we introduce here, which is to modularize the runtime system. In this case, someone other than the language implementor performs the high effort of tuning the hardware specific portion. The different language implementors then inherit this effort, along with the low overhead it brings. The hardware module exports a single, globally consistent, constraint state, which sequentializes access to the shared constraint state. This means that the implementor uses sequential thinking when writing the code for their constructs' behavior, reducing mental effort significantly. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} + + + +We propose defining a modularization of runtimes that consists of three modules, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. One module, called the \textit{proto-runtime core controller,} encapsulates the low-level hardware details involved with protecting constraint state and communicating it between CPU cores. It presents a generic interface that simplifies the language specific modules. The language implementor then supplies the top two modules. One implements the semantics of parallel constructs, and sees the constraint state as if it had exclusive access, allowing the implementation to be written as if it were sequential code. The other module embodies an algorithm for choosing which work to assign to which hardware resource. It is handed free cores by the proto-runtime and chooses which work to execute on each. These modules plug in via the interface. + +The interface has a standard, basic, portion that remains constant, no matter which hardware platform it is implemented on top of. Extensions are added, which expose generic, simplified, aspects of hardware that the language needs to be aware of. An extension is added for distributed memory, and performance related specializations are added for certain classes of hardware. Tuning related to low level hardware variations is still hidden below the interface. On a given hardware target, all languages reuse the given implementation of the interface. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} + \caption{How the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime system. The three pieces are the proto-runtime core controller, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the assignment algorithm that chooses which work is assigned to which CPU core. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +There are a number of specialization extensions to the interface, one for any group of hardware that has similar performance-related features. Taking advantage of an extension is optional. + All extensions have the same basic pattern, which exposes data locality and movement related information. Their purpose is to enable the Assigner to make better choices of work placement. The quality of a choice is determined in large part by the amount of communication triggered by the placement. For example, if a result exists on node 1, and task A uses that result, then less communication is triggered if task A is assigned to node 1. However, in general, placement decisions also depend upon criticality of a work unit, in addition to the communication triggered by data consumed by the work, and by results sent to future work units. + +A given specialization extension is created for any group of hardware that shares similar performance relevant structure. Such an extension only exposes abstracted hardware features. For example, the extension for coherent shared memory conveys the memory hierarchy, including cache sizes and hit and miss times, in a graph that exposes which caches are shared by which descendant cores. One project in progress uses this to estimate total time to fetch the data consumed within a given work unit. + +\subsection{Components of the Proto-Runtime Eco System} + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{../figures/PR__system_component_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{The components that are collected under the title `proto-runtime eco system' } + \label{fig:PR_system_components} +\end{figure} + + + + + +To give a high level view, and to get our terminology straight, Figure \ref{fig:PR_system_components} shows all things related to the words `proto-runtime'. We call this collection the \textit{proto-runtime eco system}. It includes a formal model called the \textit{tie-point mode}l that provides the concepts used to elegantly break a runtime system into modules. Additionally, we see a toolkit, which is the collection of header files and source code that is made use of by a language implementor during development of the modules for their runtime system, and also by application developers. Next, we see many versions of the proto-runtime core controller, one for each hardware platform, each distributed as a dynamic library. Finally, we see that each language supplies a small number of versions of their runtime system implementations, one for each group of hardware that it chooses to take advantage of the performance extension. Each version is distributed as a dynamic library. + +At the left, we see a given machine. This depicts that a particular implementation of the core controller library is installed onto the machine, as is a particular dynamic library for each language. Later, application executables will be installed, and will dynamically link to whatever core controller and language libraries it finds. This is how an executable can be compiled in a generic way, then during a run automatically link up to the highly tuned runtime system for the hardware it happens to be executing on. + +Not depicted is the active system that exists during a run, called the \textit{proto-runtime system.} The proto-runtime system can be thought of as an independent operating system that runs in user space. It asks the host OS to give it control over the hardware, then internally makes its own equivalent of threads and manages suspending and resuming those, and distributing them among the cores. The proto-runtime system is started by the application, by making a call, which is implemented inside the proto-runtime toolkit. Once the system has started, a proto-process can be started inside it, which executes application code that is written in terms of proto-runtime implemented languages. + + + +A valuable benefit of this approach is that all language runtimes plug into the same core controller instances (which are created when the proto-runtime system is started) so they have a common element to their runtime systems. This fact has been exploited, allowing multiple languages to automatically inter-operate and their constructs to be intimately intermixed within application code without penalty. This proves especially valuable for parallel libraries, allowing applications to call library functions written in different languages, without the language's runtime systems fighting over the hardware resources and so hurting performance. + +Another benefit is that debugging facilities are included in the core controller and thereby inherited into the language. For example, the record and replay feature allows the chance to capture the scheduling choices that led to erroneous results and replay them, while single stepping and inspecting memory contents. This proves especially valuable for declarative languages, which are notoriously difficult to debug. This feature gives them reproducibility and the chance to single step through their parallel execution in a controlled way. + +%In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. + +\subsection{Top level} \label{subsec:TopLevel} + + + + + +To use proto-runtime languages within an application, the proto-runtime system is first started, via the PR\_\_start() call. Then one or more processes are created via the PR\_\_create\_process(seedFn) call. The seedFn (seed function) is the equivalent of the familiar `main' function, which is the entry point of the proto-runtime based portion of the application. Proto-runtime creates a given process with exactly one VP in it. The VP is born running the seed function, and starts executing as soon as the process creation completes. The seed function then proceeds to use language constructs to create VPs and tasks, which execute the work of the application. + + +\subsection{Language organization} \label{subsec:LangOrg} + + + + +A language's runtime behavior is broken into three parts, as seen in Fig. +\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. The first contains the functions that are available to be called by application code, which are just thin wrappers, called the \textit{wrapper library}. These only package information, then +context switch the core over to the proto-runtime context and jump to the core controller. The second and third parts are the modules that execute inside the proto-runtime context. Together, these are called +the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. This is where the behavior of the language constructs is implemented, and the algorithm for choosing which work to start next on a given free core. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{The language's runtime system is implemented + in three separate pieces which are compiled together into a dynamic library.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + + + + + + +%An application sees the wrapper library only as an API. The implementation of the wrapper library and the plugin are separately compiled and installed as a dynamic library. During the run the symbols of the wrapper library functions are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. The library, in turn, uses symbols of proto-runtime primitives, and those are dynamically linked to a proto-runtime dynamic library. + +\subsection{How modularization is made possible} + + +So, the question comes up, how, exactly, do you modularize a parallel runtime? What does one expose to the implementor of a synchronization construct? One must choose the primitive operations that\ are used to implement a synchronization construct. Atomic hardware instructions are too low level. We desire a more abstract set of primitives that make synchronization independent from hardware, and simple. + + +So, what is a synchronization construct, at its basic essence? Synchronization constructs are used to control relative ordering of actions on multiple timelines. Without a synchronization construct, a given write on one timeline could be received by any one of many different read operations on a different timeline, but reception by the wrong read produces a wrong result. When one uses a synchronization construct in code, the desire is for a particular write to be received by a particular subset of reads. The construct controls the relative order of operations on different timelines to make sure that the particular write is received by the chosen read(s). + +This requires forcing timelines to agree on a single point in time such that they all agree on which actions are before versus after that common point. In other words, if an action happens before the common point on a given timeline, then after the point, all others will see it as completed. Likewise, if an action happens after on a given timeline, the others cannot see it before the common point. + +We call such a common point a \textit{tie-point}. Such a tie-point is established by using a combination of the primitive operations defined by the tie-point model. The proto-runtime toolkit makes such primitives available. The language implementor uses the primitive operations to implement synchronization construct behavior. + + Notice that all parallel constructs implemented via such tie-point primitives appear at the same level in the software stack. Ultra simple ones such as mutexes, semaphores, monitors, and so on are siblings of complex ones such as Prolog's AND-OR style parallelism or a coordination language's channels that match wild-cards. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives, which are in turn written with very low level code for minimum overhead. + +At this point in the paper, we expand on the tie-point model and explain how it maps to primitives made available in the toolkit. However, the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples of using the primitives, which are inspired by the tie-point model. + + + +\section{The tie-point model.} +\label{sec:TiePoints} + + +Our modularization of the runtime system is based on the notion of a tie-point. Establishing a tie-point establishes an ordering among operations on different timelines. Any synchronization construct can be specified in terms of how it decides to establish tie-points, hence, our toolkit facilitates the creation of them, exposing the calls to primitives used to establish them. A tie-point is initiated by a wrapper library function, then finalized by request handlers. The handlers contain the logic of the parallelism construct and choose when to complete a tie-point, and choose which candidate timelines get tied together by the common point. Our toolkit makes all the tie-point related primitive operations available to the language implementor. It directly implements the ones used by the wrapper library, while the core controller implements the ones used by the request handlers. + +The value of a tie-point is that it acts as the necessary ingredient to exhibit the behavior of a synchronization construct. In other work, we are developing a formal definition along with a proof that any synchronization construct that fits our definition can be implemented via establishing tie-points. In this section, we provide intuition about how the establishment of a tie-point causes the control of communication between timelines that characterizes a synchronization construct. + + + + +\subsection{Timelines, parallel languages, and tie-points} + A timeline is the common element in parallelism. By definition, a parallel language or programming model has a way to create a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines actively progress relative to the others, in order to establish a desired ordering among subsets of the actions on those timelines. A tie-point is established by the control, it marks a common point where relative ordering of events is defined among the timelines. + A synchronization construct is the programming command whose execution brings a tie point into existence. + +A timeline consists of a sequence of actions. A thread has a timeline associated with it. However, the word thread has many different meanings, such as in dataflow, in OS threads, and so on. Normally, the term thread implies an execution model that uses mutex acquire and release or similar. However, timeline does not imply any execution model, nor any particular synchronization constructs. It is just the notion of a sequence of actions, where each step in the sequence has the accumulated history of past actions that determine the context within which a given action takes place. + + +For example, take a thread library, which we consider +a parallel programming model (which is essentially just the runtime system of a parallel language, stripped of the syntactic portion of the language). The thread library provides a way to explicitly create new timelines, where a thread represents an independent timeline. The library controls relative progress of timelines via the mutex acquire and release commands, which ``block'', meaning the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +\subsection{Building up to tie-points} + +%The end effect is that both timelines agree on order. Events before the tied acquire-and-release in one timeline are also seen as before the tied acquire-and-release in the other timeline. Likewise, both agree on the notion of after. Events after the tied acquire-and-release in one timeline are seen as after (and not before) by the other timeline. + +We build up to tie-points, starting with a look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, and using the running example of mutex acquire and release. + + Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline} shows OS thread A, which has associated timeline A. It tries to acquire a mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command at point 1.S. Timeline A stops at point 1.S, suspended by the command. Then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The timeline sees the gap as a single point. From the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is one step, one operation. hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline, and is ordered relative to the other operations on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:singleTimeline} +\end{figure} + + + Next, Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} expands to two timelines: timeline A executes acquire and timeline B executes release. The release still suspends its timeline, B, but +it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. +However, the release also causes timeline A to resume! The fact +of the release happening on one timeline is what has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes +the two collapsed points become tied together into a tie-point. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points. +Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point +2 on timeline B. +It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that +establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} + \label{fig:dualTimeline} +\end{figure} + +Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about +how the release goes about causing the end of the block +on the acquire. It reveals +a hidden timeline, which is what executes the behavior of the +acquire and release constructs. As seen, the acquire command suspends its timeline, A, and also sends a communication + to the hidden timeline, which triggers the behavior of the acquire command there. The behavior of the acquire, on the hidden timeline, +checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't +and so leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline +B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication +to the same hidden timeline. The hidden executes the release behavior, which sees that timeline +A is waiting for the release and performs a special +control action that resumes timeline A, followed by +doing the control action again to resume timeline B. + It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire +gets linked to the release, which is what ties the constructs together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points, showing a hidden timeline that +performs the behavior that ties the points together. +Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent +as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows +represent special control that causes resume of the +target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and +B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which +calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then +exercises the control to make resume happen.} + \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} +\end{figure} + + + +The pattern +of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes +the ordering relationship among events before and +after the tied points. That implies a relation on +the visibility of events, as seen in Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees}. + + + +Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between + timelines that share a tie-point. Operations that execute before the tie-point in the first timeline are visible +in the second after the tie-point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute after the tie-point in one timeline are not visible in the other before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies +the requirements +of a synchronization construct. It is stronger than some synchronization constructs require, but enforcing such ordering is never invalid, and so acts as a generic mechanism. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} + \caption{The +visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. It shows which + operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other +timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing +an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied +points. Both timelines agree on what events are before +versus after the tied point. } + \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} +\end{figure} + + + +\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates +to tie-points} + +We state, here, +clearly, what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. + +The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two +independent timelines, both perform reads and writes +within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The +timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any +write on Timeline A can be received by any read of +the same address on +Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, +the use of a variable that is read and written by both timelines will result in non-deterministic behavior. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} + \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines +by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each +other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} + \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} +\end{figure} + + + +To control the behavior of writes and reads to the +same address, a common point must be established, which +limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to +each other. A synchronization construct is used for +this. +The net effect of such a construct is to establish +a common point that both timelines agree on. This +common point makes both timelines agree on which reads and writes complete before the common point versus reads +and writes after it. + +\subsubsection{Critical section example} + +For example, consider the case of a simple lock used to protect a critical section. Refer to the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. Here, the lock is acquired by timeline B +before entering the critical section. Any writes performed +on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. + +The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, +any writes performed by that new +timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible +to reads performed by the old timeline before it released +the lock. It may feel odd saying something so obvious, because it is the intuitive meaning of a lock and critical section! + +With this intuition, we claim that a synchronization construct +is an operation preformed on a timeline, which is tied to another such operation performed on a different +timeline, the two creating a tie-point together. We state a formal definition of a synchronization construct in other work, and show that the properties of a tie-point are always sufficient to enforce the ordering properties of such a synchronization construct. + + +\subsection{Primitives required to create tied points} + +Fig \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} showed how a tie-point can be generated. It was established by +a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend plus send; 2) a `hidden' timeline that executes +behavior in the gaps; 3) resume +called from that hidden timeline; and 4) enforcing + instruction completion relative to resume. + + + + +As an aside, notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point +do not involve any notion of dependency nor constraint +on order of execution. Rather it is the behavior code that runs on the hidden + timeline that embodies notions such as dependency + between units of work, mutual exclusion, + partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the + primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion +of reads/writes. + +The language supplies the behavior that executes on the hidden timeline, which then uses the resume primitive. The critical decision is when to resume a suspended timeline. When the behavior triggered by one construct chooses to resume the timeline suspended by a different construct, that resume ties the two constructs together into a tie-point. It is that decision making, of one timeline's construct choosing which other timeline's construct to resume, that implements the +ordering semantics of a synchronization construct. + + + + + +\subsection{Proto-runtime implementation of tie-point primitives} +\label{subsec:protoMappedToTiePoint} + + +The proto-runtime system treats a point on a timeline as a point within the sequence of instructions executed by a CPU core. Suspending a timeline is equivalent to saving the state of the core, including the context of calls made up to that point (the stack), and the program counter. Hence, when we say that we suspend a timeline, we mean that we perform the steps of saving the current core context into a data structure, from which it can be later restored to the active core. + +The proto-runtime system has two entities that have their own timeline associated: virtual processors and tasks. Internally, a VP or task is a data structure that holds the information required to create or restore a CPU core's context. A VP has its own stack, stack pointer, and program counter, while a task only has the parameters to place onto an externally provided stack, along with the pointer to a birth function (that is because a task has no stack context when it starts, leaves no stack context when it ends, and does not suspend). When a VP suspends, the core's registers are saved onto its stack, while the VP data structure stores the stack pointer, frame pointer, and program counter at which to resume. + +There is a proto-runtime core controller context on each core of the machine. The core alternates between being loaded with the context of an application VP (or task), versus loaded with the core controller context. + +The core controller context is what provides the hidden timeline abstraction. To get to it, the application calls a wrapper library function, which creates a request data structure and fills it with information about the wrapper call, such as the ID of a mutex, and the request handler to use for this request. The wrapper then hands the request structure to a proto-runtime primitive, which suspends the application timeline and switches to the core controller timeline (the hidden timeline). The core controller receives the request data. The controller finds the handler inside the data and calls it, passing it the request data to the handler. The handler thus runs inside the core controller's context, operating upon data from the wrapper library. + +This sequence is seen in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}, as the vertical dashed arrows. The arrows are implemented by the toolkit's ``suspend and send request'' primitive. It does a sequence of things: first, the request information that was packaged by the wrapper library is made available via setting a pointer. Next, the application timeline that is currently loaded into the core during the wrapper library call is suspended, by saving the core registers into the VP data structure. Lastly, the context of the core controller is swapped in, by loading the core's registers. The core controller then obtains the request structure by reading the pointer. + + +While inside the proto-runtime context, on a given core, the controller uses hardware mechanisms to enforce the single hidden timeline abstraction. It executes request handlers from the language plugin inside this abstraction, so all request handlers appear to run in the same timeline. They are sequentialized within this timeline, giving the plugin the illusion of running on a single core, and allowing it to be written using a sequential mental model. + +A tie-point is created by a request handler when it chooses a previously suspended timeline to resume, or start. The wrapper library call that triggered the handler is tied to the wrapper library call this is resumed. The two wrapper library calls form a tie-point. + +The implementation of a synchronization construct comes down to designing the sequence of request handlers that run in the hidden timeline. They pass information to each other via a core controller managed environment, and use that information to decide which timelines must remain suspended and which to resume. + +For example, the handler for acquire mutex has a mutex data structure available in the hidden timeline environment, inspects it to see whether it is currently owned, and if so, places a pointer to the VP that invoked the handler into the mutex data structure. Later, a release handler will inspect the mutex structure, see the waiting VP, and resume it. That ties the acquire to the release, forming a tie-point between their wrapper library calls. + + The primitives make available from the toolkit, that relate to tie-points, include these: + + %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. + +%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. + +%The running proto-runtime core controller is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has a timeline that runs to completion) + +\item suspend a timeline, switch contexts over to the hidden timeline, and deliver a request message from the suspended timeline. The request message is processed on the hidden timeline. (suspend of a task automatically converts it to a virtual processor) +\item resume a virtual processor, which makes it ready for execution +\item start a waiting task, which makes it ready for execution +\item end a virtual processor +\item end a task (which may trigger start of dependent tasks) +\item a trigger is implemented, which offers a free core to an assigner function. The assigner chooses which ready virtual processor or task to begin execution on the offered +core. + +\end{itemize} + + The reason for having both VPs and tasks is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +core controller, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a command from a programming model that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This supports the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + + +The request message carries information from the construct to the hidden timeline. It may be the ID of a lock to acquire, or the destination of a message. For example, the identity of a mutex that a thread wishes to acquire +is thus communicated from the wrapper library to the request handler, across the context switch. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline requires an explicit wrapper library call, +which suspends and switches to the proto-runtime core controller. The controller performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers the core to the plugin's Assigner function. + +The proto-runtime controls the hardware, but offers free cores to the Assigner. It responds by assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The hidden timeline environment is available for communicating which work is ready to execute, from the request handlers to the Assigner, as described in detail in the next section. + + +\section{Language Construct Implementation} +\label{sec:LangImpl} + +To implement the constructs of a language, three separate bits of code need to be written: 1) the wrapper library, which presents the API that is called by application code, 2) The request handlers, which run on the hidden timeline and implement the behavior of the constructs, and 3) the assigner, which is presented with a free core and must choose what work to execute next on that core. + +We will work through a running example, starting from a high level and then progressing ever downward into code details. + + +\subsection{High Level Example of Construct Implementation} + +Our running example will be that of implementing +acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics to be implemented are: + +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, +and +provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the +mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it +continues to make progress. However, if a different thread +already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a collection +of waiting threads, and stops making progress. +\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and +provides the name of the mutex, then continues. If the mutex has waiting threads in its collection, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is also resumed, to once again make progress. +\end{itemize} + +In our implementation, we shall represent a mutex with a data structure that has two fields: +one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, +the other field holds a queue of the threads that are waiting to acquire +the mutex. + +The wrapper library will export an ``acquire mutex'' call, and also a ``release mutex'' call. These wrapper functions have two tasks 1) create a \textit{request structure} and save parameters in it, for later use by the request handler, and 2) invoke a proto-runtime primitive that suspends the virtual processor, switches context to the proto-runtime core controller, and hands the request structure to the proto-runtime, along with an indication of which request handler to transfer the request to. + +In our example, the request structure created by both wrapper library functions will only contain the ID of a mutex instance. + +We will have a request handler for acquire and another for release. The wrapper library will indicate which of these should be invoked. The proto-runtime core controller then invokes the indicated request handler and passes it the request structure. + + The proto-runtime core controller also passes a pointer to a protected \textit{language environment} to each request handler. This environment is where the request handlers save all state that persists between invocations of the request handlers. It is protected from concurrent accesses, so the request handler code can be written as if it is sequential code running on a single core. + +The request handler must then retrieve the mutex instance, read its state, and modify it. +The acquire and release operations both involve multiple reads and writes of the data structure, therefore an instance must be protected +from races between operations running concurrently on different cores. + +Proto-runtime handles this by providing a protected \textit{semantic environment} in which to keep construct related data structures such as the mutex instances. When the proto-runtime core controller calls a request handler, it passes a pointer to the semantic environment. The request handlers are required to treat all construct related state as residing inside this environment, and behave as if it only accesses that state via the pointer. + +One request handler will modify instances reachable from the environment, and those changes will be seen by handlers invoked later. There is a well defined order of changes to this environment state. This sequence of changes is how one request handler finds a suspended VP that was saved inside this environment, and then resumes it. That act, of one construct's request handler resuming a different construct, is how the two constructs become tied together. + +The way the semantic environment is protected varies from machine to machine, and is optimized based on hardware details. The request handler is kept unaware. It only sees the semantic environment through the pointer passed to it, and behaves as if that environment is local to the request handler, owned by it. + + + +\subsection{Low Level Example of Construct Implementation} + +To understand how to implement a language's runtime, the first thing to look at is a sample application. + +Fig \ref{fig:Main} shows the main function of an application. It calls \texttt{PR\_\_start()}, which initializes the proto-runtime core controller. Then it calls \texttt{PR\_\_create\_process}, which creates a proto-runtime process. This is analogous to creating a process in the OS. The OS process is created with a main thread that comes into existence running the \texttt{main} function. The proto-runtime process is created with a seed VP that comes into existence executing the process birth Fn. + + + +\begin{figure}[H] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +\begin{verbatim} +main( ... ) + { ... + + ... + PR__start(); + process = PR__create_process( &process_birth_fn, params ); + PR__wait_for_process_to_end( process ); + + PR__end(); + } +\end{verbatim} +} +} + \caption +{code of a \texttt{main} function that invokes proto-runtime code +} +\label{fig:Main} +\end{figure} + + + + +Fig \ref{fig:SeedBirthFn} shows the \texttt{process\_birth\_fn}. It receives an 'executing VP' as an input, along with the 'params' structure that was specified in the process create call. + +The function first executes \texttt{vthread\_\_start}, which initializes the Vthread language environment inside the proto-runtime core controller. It adds bookkeeping for the language to the proto-runtime's process structure. This structure separates the constraint state of the language as used inside one process from the use of the same language inside a different process. + + + +\begin{figure}[H] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +\begin{verbatim} +process_birth_fn( void *data, VirtProcr *executingVP ) + { ... + vthread__start( executingVP ); + ... + + + + mutex = vthread__create_mutex( executingVP ); + thread1_params->mutex = mutex; //give thd the mutex + thread2_params->mutex = mutex; + thread1 = vthread__create_thread( + &thd_birth_fn, thread1_params, executingVP ); + thread2 = vthread__create_thread( + &thd_birth_fn, thread2_params, executingVP ); + vthread__join( thread1, executingVP ); //wait to end + vthread__join( thread2, executingVP ); + PR__process_end( executingVP ); + } +\end{verbatim} +} +} + \caption +{code of acquire-mutex request handler +} +\label{fig:SeedBirthFn} +\end{figure} + + +Notice that an ``executingVP'' was passed in. The reason is that \texttt{vthread\_\_start} is\ a wrapper library function that suspends the VP that calls it. The suspend saves the CPU context into a VP data structure. Later, the VP is resumed by restoring that saved context from the VP structure back into the CPU. So, a call to a wrapper library has to pass in the data structure of the VP whose context is currently in the physical CPU. The suspend then saves the context into that passed in VP structure. + +Every birth function receives, as a parameter, the VP structure associated with the context that is in the CPU during the time the function is executing. The birth function and all descendant function calls pass that VP to any wrapper library calls they make. The wrapper library then saves the CPU context into that VP structure as part of suspending and switching to the proto-runtime context. + + + + +Returning to the example, next, the seed creates data structures that it loads up with data representing work. It then creates two VPs using \texttt{vthread\_\_create\_thread}. +The threads come into existence running the indicated birth function. + +The birth function is shown in Fig \ref{fig:thdBirthFn}. The mutex ID is retrieved from the parameter structure, then the wrapper library for mutex acquire is called, passing it the mutex ID. + + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +\begin{verbatim} +void * thd_birth_gn( void *data, VirtProcr *executingVP ) + { ... + params = (MyThdParams *)data; + birth fn + + mutex = params->mutex; //put into params in process birth fn + vthread__acquire_mutex( mutex, executingVP ); //synchronize + ... + } +\end{verbatim} +} +} +\caption{Code of the thread birth function.} +\label{fig:thdBirthFn} +\end{figure} + + + + +The wrapper library function \texttt{vthread\_\_acquire\_mutex} is shown in Fig \ref{fig:WrapperLibImpl}. It does two things: it creates a request data structure and fills it with information, then it calls a proto-runtime primitive. That suspends the virtual processor that is animating this function call and switches context over to the proto-runtime core controller. Note that the primitive is handed the request structure and a pointer to the request handler. + + + +\begin{figure}[H] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +\begin{verbatim} +void * Vthread__acquire_mutex( int mutexID, VirtProcr + *executingVP ) + { VthreadReq reqData; + reqData.mutex = mutexID; + reqData.suspVP = executingVP; + PR__suspend_and_send_request( &reqData, + &acquire_handler ); + } +\end{verbatim} +} +} +\caption{Code of acquire mutex wrapper library function.} +\label{fig:WrapperLibImpl} +\end{figure} + +The primitive is implemented with assembly code that saves the physical CPU's stack pointer, frame pointer, and program counter, and saves the CPU's registers on the stack. It then inserts into the CPU's stack register and frame register the values for the proto-runtime core controller, and does a jump to the first instruction of the proto-runtime code. The primitve also writes the pointers to the request data and request handler into a location that the proto-runtime core controller will read. + +After the proto-runtime core controller is done, there is similar assembly code that restores the stack, frame pointer, and registers of a VP back into the CPU and jumps to the next instruction for that VP. + +This assembly is how a timeline is suspended, and how it is resumed. The VP is the timeline, saving it's context is suspending it, and restoring its context is resuming it. + Note that resuming the VP is experienced by the library code as a return from the primitive suspend-and-send call. Execution continues from that point. The request handlers inside the proto-runtime core controller decide how much time elapses between calling the primitive and 'return' from it. The timing is chosen by the request handlers such that synchronization constraints are satisfied at the time execution resumes. + +Once the proto-runtime context is executing, it has the request structure and pointer to request handler available. It calls the request handler, and passes to it the pointer to the request structure and also a pointer to the language environment for the Vthread language (which was earlier created by \texttt{vthread\_\_start}). The proto-runtime core controller uses hardware-specific means to protect the language environment, giving the request handler the illusion of running on a single core machine. + +Fig \ref{figReqHdlr} shows the code of the request handler. It gets the mutex data structure out of the language environment, then checks whether the mutex is owned. If not, it sets the invoking VP as the current owner and makes that VP ready to be resumed. Otherwise, it pushes the invoking VP into the queue of VPs waiting to acquire the mutex, which makes the VP remain suspended. + + +\begin{figure}[H] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +\begin{verbatim} +handle_acquire( VthreadReq *reqData, VthreadLangEnv *langEnv ) + { int mutexID = reqData->mutex; + VthreadMutex *mutex = langEnv->mutexes[mutexID]; + if( mutex->owner == NULL ) //make suspVP owner + { mutex->owner = reqData->suspVP + PR__make_VP_ready( reqData->suspVP ); //ready to resume + } + else //push suspended VP into mutex's Q of waiting VPs + pushQ( reqData->suspVP, mutex->waitersQ ); + } +\end{verbatim} +} +} + \caption +{code of acquire-mutex request handler +} +\label{figReqHdlr} +\end{figure} + + + +These changes to the mutex data structure remain in the language environment and are seen by other request handlers. At some point a different VP will call the mutex release wrapper library function. The request handler invoked by it will pop the VP that was pushed in this call, and then set the VP as the owner and make it ready to resume. + +It is this interaction, via the language environment, that connects the wrapper library call in one VP to the wrapper library call in a different VP. This connection is what ties the two wrapper library invocations together into a shared tie-point. The tie is created by one wrapper library call making ready the suspended VP from a different wrapper library call. The proto-runtime make-ready primitive is the mechanism that establishes the tie. + +Referring back to Fig \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}, the hidden timeline is the proto-runtime context, and the activity on it is the request handler, and the ``control'' arrow is the request handler invoking the make-ready primitive. + +This, then is how a language implementor goes about creating the behavior of its parallelism constructs. +They create wrapper library calls, which load data into request structures and call the proto-runtime suspend-and-send primitive. Then they creates request handlers that save suspended VP structures inside the language environment. Those saved VPs later get made ready by a handler invoked from a different VP. The handler calculates that the constraints on a stored VP have been satisfied, and invokes the make-ready primitive for that previously suspended VP. Thus the two wrapper library calls on the two VPs are tied together into a tie-point, which satisfies the ordering semantics of the construct. + +\subsection{Assigner} + +The proto-runtime make-ready primitive does not actually resume any VPs. It only marks the VP as a candidate for being resumed. +The way a VP becomes resumed is through the Assigner module. + +When a wrapper library is called, the VP whose context was in the CPU is swapped out, and the proto-runtime context is swapped in. The proto-runtime sets about processing the request sent by the wrapper library. Once done, it then has to decide which VP context to swap in to the CPU next. This is where the Assigner comes in. + +The proto-runtime code runs separately on each core. It has a data structure that represents the core that it is running on. When it is done with the request handling, it picks a language, calls the Assigner function for that language, and passes the core representation and the language environment to the Assigner. All of the ready VPs and tasks have been stored inside the language environment. + +The Assigner function chooses from among the ready VPs and tasks, using an algorithm of the language implementor's choice, then calls a proto-runtime primitive that inserts the chosen VP or task into the data structure representing the core. After return from the Assigner, the proto-runtime core controller calls assembly code that switches the CPU context to whatever VP or task is inside the core data structure. + +One ultra simple choice for Assigner algorithm is to simply keep the VPs and tasks in queues. Code for this is shown in Fig \ref{fig:VthreadAssigner}. It first pops the queue of tasks. If it got something, it calls a proto-runtime primitive that inserts that task into the core. Else it pops the VP queue, and if got something from that, calls a primitive to insert that VP into the core. If both fail, it returns failure. + + + + +\begin{figure}[H] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +\begin{verbatim} +vthread_assigner( VthreadLangEnv *langEnv, PRCore *core ) + { assignSlv = readPrivQ( langEnv->slaveReadyQ ); + if( assignSlv != NULL ) + { PR__assign_slave_to_core( assignSlv, core ); + return SUCCESS; + } + else + return FAIL; + } +\end{verbatim} +} +} + \caption +{code of simple Assigner +} +\label{fig:VthreadAssigner} +\end{figure} + + + + + + + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Proto-runtime toolkit and core controller implementation details} +\label{sec:PRImpl} + +The proto-runtime +toolkit presents the full API of calls used by both language implementors and application developers (who need calls such as \texttt{PR\_\_Start()} and \texttt{PR\_\_create\_process()}). The API is a combination of calls available to the application code, calls available to the wrapper library, and calls available to request handers and the assigner. used by language implementors, it only contains implementation of some of the calls. The rest are implemented inside the core controller, which is distributed separately in to form of a dynamic library. We term the subsect of these calls that is used for creating a language's runtime system the \textit{proto-runtime primitives}. The full set of calls, including the primitives and their semantics, can be found on the proto-runtime web site \cite{}. + +These calls can be implemented via many different approaches, and many of the primitives are even suitable for direct hardware implementation. The approach that works best depends on the hardware details. Hence, there exists no definitive implementation approach for the proto-runtime core controller, nor for the primitives. + +Here, however, we describe a few possibilities then sketch the approach we used for multi-core coherent shared memory machines. + +\subsection{Possible architectures and approaches} +From a perfomance point of view, the most discriminating feature of hardware is the memory system, whether it has coherent shared memory or non-coherent shared memory or distributed memory. The second most discriminating feature is the nature of the communication between cores, especially latency, and variations due to the hierarchy in the hardware. + +On a multi-core coherent shared memory machine, two main approaches to proto-runtime execution are available. The first is to designate a single core as the ``manager'' core, and exclusively execute the proto-runtime core controller on that core. The other approach is to run a separate copy of the core controller on every core, and then coordinate among them. + +For this paper, we focus on our implementation for coherent shared memory hardware. We have chosen the approach of running a separate copy of the proto-runtime core controller on every core. + + +\subsection{Walk through of execution on a multi-core machine} +\label{sec:PRExecModel} + +At this point, it may be helpful to understand the time sequence of execution, with a walk through of a simple example. + + + + +Given that have chosen to place a separate core controller on each core, when a wrapper library calls the \texttt{send\_and\_suspend} primitive on a given core, the primitive switches context over to the core controller for that core. That instance then calls the request handler, and passes it the language environment. This language environment is the means by which the request handler invocations communicate with each other. So it is also the means by which the cores communicate with each other. + +Imagine 4 cores. And imagine two tasks, task1 and task2. Task1 produces a result, and task2 takes that result as input. Therefore, task2 cannot start execution until task1 completes. This fact is represented as the contents of a data structure that in turn is inside the language environment. + +Now, task1 is executing on core1. It finishes, and invokes the ``end of work" wrapper library call. This switches context to the proto-runtime core controller on core1. That instance in turn ensures atomic ownership of the language environment, and passes the environment to the request handler for ``end of work". + The request handler is still running on core1. + +The request handler looks inside the language environment, sees that task1 is the propendent of task2, and so it knows that task2 is now free to start execution. It places a pointer to task2 into a queue of ready to run tasks. The queue is inside the language environment. + +Now, the state of the language environment has been changed by the request handler running on core1. The dependency between task1 and task2 is gone, and a pointer to task2 is now inside a queue of ready-to-run tasks. + +Later, work on core3 suspends, and switches over to the proto-runtime core controller there. That core controller performs request handling, and when done, it calls the Assigner function. The core controller gains atomic access to the language environment and gives the environment to the Assigner. The Assigner then looks in the environment, finds the queue of ready to run tasks, and pops it. Out comes a pointer to task2. The Assigner then calls the proto-runtime primitive that sets task2 as the next work for core3. + +When the Assigner returns, the proto-runtime core controller then performs a context switch, switching itself out, and switching in the work that was assigned to the core. Execution of task2 then proceeds on core3. Task2 continues there until it performs a wrapper library call, which then switches to proto-runtime, and so on. + +\subsubsection{Performance related issues} + +A few items to note about the example. First, the example describes only one of many different possible implementations of the proto-runtime interface. In particular, multiple choices are available for assuring atomicity of access to the shared language environment. Atomicity could be assured via a global lock (which itself has many possible implementations), or via transactional memory, or the language environment state could be managed using distributed style quorum techniques. In practice, each hardware platform has to be carefully measured and the details of the protection scheme adapted to it. + +Such an atomic access to shared state can be implemented on distributed memory systems. However, that simple interface may suffer performance issues for distributed memory systems and for large shared memory systems. For example, when the latency for inter-core communication has wide variation, depending upon which two cores communicate, then performance of the runtime system could be improved by adopting an interface that explicitly exposes the existence of multiple cores to the plugin. An extension is being researched to make this more complex model optionally visible to the plugin. + + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} +\label{sec:Measurement} +We provide runtime overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} +For the following, we use a 1 socket 4-core 2.4Ghz machine, and a 4 socket by 10 core each machine. + + + + + +We do not measure application performance related to effectiveness of work placement, because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in a future paper. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} +\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} +Measurements shown in Fig \ref{fig:VthreadPerf} indicate that the proto-runtime approach has lower overhead than the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation. For a single socket 4 core machine, OS threads have roughly 5x higher overhead than the equivalent proto-runtime implementation of pthreads' mutex acquire and release constructs. On a 4 socket by 10 core each machine, OS threads start at roughly 50x higher overhead. There is no viable user-level thread package to compare against because user-level M to N thread packages sit on top of OS threads, using OS thread constructs to implement user-level thread constructs, defeating the purpose. + + +\begin{figure}[h!] + %\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth} + \subfloat[Ratio of total work time + total overhead versus just total work time. The ratio is 2 when overhead of one sync construct is equal to one task time. The four traces for Vthread all lie on top of each other\\at the bottom of the figure. Machine has 1 socket with 4 cores. ] + {\includegraphics[angle=-90, scale=0.5]{../figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/cray1_pthread_vthread_8_32_128_512thds__o30000__perfCtrs.eps} + \label{story:b}}\quad + + \subfloat[Machine with 4 socket x 10 cores each. The four traces for Vthread again lie on top of each other at the bottom of the figure. The pthreads traces first intercept the 2x line at around 40,000 cycles, which implies roughly 50x higher overhead than Vthread.] + {\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=0.5]{../figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/xoanon_pthread_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.eps} + \label{story:e}}\quad\\ + + + %\end{minipage} +\caption{Measuring overhead of mutex acquire and mutex release in Vthread and pthread. The total work time remains the same in all runs, but that total work is split into an ever larger number of ever smaller tasks. One acquire or release construct is executed for every task, incurring overhead. The curve shows the ratio of total work + total overhead versus just total work. Moving to the left, the tasks become small, so the number of tasks required to perform the work grows large, so the number of sync constructs executed is large, hence the total overhead grows larger. The ratio is 2 when overhead of one sync construct is equal to one task time. _ \ } +\label{fig:VthreadPerf} +\end{figure} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} +In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime toolkit is also competitive with Cilk + +-- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (benchmarks from Albert) + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (also known as OMPSs)} +Figure \ref{fig:VSsPerf} shows the same experiment performed twice, once with the Nanos runtime, which is part of the official OMPSs distribution, and a second time with a proto-runtime based runtime. In an experiment, several runs are performed. The total work is the same for each run, but each run divides the work into a different number of tasks. To the left of the graph is a large number of small tasks, to the right is a small number of larger tasks. The Nanos experiment, on the left, shows that the overhead grows as task size shrinks, while the proto-runtime experiment, on the right, shows a much smaller overhead. + +This indicates that the proto-runtime implementation achieves similar performance on the actual work, but has much lower overhead than the Nanos runtime. The Nanos runtime required many man-months to develop and tune, while the proto-runtime version was completed in two weeks of part time effort. + + +%\noindent% +%\begin{minipage}{\linewidth} +%\makebox[\linewidth]{ +% {\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{../figures/StarSs_meas/nanos_flat.png} +%\captionof{figure}{...}% only if needed +%\label{visina8} +%\end{minipage} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \subfloat[Nanos based runtime, shows the classic curve at small task sizes, indicating the overhead.] + {\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{../figures/StarSs_meas/nanos_flat.png} + \label{story:f}}\quad + \subfloat[Proto-runtime based runtime. Shows much less overhead at small task size.] + {\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{../figures/StarSs_meas/VMS_flat.png} + \label{story:g}}\quad + +\caption{Execution time with Nanos versus proto-runtime. The total work is the same in all runs. To the left, tasks are smaller, so more tasks total, causing overhead to grow larger. } +\label{fig:VSsPerf} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{VReo vs Java based Reo} +The Reo language's runtime system was implemented using Java and its multi-threading constructs. This gave poor performance due to the poor fit between Reo's execution model and the multi-threading model, forcing a large number of threads to be used to implement Reo circuit behavior. The proto-runtime version is two orders of magnitude faster, as indicated in Fig. \ref{fig:ReoPerf} + + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 1.5in] + {../figures/StarSs_meas/nanos_flat.png} + \caption{Performance on the same benchmark for two versions of the Reo runtime, one implemented with Java, the other with proto-runtime.} + \label{fig:ReoPerf} +\end{figure} + + +%\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} +%VOMP + + + +\subsection{Development Time Measurements} +\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} +Here, in Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, we summarize the time to develop the runtime systems for a variety of languages. During development, we tracked time spent to design, code, and debug an initial working version. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. + +For comparison, Nanos, the runtime system for OMPSs required several man-months to implement and tune, versus two weeks part-time for proto-runtime, and that higher effort achieves slightly worse performance. The sophisticated Cilk runtime that ships with the MIT distribution required man-years of effort, versus a few hours for proto-runtime, but is much more sophisticated and has better overhead. The previous Reo runtime required 2 to 4 times more effort, but was based on Java, which in turn sits on OS threads. It consumes hundreds of times more overhead. + +\begin{table} +\caption +{Hours to design, code, and test each language's runtime system. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code written.} +\label{tabPersonHoursLang} +\begin{centering} +\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} + \cline{2-7} + \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VSs & Reo\\ + \cline{2-8} + \noalign{\vskip2pt} + \hline + Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 6 & 14\\ + Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 12 & 18\\ + Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 5 & 10\\ + L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 780 & 920\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\end{centering} +\end{table} + +%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} +%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} + + In Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} we summarize how proto-runtime compares to particular other approaches of implementing runtime systems. +The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The implementation approaches are: posix threads, modifying the existing libGomp code distributed as open source for the OpenMP implementation, modifying the Nanos runtime distributed for the OMPSs (StarSs) language, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime, such as for Cilk 5.4. +Proto-runtime is the only approach that scores high in all measures. + +Gathering precise numbers for such implementation activities proves impractical. +These ratings are based on discussions with implementors of other runtime systems, judgements stated informally in articles and on discussion groups, and personal experience. + + +\begin{table}[H] +\caption{Shows how well particular implementation approaches score in the measures important to implementors of runtime systems. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the types of measure. In a cell is the score on the measure for +the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability.} +\label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application.} \\ +\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline +\textbf{OS Threads} & +++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline +%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{Mod. LibGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & +++ \\\hline +\textbf{Mod. Nanos} & + & + & ++++ & ++++ \\\hline +\textbf{HW instrs. (Cilk)} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline +\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\end{table} + + + + + +\begin{table}[H] + +\end{table} + +Using OS Threads involves implementing the target runtime system on top of the existing OS thread (or alternative such as TBB) runtime system. In this case, the target language runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the language, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. + +This forces the implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using constructs from the lower-level runtime such as mutexes. Hence, implementation effort is only fair for this approach. + +Porting in this approach can be low effort, but only at the expense of losing yet more performance and worsening overhead. Most language runtime systems have parameters and design choices that will benefit from being tuned for the hardware specifics. Hence, it scores only fair on porting effort as well. + +Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers start with this code base because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments on OpenMP []. Also, re-writes of the programming model's runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra +effort is expended to take advantage. + +Nanos is the runtime system for the OMPSs (StarSs) language. The code is extensive and modifying it proved a daunting task, which prompted the creation of the proto-runtime based version. The performance comparison shows that proto-runtime achieves better (lower) overhead. + +Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and has the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of systems based on proto-runtime. Cilk 5.4 gained the benefit of man-years of effort, and is a very simple system, which allows highly tuned implementation that directly uses hardware atomic instructions. Both Nanos and Cilk count as custom runtime systems. Proto-runtime versions have higher overhead than Cilk 5.4, but lower than Nanos, so proto-runtime scores 4 pluses, while full custom scores 5. + +Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime toolkit scores the highest in all categories except overhead, and ranks second in that category. It is the only option that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} +The main takeaways from the paper are first, the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of parallel languages across the many hardware targets. +%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. + + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + + +Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, via a clean interface. + + The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. Evidence of effort reduction was supplied by measurements of implementation effort, and low overhead was verified by head to head comparisons. + + + + +Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how the assignment module enables increased application performance due to giving the language direct control over placement of work. It allows the language to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns implied by source code. + +Much work remains on the proto-runtime approach, including: +\begin{itemize} +\item Extending the interface to handle distributed memory and hierarchical hardware, as well as heterogeneous machines. +\item Extending the interface to offer genericized hardware information for the work-assignment module's use, in a way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes the necessary information relevant to performance. +\item Implementing work assigners that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. +\item Exploring the proto-runtime approach to portability. +\end{itemize} + + + +\end{document} +============================================= +== +== +== +== +== +============================================= + + + + + +\section{Detailed Implementing a Language} + + + + +\subsection{Example of implementing a mutex}\label{subsec:Example} + +\subsubsection{Invariance of model} + +The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking +about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves focusing on actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. + That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization +behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. + + %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization +%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves +%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. + + +\section{Details of proto-runtime implementation} +Four primitives: +create task, +create VP, +suspend and send, +resume + +Entry point to proto-runtime is the suspend and send + +All application code runs inside a VP or task + +PR\_\_start +then PR\_\_new\_process. The process is given a seed function, which is the equivalent of main. The process is created with exactly one VP in it, and the birth function of this VP is the seed Fn, which starts executing as soon as the process creation completes. This seed function then proceeds to create VPs and tasks, which execute the application code. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Details} +Now it is +time to make the concepts concrete, by showing code +segments that implement each concept, and code +segments that use the concepts. We will start with +the big picture and work down. + +First comes the development process, which is fractured into three separate and independent +development activities. Next, we show examples +of how application +code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls +down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, +we look at the flow of control inside the runtime, +where we will focus on the interaction between plugin +code and proto-runtime code. + +In this last portion, we show how the +interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside +the runtime" environment. Providing +such a consistent environment + is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion + of the tie-point model. We also show how it is + the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline + that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs +to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. + + +\subsection{Three independent development efforts} + +In the big picture, development takes three independent paths: one for development of proto-runtime code, one for development of language implementation, and one for application development. Each of these produces a separate installable artifact. The proto-runtime development produces a number of dynamic libraries, with a separate version for each machine, tuned to its details. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even during installation and the run. Meanwhile the application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. + +%The proto-runtime code is packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has its own proto-runtime implemention that is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +%The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +%However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +%The wrapper library, however, may either be bundled together with the plugin code or provided as a separate static library. It is used during development of an application, and remains independent of hardware. + +%Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +%When an application is executed, the loader binds the dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. In this way, a single, unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +%However, the success of the compile-once approach has limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. + +\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} + +At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each +of two cores, as the core is switched between application +code and runtime code. It is too early to understand +the details, but this figure can be referred back to +as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. +Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. + +At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, +and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is +depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, +along with the animation of application code by those virtual +processors. + +? + +The application passes information to a wrapper library +call, +such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the +information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime +primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing +that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer +to the plugin function that will handle the request. +The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which +other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library +call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from +whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a +synchronization construct. + +However, there is one last step between the request +handler marking a timeline as ready to resume +and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the +assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. +The request handlers stack up work that is free to +be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which +of those to place onto an offered core. + + + + + +\begin{figure*}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] + {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} + \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple +cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls +between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the +code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated +by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core +2. The boxes +represent virtual processors, each with its associated +timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative +ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request +Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, +which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime +code module.} + \label{fig:physTimeSeq} +\end{figure*} + + + +\subsection{Using language constructs} +In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs +take the form of function calls. The reader familiar +with posix threads will have used function calls to +perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. +Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the +same way. + +We use posix threads for our example because it is +a familiar language that the reader already knows well. +It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. + +\subsubsection{Main and startup} +Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime +system must be started, and a proto-runtime process +must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the +create process was given a pointer +to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime +based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime +based languages that will be used in the application, +and must create the virtual processors and tasks that +perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. + +==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == + +\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth +function} +Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts +the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It +is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. +Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two +threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both +threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the +command that kills the virtual processor that is animating +the function. + +==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, +Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== + +Notice the signature +of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer +to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is +the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for +proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. + + +Also, notice that the standard signature includes a +pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime +defined structure, which holds the meta-information +about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed +the structure of the virtual processor that is animating +it. + +An illuminating aside is that the birth function for +a posix thread doesn't need +to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. +That is because the operating system tracks which thread +is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing +an instruction that suspends the code executing on +the core and switches +the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel +then looks up the data structure that is assigned to +the core. + +That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the +pointer to the thread that was animating the application +code that called the posix construct. But the implementation +of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't +have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, +and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data +structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. + +Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created +by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent +of mutex acquire and release to protect access to +a critical section. Notice that the signature +is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. +Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to +each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next +several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure +is used. + +==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and +release to protect a counter plus print of count value== + + +\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} + +Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls +reveals code such as in Fig X. + +==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== + +There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data +structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime +call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library +calls. The data structure is used to carry information +into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was +started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is +the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends +application code and switches to the kernel. For the +implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this +call is implemented with assembly instructions. + +This wrapper library code is placed on the machine +used during development of the application, and is +compiled into the application executable. However, +the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, +and is not part of the application executable. + +Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to +a function. This is called the handler function, and +is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime +will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled +way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment +to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. +We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the +handler function, and what such a handler function +looks like. + +First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and +switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X + +==assembly of suspend and switch== + +All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer +into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program +counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, +which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. + +\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched +to} + +The PR assembly code switches the core to executing +the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. + +==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== + +All this does is invoke the handler function named +in the wrapper library, and hands it an environment. +This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point +model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, +fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens +to use a global lock for each language's environment. + However other implementations are possible. In order + to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap + instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random + backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. + + The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes + on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point + model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special + beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that + executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler + code that then establishes the causal connections + between such special beats, and so ties them together. + The causal connection is via the changes make to the + language environment. + + So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. + The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat + and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The + lock is what isolates and sequentializes + the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language + environment is the hidden state used to establish + causal connection between special beats. + + + +This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. + +Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. + + +If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. + +Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. + +This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. + +? + +Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. + +The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Details} +\label{subsec:Details} + + what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. + +modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. + +? + + + + overhead measurements + +implementation time measurements + + discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. + + give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. + + summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the +least, the same effort would have to be expended on +each and every language that we expended on performance +tuning our proto-runtime. + + We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to + +illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + +Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). + +Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). + + + +? + + + + + The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints +due to data dependencies. + + a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. + +? + +The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. + + + + this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. + + implementing language logic, + +show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. + +give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, +we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. + +support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. + + discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. + +reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. + + +=================== + + +\subsection{not sure} +A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. + +However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. + +As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. + +? + +The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. + +? + +The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". +The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. + +================= + +\subsection{more on tie-points} +Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. + +From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. + +However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. + +Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. + +The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. + +That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. + + +The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. + +At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. + +The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. + +=========== + +The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. + +So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. + +For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. + +============ + + +\subsection{More on eDSLs} +%====================================== + +%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + +%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. + +%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. + + +% ============== + +%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. + +%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. + +%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. + + + + +== Formal stuff == + +%\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} +In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point and use it to show that a tie point satisfies the conditions of any such synchronization construct. + +%Our formalism defines timelines, communication between timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. We conclude by showing a few classical definitions of synchronization and show that those definitions are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. + +\subsubsection{} + +\begin{description} +\item[timeline:] +\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered +sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the +subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, +and vice versa. + Any and all memory locations in a system are part + of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that +timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that +is separate +from any timeline that code executes in). + +\item[event:] +\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} +\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event +that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, +which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a +send of a communication which pushes out contents from +the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication +which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, +a synchronization +construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way +as to establish a relation between events on this timeline +versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted +$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma +,t}$ where $s$ +and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position +on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes +the synchronization construct. +\item[communication:] +\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of +one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events +from different timelines, with the send +event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto +r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication +set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the +timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication +orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. +However, the ordering is only between two points. In +particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline +2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on +timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position +of the ordering integer represents a wild +card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ +followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} +< s_{2,\_,2}$ + implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. + +\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not +seen by application code. It has an additional +kind of event available, which ends a synchronization +event on a different timeline. + We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, + standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position + on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the +event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application +visible timeline implies a send from that timeline +to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow +s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ + +\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more +synchronization points from different timelines which +are related by a particular pattern of communications. +As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, +as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. + +\end{description} + +We now show that from these definitions it follows: +[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. + +We take the event immediately preceding and the event +immediately following two synchronization events on +two timelines. The synchronization events begin with +a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. +The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to +a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, +and later in its sequence it has a receive for the +synchronization event from the second timeline. The +hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. + +From that, we get the following relations: + +Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. + +This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. + +\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} +Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing +a synchronization construct this way any different +from how they're currently implemented?" The answer +is that currently, synchronization constructs are +implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, +where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction +to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the +hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled +from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements +according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. + +What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that +has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. +For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, +the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the +instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive +access is the part that provides the ordering relations. +So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point +portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in +semantics portion associated with the tie point. + +In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply +say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization +construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather +has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must +create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization +can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed +for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization +construct. For example, any asynchronous communication +establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can +be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining +memory consistency models. + +The key here is the elements of the model within which +tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not +exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline +have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, +ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves +(or be suspended by a different timeline), +and be resumed by a different timeline. + +Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization +can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually +one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point +is derived, versus synchronization is given. + +True, the two are equally powerful. + +More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and +more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own +scheduler, have no control over where and when work +happens. + +It is different because it only directly provides half +the behavior, the time half. in the sense that + +The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point +is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement +synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can +implement other sync constructs.. + +But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs +nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed +memory things that sync constructs cannot. + +The sync constructs can be used together with shared +memory-based communication in order to make more complex +sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed +memory system to make distributed memory things. + +Unless use communication to implement shared memory +on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's +a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- +proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, +which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose +that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application +code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code +running in an application timeline.. so.. need to +get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" +timeline, versus function call.. + +What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from +equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want +that notion of animator in there.. and want to get +at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched +over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from +just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator +just by entering the code that implements the mutex? +Say, place that code in-line in the application code +everywhere it's used.. + +Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the +pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, +which is how the more-primitive operations are able +to construct the more powerful mutex. That might +be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. +show that things that have no time-related semantics, +only simple one-way communication, are able to construct +the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence +of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. + +In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from +must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern +within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all +you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, +in order to prove synchronization properties.. where +"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility +relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. +the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual +exclusion". + +This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that +those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence +the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, +that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical +section, cannot take actions +that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the +end of the critical section, need the same isolation. + + +Let's see.. the relation model said that something +with synchronization constraints can be created from +just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long +as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. + +What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as +the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what +a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter +how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. + +So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct +a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation +thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed +with a synchronization construct. + +I guess the question would be: if one starts with a +synchronization construct existing within a distributed +system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs +from that one.. + +For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive +thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? + +For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one +of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ +has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. +but being able to construct one from something that +is NOT one, whose individual components all have less +than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. +then it is a particular combination that brings the extra +time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. +It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings +that extra into existence that is of value. + +It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from +simpler pieces. + +So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" +synchronization construct property, construct something +that does have the synchronization property. That, +is building something more powerful from pieces that +are less powerful. + +The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot +be used by itself. It requires addition before it +can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive +at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times +M\mapsto M$.. but can't +use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. +So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, +but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't +do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't +accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide +$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside +of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. + +*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, +because it doesn't do anything. No computation is +performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of +computation, then?) + +The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior +-- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a +particular set of constraints on time.. constructed +out of primitives none of which have sych nor time +behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. + +Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed +directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs +in distributed system? Does using sync constructs +do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it +add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms +of something that already has the property being constructed.. +that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that +has the property and building something else that has +it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and +building something that does. + +So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after +property of communication to derive compound communication, +of particular write to particular read, via memory +locations. + +So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the +tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the +other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between +the two timelines. + +Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. + +Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. +the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before +the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just +establishes a half tie-point, no? + +In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. + +Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point +cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". + A sync construct is a full tie-point. + + +================================================ + + +\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} +We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, +where a timeline is a type of lifeline. +We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between +lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. + +\begin{description} +\item[event:] +\(E \) represents an event, which is something that +can be initiated or observed. +\item[occurrence:] +\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated +integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) + +\item[clock:] +\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer +onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) + is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) +is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation +of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated +to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value +associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated +\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated +\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one +lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple +beats +from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, +including one initiated earlier in the sequence of +the lifeline, +and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, +each multiple times. + +\item[projection:] +Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) + is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) +\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). + This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat +of the second lifeline. + +\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting +of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do +not participate in projections, plus a set of projections +that cross the two beats in the forward direction. +Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an +ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) +|iy\ \) +\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. +The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and +ends with the end of all lifelines. + +\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. +Given two positions within different sequences, if +one or both both can be +validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to +define valid rearrangements, so they occupy + the same position in their rearranged sequences, then +they are equivalent positions. + +\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are +equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation +measurements of interest. If the observation measurement +involves sequences, then the two events must lie at +equivalent positions within their respective sequences. + +\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats +can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline +has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do +not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. +Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. + +\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that +their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent +lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines +in one run can be different from the projections in +the other run. + +\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. +\end{description} + + +Some things to note: A particular occurrence +can be associated to at most one beat from a given +lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated +to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may +be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. +Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. + +For example, the event could +be writing a value into a variable. Two separate +write events are considered equivalent occurrences if +they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location +is associated to the same particular +variable, and happen within valid partial orderings +relative to the other occurrences. This is normally +compared across re-creations of the "universe" that +provides the context for the orderings of events instances. + +========= + + Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats +-- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the +distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it +through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. + +So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs +are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! + + What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. + +So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. + +The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. + +From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this +defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- +the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect + +======= + +From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. + +The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may +be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, +and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation +is on non-origin lifeline. + +But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. + In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, +they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal +state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat +that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the +same internal activity will have the behavior of a +full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves +resumed in different internal activities. + +A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. + +The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. + +For +example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired +receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. + +For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared +context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner +and resume self else place self onto end of sequence +of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner +and place the next in sequence of special beats into +lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. +in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can +form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. +? + +==== + +Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description +of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. + + + + +===== + + + + + + + + + + +\section{The Problem} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. + +To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). + +Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). + +The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). + +\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} +\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. + +A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. + +In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. + +Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. + +The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. + +In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. + +Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. + + +\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} +\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. + +DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. + +It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. + +In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. + +\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} +\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. + + +An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} +\begin{verbatim} +newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} +\begin{verbatim} +SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} +\begin{verbatim} +messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} +} +} + +\caption +{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. +} +\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} +\end{figure} +An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. + +As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. + +It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. + +\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} +\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. + +For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. + +An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. + +When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. + +The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. + +The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + +Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). + +\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. + +Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. + +In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. + + + During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. + +If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. + +For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. + +The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. + + +\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + +Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. + +The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. + +The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. + +For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. + +While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. + +These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. + +For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. + + +One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: +\begin{itemize} +\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. +\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. +\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. +\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. +\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Summary of Section} + [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. + +The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. + +The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Description} +\label{sec:idea} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + + +Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. + +The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. + +\subsection{Creating an eDSL} + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} + \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} + \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} +\end{figure} + +As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. + +As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. + +\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} + +\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} +-- standardizes runtime code +-- makes familiar going from one lang to another +-- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs + +-- show the enums, and the switch table + +-- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave + +\subsubsection{The Request Handler} +-- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. + +-- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL + +\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } +The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. + +For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. + +Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. + +This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. + +\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + +-- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) + +-- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency + +\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} +-- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) + +-- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. + +\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} + +-- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. +-- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. +-- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. +-- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. + +Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. +-- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, +-- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. +-- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption + +-- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. + +-- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects + +-- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + + +\section{(outline and notes)} + +-- What a plugin looks like: + +-- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units + +-- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. + +-- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), + +-- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). + + +-- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. + + + + +\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. + + +\subsection{Some Definitions} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. + +In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. + +\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. + +For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. + +It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. + + +The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. + + + +======= + + I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). + Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. + Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. + +================= + +\subsection{The patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + + +Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. + +Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + + +\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The +basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. + +Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. + +Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. + +Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. + +\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. + +Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. +The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. + +Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. + +Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. + +Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. + +Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. + +\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. + +The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. + +For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} + \caption{Something to help understanding} + \label{fig:SCG_expl} +\end{figure} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Details} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] +[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. + +Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. + +Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. + +\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Demonstrate reuse of language logic: +All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. + +? + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + +? + +In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. + +The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and +other application features. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} + +\subsection{Implementation time} + + +\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +\ + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +Here is an example of netlist creation: + +The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. + + Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. + +First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: + +To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. + +The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimNetlist * +createPingPongNetlist() + { HWSimNetlist *netlist; + HWSimElem **elems; + HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; + HWSimCommPath **commPaths; + int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); + + numElems = 2; + elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); + + numCommPaths = 2; + commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); + + numActivityTypes = 1; + activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); + + netlist->numElems = numElems; + netlist->elems = elems; + netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; + netlist->commPaths = commPaths; + netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; + netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //have to create activity types before create elements + //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist + elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. + +Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements + elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. + +This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 + commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); + commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units + + //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 + commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); + commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +done building netlist, return it +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + return netlist; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ +do{\ + commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ + commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ + }while(0); //macro magic for namespace +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimElem * +createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) + { HWSimElem *elem; + elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); + elem->numInPorts = 1; + elem->numOutPorts = 1; + elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); + elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port + elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; + return elem; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimActivityType * +createPingPongActivityType( ) + { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; + pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); + + pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; + pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; + return pingPongActivityType; + } +\end{verbatim} \end{small} + + +========= + +All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. + +Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +void +pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 + HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +There are four ways a behavior can end: +\begin{description} +\item end, no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + +============= + + +\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} +All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. + +Here's an example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { + return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} + +The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) + { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +====== + +Details of VMS interface, details of its impl on multi-core, details of differences on different machines. + +wrapper-lib calls VMS-supplied primitive that suspends the virtual-processor calling the lib, and sends a request to VMS. VMS calls lang-supplied plugin to handle requests -- this is the part of the scheduler that handles constraints -- it determines which virt-processors must remain suspended, and which are free to be re-animated. + +The language is implemented as either a collection of wrapper-lib calls embedded into the base language, or as custom syntax that uses uses the VMS-supplied primitive to suspend virtual processors and send requests to VMS. + + +VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. From the application-programmer point of view, the embedded version looks like a function call, albeit the data-struc of the virtual-processor animating the code has to be passed as a parameter to the wrapper-lib call. + +Hence, VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. + +The wrapper-lib call is standard library code that is loaded along with the application executable. + +However, VMS primitives may be hardware-implemented, or loaded as OS modules, or dynamic or static libraries. Rhey are naturally custom instructions, but may be emulated by software. + +The interface between application-executable and language-runtime is the VMS-primitive that sends a request to VMS. The language-runtime receives the request under control of VMS, which calls a language-supplied request-handling function and passes the request as a parameter. This passive behavior of the request handler leaves control-flow inside VMS, which is part of hiding concurrency from the language-runtime implementation. + +The interface between the runtime and VMS is VMS's plugin API. The runtime is implemented as two functions, whose pointers are handed to VMS. VMS then controls the flow of execution. When a request is ready for the runtime, VMS cIalls the request-handler function, and when a spot on hardware is free for work, VMS calls the scheduler-assign function. Hence, the language implements its runtime as two isolated functions. By keeping control-flow inside VMS, the language-specific portion of the runtiem is simplified. + +This structure is also the reason VMS encourages reuse of scheduler code. The VMS API separates out control flow from scheduling, so scheduling code is isolated, with well-defined interfaces. Scheduling is then further sub-divided into modules: constraint-management (IE enforcing dependencies); and choosing physical location to place work. Each has its own well-defined interface, and they communicate to each other via VMS-managed shared state. + +The greatest application performance impact due to the scheduler is communication it causes. + +, management of the memory hierarchy, and the match between work-characteristics and hardware-characteristics (IE, assigning to accelerator vs CPU). Hence, significant work goes into implementing strategies and mechanisms for finding the best assignment-choices. Such implementations are only loosely coupled to language, through the shared state by which the request-handler informs the assigner of what work is ready to be animated. + +Hence, it is straight-forward to reuse the code that assigns work to physical locations. The only language-specific influence on the assigner is the shared constraint-state. + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,942 @@ + +@inbook{PerfToolPoem, +title = {The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe, Complete edition}, +chapter = {The Blind Men and the Elephant}, +author = {John Godfrey Saxe}, +publisher = {Boston: James R. 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Proceedings., 17th Annual International Symposium on}, + title = {Adaptive software cache management for distributed shared memory architectures}, + year = 1990, + pages = {125 -134} +} +@InProceedings{Charm_runtime_opt_10, + author = {Mei, Chao and Zheng, Gengbin and Gioachin, Filippo and Kal{\'e}, Laxmikant V.}, + title = {Optimizing a parallel runtime system for multicore clusters: a case study}, + booktitle = {The 2010 TeraGrid Conference}, + year = 2010, + pages = {12:1--12:8} +} +@InProceedings{TCC_Hammond_ISCA_04, + author = {Hammond, Lance and al, et}, + title = {Transactional Memory Coherence and Consistency}, + series = {ISCA '04}, + pages = {102--}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {} +} +@Misc{WorkTableHome, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://musictwodotoh.com/worktable/content/refman.pdf}, + title = {The WorkTable Language Reference Manual}, + year = 2012 +} +@Misc{HWSimHome, + author = {Halle, Sean and Hausers, Stefan}, + note = {http://musictwodotoh.com/hwsim/content/refman.pdf}, + title = {The HWSim Language Reference Manual}, + year = 2012 +} +@Article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. 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title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = 2010 +} +@InProceedings{HotPar11_w_Stack, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {}, + year = 2011 +} +@Article{VMS_LCPC_11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = 2011 +} +@Misc{StackTechRep_10, + author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + year = 2010 +} +@Misc{CTBigStepSemTechRep_06, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + title = {The Big-Step 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Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = 2009 +} +@InProceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = 2009, + pages = {404--418} +} +@Article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal = {International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = 2009, + pages = {1-12} +} +@InProceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = 2008, + pages = {225--234} +} +@InProceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = 2008, + pages = {90--100} +} +@InProceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = 2009 +} +@InProceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = 2007, + pages = {211--222} +} +@Book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} +} +@Misc{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = 1995 +} +@InProceedings{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = 2006, + pages = {247--258} +} +@InProceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = 2006, + pages = 83 +} +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = 1989 +} +@InProceedings{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = 1998, + pages = {468--471} +} +@InProceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = 2008, + pages = {154--163} +} +@InProceedings{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = 1993, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title = {{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author = {Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal = {Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume = 18, + number = {2006-183}, + pages = 19, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} +@Book{Mattson04Patterns, + title = {{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author = {Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year = 2004, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley Professional} +} +@Article{Skillicorn98, + title = {{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author = {Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + pages = {123--169}, + year = 1998 +} +@Conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title = {{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author = {Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages = {102--111}, + year = 1993, + organization = {ACM New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{McgrawSisal, + title = {{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author = {McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal = {Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume = 1 +} +@Article{Gelernter85Linda, + title = {{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author = {Gelernter, D.}, + journal = {ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume = 7, + number = 1, + pages = {80--112}, + year = 1985 +} +@Article{Lin94ZPL, + title = {{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author = {Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume = 768, + pages = {96--114}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = 40, + number = 4, + year = 1997, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal = {IEEE Computer}, + volume = 29, + number = 4, + year = 1996, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} +} +@Book{berry89, + title = {{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author = {Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year = 1989, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = 30, + number = 8, + year = 1995, + pages = {207--216} +} +@Article{burch90, + title = {{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author = {Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal = {Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages = {428--439}, + year = 1990 +} +@Article{chamberlain98, + author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, + title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, + journal = {hips}, + volume = 00, + year = 1998, + isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, + pages = 50 +} +@Article{church41, + author = {A. 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Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. 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Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = 1978, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Book{gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = 1996 +} +@Article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 32, + number = 1, + year = 2000, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{hoare78, + author = {C. A. R. Hoare}, + title = {Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + year = 1978, + volume = 21, + number = 8, + pages = {666-677} +} +@Article{huth, + title = {{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author = {Huth, M.}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages = {369--380}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 36, + number = 1, + year = 2004, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{kozen83, + title = {{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author = {Kozen, D.}, + journal = {TCS}, + volume = 27, + pages = {333--354}, + year = 1983 +} +@Article{kripke63, + title = {{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author = {Kripke, S.}, + journal = {Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume = 9, + pages = {67--96}, + year = 1963 +} +@Book{mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = 1985 +} +@Book{milner80, + title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author = {Milner, R.}, + year = 1980, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{milner92, + title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal = {Information and Computation}, + volume = 100, + number = 1, + pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {Academic Press} +} +@Book{milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 1999 +} +@Book{MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{petri62, + title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author = {Petri, C.A.}, + journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume = 62, + pages = {386--390}, + year = 1962 +} +@Book{pierce02, + title = {Types and Programming Languages}, + author = {Pierce, B. C.}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = 4, + number = 3, + pages = {211--266} +} +@Misc{pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} +} +@Unpublished{reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = 2003, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} +} +@Article{reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = 1, + number = {}, + year = 1984, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} +} +@Article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + year = 1998, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{stefik86, + title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal = {The AI Magazine}, + volume = 6, + number = 4, + year = 1986 +} +@Book{stirling92, + title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author = {Stirling, C.}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} +@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} +} +@Misc{turing38, + author = {A. Turing}, + note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year = 1938 +} +@Book{vonNeumann45, + title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author = {J. von Neumann}, + year = 1945, + publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} +} +@Book{winskel93, + title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author = {Winskel, G.}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/pickup_artists.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/pickup_artists.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +neil strauss +john sinn \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/sigplanconf.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/sigplanconf.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% LaTeX Class/Style File +% +% Name: sigplanconf.cls +% +% Purpose: A LaTeX 2e class file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% This class file supercedes acm_proc_article-sp, +% sig-alternate, and sigplan-proc. +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul [atsign] windfall.com +% +% Created: 12 September 2004 +% +% Revisions: See end of file. +% +% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. +% To view a copy of this license, visit +% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ +% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, +% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] +\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] + +% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted +% from the ZzTeX macro package. + +% Token Hackery +% ----- ------- + + +\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} +\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} + +% This macro discards the next token. + +\def \@discardtok #1{}% token + +% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. + +{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 + +\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} + +} % \catcode + +% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. +% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark + +\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} + +% Control Sequence Names +% ------- -------- ----- + + +\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} + \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} + +\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} + \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} + +% Flags (Booleans) +% ----- ---------- + +% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with +% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. + +\def \@true {TT} +\def \@false {FL} + +\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean + +% IF and Predicates +% -- --- ---------- + +% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. +% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: +% +% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi + +% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: +% +% \@setflag \flag = {} + +% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional +% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with +% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. +% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. + +\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else + \@true \fi} +\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} + +\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@definedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} + +\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} + +\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp + +\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} + \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} +\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% + \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@empargq {\@empargq} + +\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} + \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} + +\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} + +\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + + +% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: +% +% \if \flaga \else \fi + + +% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. + +\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} + +\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \else + \@false + \fi} + +\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% + \@true + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +% Arithmetic +% ---------- + +\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} + +\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} + +% Options +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false +\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false +\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false +\@setflag \@natbib = \@true +\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true +\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 +\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false +\@setflag \@preprint = \@false +\@setflag \@reprint = \@false +\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false +\@setflag \@times = \@false + +% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. + +\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} + +\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} + +\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} + +\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} + +\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} + +\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} + +%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} + +\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} + +\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\ProcessOptions + +\if \@onecolumn + \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \fi + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} +\else + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} +\fi +\LoadClass{article} + +\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% + \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} + +% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. + +\def \setpagenumber #1{% + \setcounter{page}{#1}} + +\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% + #1 = #2 + \advance #1 by -1\parskip} + +% Document Parameters +% -------- ---------- + + +% Page: + +\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} +\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} + +\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} +\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\else + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\fi + +% Text area: + +\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} +\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} +\else + \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} +\fi + +\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} +\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} +\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} + +% Running foot: + +\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} + +% Paragraphs: + +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\else + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} +\fi + +\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} +\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} + +\frenchspacing +\pretolerance = 400 +\tolerance = \pretolerance +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} +\clubpenalty = 10000 +\widowpenalty = 10000 +\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} + +% Standard vertical spaces: + +\newskip{\standardvspace} +\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} + +% Margin paragraphs: + +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} +\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} + + +\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} +\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} + +\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% + \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} + +\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% + \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} + +% Floats: + +\setcounter{topnumber}{4} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} +\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} +\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} + +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} + +\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} +\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +% Miscellaneous: + +\errorcontextlines = 5 + +% Fonts +% ----- + + +\if \@times + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% + \if \@mathtime + \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% + \else +%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% + \fi +\else + \relax +\fi + +\if \@ninepoint + +\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% + \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} + +\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} + +\renewcommand{\small}{% + \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% + \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} + +\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} + +\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} + +\else\if \@tenpoint + +\relax + +\else + +\relax + +\fi\fi + +% Abstract +% -------- + + +\renewenvironment{abstract}{% + \section*{Abstract}% + \normalsize}{% + } + +% Bibliography +% ------------ + + +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\section*{\refname + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + \bibfont + \clubpenalty4000 + \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty + \widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} + +\if \@natbib + +\if \@authoryear + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} + \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} + \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, + % eliminate comma between author and year. + \let \cite = \citep +\else + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} + \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} +\fi +\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} + +\fi + +\def \bibfont {\small} + +% Categories +% ---------- + + +\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true + +\newcommand{\category}[3]{% + \if \@firstcategory + \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% + \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false + \else + \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% + \fi + \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} + +\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% + {\let \and = \relax + #1 [\textit{#2}]% + \if \@emptyargp{#4}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi + \else + :\space + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi + \textrm{#4}% + \fi}} + +% Copyright Notice +% --------- ------ + + +\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} +\def \@toappear {} +\def \@permission {} +\def \@reprintprice {} + +\def \@copyrightspace {% + \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% + \vbox to 1in{% + \vfill + \parbox[b]{20pc}{% + \scriptsize + \if \@preprint + [Copyright notice will appear here + once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par + \else + \@toappear + \fi + \if \@reprint + \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, + \@proceedings, + \@conferenceinfo, + pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par + \fi}}% + \end@float} + +\long\def \toappear #1{% + \def \@toappear {#1}} + +\toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata + \dots \@reprintprice\par} + +\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% + \gdef \@permission {#1}} + +\permission{% + Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or + part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without + fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or + commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full + citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to + post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific + permission and/or a fee.} + +% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: + +\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. + ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the + National Research Council of Canada (NRC). + As such, the Crown in Right of + Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting + nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution + is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} + +\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for + Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored + by a contractor or affiliate + of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, + royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} + +\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% + \permission{% + This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States + Government and is in the public domain.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% + \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} + +\reprintprice{\$10.00} + +\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% + \permission{% + Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. + It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. + Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in + #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} + +% Enunciations +% ------------ + + +\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} + \trivlist + \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +% Figures +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@caprule = \@true + +\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% + \addvspace{4pt} + \if \@caprule + \hrule width \hsize height .33pt + \vspace{4pt} + \fi + \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% + \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% + \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par + \else + \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% + \fi} + +\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% + \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} + +\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% + {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} + +% Hierarchy +% --------- + + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} + +\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\section}{% + \@startsection + {section}% + {1}% + {0pt}% + {-\@sectionaboveskip}% + {\@sectionbelowskip}% + {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\subsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsection}% + {2}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsubsection}% + {3}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip} + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% + \@startsection% + {paragraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} + +\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% + \@startsection% + {subparagraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \itshape}} + +% Standard headings: + +\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} + +\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} + +\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} + +% Identification +% -------------- + + +\def \@conferencename {} +\def \@conferenceinfo {} +\def \@copyrightyear {} +\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} +\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} + + +\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% + \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% + \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} + +\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} + +\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear + +\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} + +\let \crdata = \copyrightdata + +\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% + \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} + +% Lists +% ----- + + +\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} +\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} + +\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\else + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\fi + +\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} + +\renewcommand{\@listi}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmargini + \listparindent = 0pt} +%%% \itemsep = 1pt +%%% \parsep = 3pt} +%%% \listparindent = \parindent} + +\let \@listI = \@listi + +\renewcommand{\@listii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginii + \topsep = 1pt + \labelwidth = \leftmarginii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +% Mathematics +% ----------- + + +\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} + +% Miscellaneous +% ------------- + + +\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% + \vfill\eject + \global\@colht = \textheight + \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} + +\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} + +\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% + \let \\ = \@centercr + \leftskip = 0pt + \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} + +% Program Code +% ------- ---- + + +\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% + {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font + \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} + +% Running Heads and Feet +% ------- ----- --- ---- + + +\def \@preprintfooter {} + +\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% + \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} + +\if \@preprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize + \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil + \thepage \hfil + \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else\if \@reprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else + +\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty +\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty +\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty + +\fi\fi + +\def \@formatyear {% + \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} + +% Special Characters +% ------- ---------- + + +\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% + \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} + +% Title Page +% ----- ---- + + +\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false + +\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} +\def \@subtitletext {} + +\newcount{\@authorcount} + +\newcount{\@titlenotecount} +\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} + +\def \@titlebanner {} + +\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% + \gdef \@titletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% + \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} + \global\@increment \@authorcount + \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} + +\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% + \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; + use \string\authorinfo}{}} + +\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% + \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} + +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% + \pagestyle{plain}% + \if \@onecolumn + {\hsize = \standardtextwidth + \@maketitle}% + \else + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \fi + \@placetitlenotes + \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} + +\def \@maketitle {% + \begin{center} + \@settitlebanner + \let \thanks = \titlenote + {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth + \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth + \parfillskip = 0pt + \spaceskip = .7em + \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} + \vskip 6pt + \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par + \vskip 12pt + \ifcase \@authorcount + \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% + \else + \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% + \fi + \vspace{1.75pc} + \end{center}} + +\def \@settitlebanner {% + \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% + \vbox to 0pt{% + \vskip -32pt + \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par + \vss}% + \nointerlineskip + \fi} + +\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% + \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% + \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par + \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% + \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% + \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par + \else + \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par + \relax + \fi\fi + \vspace{20pt}} + +\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} + \vtop{% + \def \and {% + \hspace{16pt}} + \hsize = #1 + \normalfont + \centering + \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par + \vspace{5pt} + \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par + \vspace{2pt} + \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} + +\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% + \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% + \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% + \fi} + +\newtoks{\@fnmark} + +\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% + \global\@increment \@titlenotecount + \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or + \@fnmark = {\ast}\or + \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\S}\or + \@fnmark = {\P}\or + \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% + \fi + \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% + \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% + \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% + \reserved@a{#1}} + +\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% + \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} + +\newcount{\@authori} + +\iffalse +\def \additionalauthors {% + \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% + \section{Additional Authors}% + \label{@addauthors}% + \noindent + \@authori = 4 + {\let \\ = ,% + \loop + \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, + \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, + email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% + \@increment \@authori + \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% + \par + \fi + \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} +\fi + +\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors + +\def \@placetitlenotes { + \the\@titlenotetext} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% + {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% + \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) + \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ + \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 + \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} + +\newbox{\@measbox} + +\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} + \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% + #1 = \ht\@measbox} + +\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% + \insert\footins{% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore +%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% +%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% + \color@begingroup + \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} + +% LaTeX Modifications +% ----- ------------- + +\def \@seccntformat #1{% + \@name{\the#1}% + \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark + \quad} + +\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% + \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} + +% Revision History +% -------- ------- + + +% Date Person Ver. Change +% ---- ------ ---- ------ + +% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. + +% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. + +% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with +% \authorinfo. +% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. +% Compress article opener spacing. +% Add 'mathtime' option. +% Increase text height by 6 points. + +% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. +% Change default to Times text. + +% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot +% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. + +% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. + +% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. + +% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. + +% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', +% and it uses the full type width. + +% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. +% Allow margin paragraphs during review. + +% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. +% Remove proof and newdef environments. + +% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. +% Change footer to small italic and eliminate +% left portion if no \preprintfooter. +% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. +% Clean up and shrink copyright box. + +% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. + +% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. + +% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. +% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust +% spacing between items and paragraphs. + +% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated +% commands. + +% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. + +% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the +% 'preprint' option. + +% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. +% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure +% the natbib package. + +% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article +% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). + +% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. + +% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. +% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. + +% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by +% Stephen Chong). + +% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. +% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to +% control citation style when using natbib. +% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for +% 'authoryear' style. + +% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography +% environment. Also add to template so it will +% happen with natbib. + +% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. +% Just include in the template. + +% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. + +% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. +% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using +% 'authoryear' style. +% Add the \authorversion command. + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Toolkit__FORTH_present__driven/latex/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start 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+ + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + normal call + normal call + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + Call via Ptr + + Top Level Fn + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back_2.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back_2.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2231 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + 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byapplication,on core 2) + + + + VP 2(created byapplication,on core 3) + + Master Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + send requestprimitive Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + returnfromsuspend + + + suspendand switchto runtime + normal call + normal call + + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call via Ptr + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + Lang Handlerfor Acq Mutex + + + + + PR primitive Fnto create VP + Master Fn + + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + Call via Ptr + Call to dyn lib + + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + + return fromsuspend + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + 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moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor 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setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 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MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1954 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1954 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2377 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2377 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2799 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2799 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3222 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3222 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3644 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3644 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +4067 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +4067 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2376 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +770 511 N +0 560 V +1491 0 V +0 -560 V +770 511 L +Z stroke +770 1071 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT0 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 1001 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT0 +1778 1001 M +399 0 V +1735 2855 M +662 -919 V +4067 1238 L +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT1 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 861 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT1 +1778 861 M +399 0 V +1748 2855 M +2555 1723 L +4067 1065 L +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 721 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +1778 721 M +399 0 V +1420 2855 M +170 -542 V +784 -867 V +3986 870 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 581 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +1778 581 M +399 0 V +1802 2855 M +572 -574 V +4007 1207 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,695 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] 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put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M 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90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1159 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1159 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1631 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1631 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2104 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2104 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2576 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2576 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +1890 0 V +0 2407 R +-1890 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +1631 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3489 2785 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (pthreads)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +2744 2155 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +2744 2715 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 2645 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT5 +LC7 setrgbcolor +3752 2645 M +399 0 V +1272 2855 M +371 -919 V +933 -698 V +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT6 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 2505 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT6 +3752 2505 M +399 0 V +1280 2855 M +1731 1723 L +845 -658 V +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 2365 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT7 +LC1 setrgbcolor +3752 2365 M +399 0 V +1096 2855 M +95 -542 V +439 -867 V +2531 870 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT8 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 2225 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT8 +3752 2225 M +399 0 V +1310 2855 M +320 -574 V +2543 1207 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +1890 0 V +0 2407 R +-1890 0 R +1.000 UP +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1159 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1159 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1631 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1631 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2104 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2104 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2576 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2576 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +1890 0 V +0 2407 R +-1890 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +1631 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3489 1931 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Vthread)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +2744 1301 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +2744 1861 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT0 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1791 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT0 +3752 1791 M +399 0 V +718 626 M +12 -61 V +22 -36 V +42 -37 V +86 -17 V +169 -13 V +341 -7 V +681 -2 V +505 -1 V +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1651 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +3752 1651 M +399 0 V +718 575 M +13 4 V +20 -82 V +43 -20 V +85 -6 V +170 -12 V +340 -4 V +681 -4 V +506 -1 V +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1511 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +3752 1511 M +399 0 V +717 581 M +13 -38 V +23 -9 V +42 -41 V +85 -19 V +169 -11 V +341 -7 V +680 -5 V +506 -1 V +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT4 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1371 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT4 +3752 1371 M +399 0 V +718 589 M +13 -41 V +21 -29 V +43 -20 V +85 -28 V +169 -12 V +341 -4 V +680 -4 V +506 0 V +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +1890 0 V +0 2407 R +-1890 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,948 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:32:06 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:32:06 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 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{stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 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0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2376 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2011 2882 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Vthread)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +1266 2252 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +1266 2812 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT0 +LCb setrgbcolor +2190 2742 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT0 +2274 2742 M +399 0 V +743 626 M +22 -61 V +39 -36 V +75 -37 V +154 -17 V +303 -13 V +609 -7 V +1218 -2 V +904 -1 V +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +2190 2602 M +[ [(Helvetica) 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0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ + + +1) What are the problems the authors are trying to solve? + When done, for each problem, how does one decide the value of a proposed solution? Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. + +The problem is + +A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is + +The value of this solution is determined by + + + +2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? + What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. + What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? + How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? + +It enables + +The benefit to me is + +Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are + +The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by + + + +3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? + What makes this problem hard? + What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on +How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? + +The fundamentals are + +The hard part is + +The basic elements are + +The proposed solution + + + +4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? + What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? + How does each approach address something the others miss? + Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. + Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. + +Other approaches are + +A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is + +Categories: + +Combining: + + + +5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? + Sketch the details of each of these "things". + Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? + Did you see any really cool techniques? + +Unique main "things" are + +Drawbacks from details: + +Idea of + + + +6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? + +They have to show + + + +7) What results did they show? + Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? + Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? + Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? + +They showed + +Con.. + + + +8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? + +The work my provide value for me + + + +3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). + +1) + + \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1257 @@ + + + +"" +@Article{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + journal = {}, + volume = {}, + number = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@Book{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + publisher = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@misc{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + url = {} +} + + +"Lamport paper with clock sync" +@article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {21}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {558--565}, + } + +"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" +@article{Lamport87, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {5}, + issue = {1}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {1--11} +} + +"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" +@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, + author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, + title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, + series = {SOSP '67}, + year = {1967}, + pages = {10.1--10.6} + } + +"Original coroutine paper" +@article{Conway63, + author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, + title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {6}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1963}, + pages = {396--408} +} + +"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" +@Book{ComponentModel00, + author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, + title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {2000} +} + + +"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" +@misc{Hewitt10, + author = {Carl Hewitt}, + title = {Actor Model of Computation}, + year = {2010}, + note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} +} + +"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" +@article{Actors97, +author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, +title = {A foundation for actor computation}, +journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, +volume = {7}, +number = {01}, +pages = {1-72}, +year = {1997}, +} + +"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" +@article{SchedActivations, + author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, + title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {10}, + issue = {1}, + month = {February}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {53--79} +} + +"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" +@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, + author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, + title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, + series = {DAMP '07}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {37--44}, + numpages = {8} +} + + +//===================================== +"Gain from Chaos tech report" +@techreport + {Halle92, + Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, + Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, + Year = {1992}, + URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, + Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} +} + + +Reprinted in: +Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. +"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" +K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova +pgs 290-308 + + +"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" +Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. +cited by 232 + + +"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" +Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. + + +//========================================== + +"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" +@inproceedings + {BLISInHotPar, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {June}, + title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = {2010} + } + +"2011 HotPar: " +@inproceedings + {HotPar11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {}, + year = {2011} + } + +"VMS in LCPC 2011" +@article{VMSLCPC, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = {2011} +} + + +"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + Year = 2010 +} + +"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" +@misc{DKUTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, + Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"An Extensible Parallel Language" +@misc{EQNLangTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, + Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" +@misc{CTOSTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, + Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" +@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, + Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, + Year = 2009 +} + + +"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" +@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, + Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" +@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, + Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" +@misc{CTRTTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, + Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, + Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" +@misc{CIPTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, + Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, + Year = 2005 +} + +//========================================== + + +"OMP Hompe page" +@misc{OMPHome, + Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, +} + +"The OMP infrastructure site" +@misc{Halle2008, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, + Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} +} + + + +"The DKU sourceforge site" +@misc{DKUSourceForge, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{DKU} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The BLIS sourceforge site" +@misc{BLISHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{BLIS} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The VMS Home page" +@misc{VMSHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, + Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, + Year = {2010} +} + + +"The PStack Home page" +@misc{PStackHome, + Author = {Sean Halle}, + Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, + Year = {2012} +} + + +"Deblocking code in SVN" +@misc{DeblockingCode, + Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} + + + +"Sample code on BLIS site" +@misc{SampleBLISCode, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} +} + +"Framework Technical Report" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} +} + +"Map reduce" +@misc{MapReduceHome, + Author = {Google Corp.}, + Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, +} + + +"TBB Thread Building Blocks" +@misc{TBBHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + Title = {{TBB} Home page}, +} + + +"HPF Wikipedia entry" +@misc{HPFWikipedia, + Author = {Wikipedia}, + Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, +} + + +"OpenMP Home page" +@misc{OpenMPHome, + Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} + + + +"Open MPI Home page" +@misc{MPIHome, + Author = {open-mpi organization}, + Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, + Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} +} + +"OpenCL Home page" +@misc{OpenCLHome, + Author = {Kronos Group}, + Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, + Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} +} + + +"CILK Hompe page" +@misc{CILKHome, + Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, + Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, + Title = {{CILK} homepage}, +} + +@InProceedings{Fri98, + author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, + title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, + booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + pages = {212--223}, + year = 1998, + address = {Montreal, Quebec}, + month = jun +} + + +"Titanium Hompe page" +@misc{TitaniumHome, + Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, + Title = {{Titanium} homepage} +} + + +"CnC in HotPar" +@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, + author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"CnC Hompe page" +@misc{CnCHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, + Title = {{CnC} homepage}, +} + +"Spiral Home page" +@misc{SpiralHome, + Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, + Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, + Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, +} + + +"Scala Hompe page" +@misc{ScalaHome, + Author = {Scala organization}, + Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, + Title = {{Scala} homepage}, +} + + + + +"UPC Hompe page" +@misc{UPCHome, + Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, + Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, + Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, +} + + +"Suif Hompe page" +@misc{SuifHome, + Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, + Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, +} + + + +"SEJITS" +@article{SEJITS, + author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" +@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {404--418} + } + + +"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" +@article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1-12}, +} + +"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" +@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {225--234}, + } + +"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" +@inproceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = {2008}, + pages = {90--100}, + } + + +"Merge in HotPar" +@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Galois system for irregular problems" +@inproceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {211--222} +} + +"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" +@book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = {2002}, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} + } + + +"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" +@MISC{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = {1995} +} + + +"Capsule" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {247--258} +} + +"Sequioa" +@inproceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {83} + } + + + + +"Cole meta skeletons book" +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = {1989} +} + + +"Meta programming skeletons example" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {468--471} +} + + +"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" +@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {154--163} + } + + +"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + + +"View from Berkeley paper" +@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume={18}, + number={2006-183}, + pages={19}, + year={2006}, +} + + + + +"Berkeley Pattern Language" +@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} + + +"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" +@book{Mattson04Patterns, + title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} +} + + +"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" +@article{Skillicorn98, + title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume={30}, + number={2}, + pages={123--169}, + year={1998} +} + + + +"NESL language" +@conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages={102--111}, + year={1993}, + organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} +} + + +"Sisal" +@article{McgrawSisal, + title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume={1} +} + + +"Linda" +@article{Gelernter85Linda, + title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author={Gelernter, D.}, + journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume={7}, + number={1}, + pages={80--112}, + year={1985} +} + + +"ZPL" +@article{Lin94ZPL, + title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume={768}, + pages={96--114}, + year={1994} +} + + + + +// Visual programming +@article + { baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = {40}, + number = {4}, + year = {1997}, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} + } + + +// Visual programming +@article + { ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal ={IEEE Computer}, + volume = {29}, + number = {4}, + year = {1996}, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} + } + + +// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine +@book + {berry89, + title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year={1989}, + publisher={ACM Press} +} + + +// Cilk reference +@article + {blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {8}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {207--216} + } + + +// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. +// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness +@article + {burch90, + title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages={428--439}, + year={1990} +} + +@article + {chamberlain98, +author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, +title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, +journal = {hips}, +volume = {00}, +year = {1998}, +isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, +pages = {50} +} + + + +// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 +@article{church41, + author={A. Church}, + title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number={6}, + year={1941}, + publisher={Princeton University} +} + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + + +@misc + { CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeWebSite + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} + } + +@misc + { CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} + } + + +// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS +@inproceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} + + +// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, +// so cited as foundation a lot +@article{emerson91, + title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages={368--377}, + year={1991} +} + + +// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as +@article{fortune78, + title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages={114--118}, + year={1978}, + publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} + + + +// Smalltalk reference +@book{goldberg83, + title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year={1983}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley} +} + + +// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently +@inproceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, +} + + +// Java spec +@book + { gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = {1996} + } + + +// Survey of prototyping parallel apps +@article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {32}, + number = {1}, + year = {2000}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// Original CSP paper +@article{hoare78, + author={C. A. R. Hoare}, + title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal={Communications of the ACM}, + year={1978}, + volume={21}, + number={8}, + pages={666-677} +} + + +// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. +// This paper does a beautiful job.. +@article{huth, + title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author={Huth, M.}, + journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages={369--380}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow +@article + { johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {36}, + number = {1}, + year = {2004}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} + } + + +@book + { koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = {1993}, + publisher = {MIT Press} + } + + +// mu calculus paper with 430 citations +@article{kozen83, + title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author={Kozen, D.}, + journal={TCS}, + volume={27}, + pages={333--354}, + year={1983} +} + + +// original kripke structure paper +@article{kripke63, + title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author={Kripke, S.}, + journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume={9}, + pages={67--96}, + year={1963} +} + + +@book + { mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = {1985} + } + + +// Milner's own citation to development of CCS +@book{milner80, + title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author={Milner, R.}, + year={1980}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Milner's own pi-calculus reference +@article{milner92, + title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal={Information and Computation}, + volume={100}, + number={1}, + pages={1--40 and 41--77}, + year={1992}, + publisher={Academic Press} +} + + +// more recent Pi calculus reference +@book + { milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {1999} + } + + +// MPI reference +@book + { MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = {1994} + } + + +// Petri nets original citation +@article{petri62, + title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author={Petri, C.A.}, + journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume={62}, + pages={386--390}, + year={1962} +} + + +// Pierce Type system book +@book{pierce02, + title={Types and Programming Languages}, + author={Pierce, B. C.}, + year={2002}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + +// Survey of Visual programming +@Article + { price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = {4}, + number = {3}, + pages = {211--266} + } + + + +@misc + { pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} + } + + +// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing +@unpublished + { reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = {2003}, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} + } + + +// Parallel Pascal +@Article + { reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = {1}, + number = {}, + year = {1984}, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} + } + + +// Survey of parallel langs and models +@article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {2}, + year = {1998}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues +@article{stefik86, + title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal={The AI Magazine}, + volume={6}, + number={4}, + year={1986} +} + + +// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset +// of temporal logics +@book{stirling92, + title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author={Stirling, C.}, + year={1992}, + publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} + + +// Titanium website +@misc + { TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} + } + + +// website with scans of original work by Turing +@misc{turing38, + author={A. Turing}, + note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and +http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and +http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year={1938} +} + + +// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas +@book{vonNeumann45, + title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author={J. von Neumann}, + year={1945}, + publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} +} + + +// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics +@book{winskel93, + title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author={Winskel, G.}, + year={1993}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/plain.bst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/plain.bst Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@ +% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' + % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. + % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved. + % Copying of this file is authorized only if either + % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or + % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than + % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst. + % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical. + % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style. + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + edition + editor + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label } + +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } + +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} + +STRINGS { s t } + +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} + +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem{" write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names + editor num.names$ #1 > + { ", editors" * } + { ", editor" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title "t" change.case$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year empty$ + { month empty$ + { "" } + { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ + month + } + if$ + } + { month empty$ + 'year + { month " " * year * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title emphasize +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { " of " * series emphasize * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "number" } + { "Number" } + if$ + number tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } + { " in " * series * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * } + { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check + { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } + { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + number empty$ + 'skip$ + { "(" number * ")" * * + volume empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ format.pages } + { ":" * pages n.dashify * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { "chapter" } + { type "l" change.case$ } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.connect + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { editor empty$ + { "In " booktitle emphasize * } + { "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} +{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ + month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ + and and and and and + key empty$ not and + { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ + type "t" change.case$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ type empty$ + { "Technical Report" } + 'type + if$ + number empty$ + { "t" change.case$ } + { number tie.or.space.connect } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ key empty$ + { journal empty$ + { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * + warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} +{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + editor num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ " et~al." * } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + "In " + } + { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + " of " * + } + if$ + editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { series empty$ + { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" * + } + { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { key * } + if$ + } + { format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { booktitle empty$ + { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + } + { "In " format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { journal emphasize "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished address new.block.checkb + howpublished output + address output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.pages output + address empty$ + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + organization output + publisher output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output.nonnull + address output + } + if$ + } + { format.authors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { address new.block.checka + address output + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + { organization address new.block.checkb + organization output + address output + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + title howpublished new.block.checkb + format.title output + howpublished new.block.checka + howpublished output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry + empty.misc.check +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + new.block + "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + editor empty$ + { organization output } + { format.editors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + address empty$ + { editor empty$ + { publisher new.sentence.checka } + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + } + if$ + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + editor empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output } + if$ + publisher output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + note "note" output.check + format.date output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +MACRO {jan} {"January"} + +MACRO {feb} {"February"} + +MACRO {mar} {"March"} + +MACRO {apr} {"April"} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"June"} + +MACRO {jul} {"July"} + +MACRO {aug} {"August"} + +MACRO {sep} {"September"} + +MACRO {oct} {"October"} + +MACRO {nov} {"November"} + +MACRO {dec} {"December"} + +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} + +MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} + +MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} + +READ + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { nameptr #1 > + { " " * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr numnames = t "others" = and + { "et al" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} +{ author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {presort} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.organization.sort + { type$ "manual" = + 'author.organization.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { longest.label } + +INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } + +FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} +{ "" 'longest.label := + #1 'number.label := + #0 'longest.label.width := +} + +FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} +{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := + number.label #1 + 'number.label := + label width$ longest.label.width > + { label 'longest.label := + label width$ 'longest.label.width := + } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} + +ITERATE {longest.label.pass} + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/.pdf --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/.pdf Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: PDF2EPS - 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Can't find image\n) print flush +%%EndDocument diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/PRT__tutorial_explanation_learning.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/PRT__tutorial_explanation_learning.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2570 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{amstext} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{ The Proto-Runtime Abstraction Applied to the +Construction +of Parallel Domain Specific Languages} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, + and TU Berlin} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Merten Sach} + {TU Berlin} + {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + + + +Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. +As one step to ameliorate this, we apply the proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port the runtime systems of parallel languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by providing an interface +that separates the language-construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. +As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, multiple languages can be mixed within +the same program, and reusable services such as performance +tuning and debugging +support are available. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. +We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement for existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of implementations +based on proto-runtime, going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. + +? + + +replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging\end{abstract} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background and Motivation} +\label{sec:intro} + +[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] + +As hardware becomes increasingly parallel, programming must also +become parallel. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. + +The main difficulties with parallel programming are: 1) difficult mental model, which reduces productivity, 2) additional effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in work practices. + +Many believe that these can be overcome with the use of embedded style parallel Domain-Specific Languages (epDSLs) []. epDSL language +constructs match the mental model of the domain, while +they internally imply parallelism. For example, a simulation +epDSL called HWSim[] has only 10 constructs, which match +the actions taken during a simulation +of interacting objects. They are mixed into sequential C code and take +only a couple of hours to learn. Yet they encapsulate subtle +and complex dependencies that relate simulated time +to the physical time in the machine. They encapsulate the parallelism +present, while simultaneously making the implementation +simpler to think about than a purely sequential implementation. + + + + Despite this, the adoption of such languages has been slow, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. + +We propose that a method that makes epDSLs lower cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise. We show +how to apply the proto-runtime approach to help towards this goal. + +In this approach, a language's runtime system is built +as a plugin that is connected to a pre-existing proto-runtime instance installed on given hardware. Together, the plugin +plus proto-runtime instance form the runtime system +of the language. The proto-runtime instance itself acts as the infrastructure of a runtime system, and +encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, +while providing a number of services for use by the +plugged in language module. + +A proto-runtime instance is essentially a full runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The proto-runtime instance then supplies +the rest of the runtime system. + +The decomposition, into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors, modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. + +We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). + +\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware +related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + +\item The modularization gives the language control +over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + + +\item + +The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + +\end{itemize} + + +\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). + +\begin{itemize} + + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing common services for all languages to (re)use. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). + +\item Part is due to hiding the low +level hardware aspects inside the proto-runtime module, +independent from language (\S \ref{sec:intro}). + +\item Part is due to reuse of the effort of performance-tuning the runtime internals (\S ). + +\item Part is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + + +\end{itemize} + +\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + + +\item The proto-runtime approach appears to future-proof language +runtime +construction, because the patterns underlying proto-runtime appear to be fundamental (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and so should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused on those, although performance related updates to the +plugins may be desired. + +\end{itemize} + +The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style parallel DSLs (epDSLs), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of epDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. +We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. +With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background: The epDSL Hypothesis} + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + +Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. + +In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical systems, bio-informatics, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. + + +The custom syntax can capture parallelism information while simultaneously being natural to think about. In practice, multiple aspects of domains provide opportunities for parallelism. For example, the custom data structures seen by the coder can be internally implemented with distributed algorithms; common operations in the domain can be internally implemented with parallel algorithms; and, the domain constructs often imply dependencies. All of these are gained without the programmer being aware of this implied parallelism; they just follow simple language usage rules. + + + +\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} + +A style of domain language, which we feel has good adoption potential, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base sequential language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. + + +For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, then mix-in custom syntax from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a runtime library that becomes linked, at run time, to an implementation that has been tuned to the hardware. + +As with HWSim, the number of such embedded +constructs tends to be low, easy to learn, and significantly +reduce the complexity of the code written. All while +implicitly specifying parallelism. + +Additionally, parallel versions, or epDSLs have more than just a syntactic advantage over libraries. The language has a toolchain that provides build-time optimization and can take advantage of relationships among distinct constructs within the code. The relationship information allows derivation of communication patterns that inform the choice of placement of work, which is critical to performance on parallel hardware. +\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} + eDSLs tend to have low learning curve because domain experts are already familiar with the concepts behind the language constructs, and there are relatively few constructs +for an embedded DSL. This is especially valuable for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these address the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. + +Productivity has been shown to be enhanced by a well designed DSL, with studies measuring +10x reduction in development time [][][]. Factors +behind this include simplifying the application code, modularizing it, and encapsulating performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. + +Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familiar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. + +Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. The aspects that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, so only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware. Although fully achieving such isolation isn't always possible, epDSLs hold promise for making significant strides towards it. + +\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} + +Using an epDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + Constructs from the epDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. + + \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} + +What appears to be holding epDSLs back from widespread +adoption is mainly the time, expertise, and cost to develop an epDSL. The effort to create a usable epDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for a user base of only a few hundred. + +The effort falls into three categories: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item effort to explore language design and create the epDSL syntax +\item effort to create the runtime that produces the epDSL behavior +\item effort to performance tune the epDSL on particular hardware +\end{itemize} + + +\subsection{The big picture} + +Across the industry as a whole, when epDSLs become successful, there may be thousands of epDSLs, that +each must be mapped onto hundreds of different hardware platforms. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the epDSL approach economically viable. + +The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. + +The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation and toolchain optimizations. +Runtime implementation includes hardware-specific low-level tuning and modification of mapping of work onto cores. + +This is where leveraging the proto-runtime approach +pays off. Hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. Proto-runtime +presents a common abstraction for all hardware +platforms, but a portion of the interface supplies performance related +information specific to the hardware. This portion is specialized for each +cluster. Examples of clusters include: + +\begin{itemize} +\item single chip shared coherent memory +\item multi-chip shared coherent memory (NUMA) +\item coprocessor with independent address space (GPGPU) +\item a network among nodes of the above categories +(Distributed) \item a hierarchy of sub-networks +\end{itemize} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} + +We propose addressing the runtime effort portion of creating +an epDSL by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface, called the \textit{proto-runtime +instance}. The language supplies +the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module (proto-runtime instance) presents the same interface +for all platforms, with a specialization for each category +of platform sharing similar performance related features. The proto-runtime module only has to be implement once for a given platform, and is then reused by all the languages. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +Because of the modularization, a language has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing just for each category. + +The higher level of abstraction simplifies the task for the language implementer. +The language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. + +One additional benefit is that the assignment module +gives control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. +This simplifies implementation of language features related to scheduling behavior. +It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated +methods for choosing placement of work, which can significantly impact +application performance. + +In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent +shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical +heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. + +\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} + +The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig. +\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. One is a thin wrapper library that +invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of that invoked runtime. These are called +the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation + is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper + that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic + library that plugs into the runtime.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + + + +Thus, a non-changing application executable is able to invoke hardware specific plugin code, which changes between machines. The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library. The library is implemented, compiled, distributed and installed separately from applications. The application executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. + + +In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs, +even a simple mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms +of the primitives in the tie-point model. In turn, +the tie-point primitives are implemented +by proto-runtime. + + This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching +channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime instance. + +We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either +start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. + + + +\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} + + +\subsection{timelines} +A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. + +For example, take a thread library, which we consider +a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:singleTimeline} +\end{figure} + + + Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but +it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. +The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact +of the release on one timeline has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes +the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points. +Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point +2 on timeline B. +It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that +establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} + \label{fig:dualTimeline} +\end{figure} + +Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about +how the release goes about causing the end of the block +on the acquire. It reveals +a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the +acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts +with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication +sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then +checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't +and leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline +B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication +to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline +A is waiting for the release and performs a special +control action that resumes timeline A, followed by +doing the control action again to resume timeline B. + It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire +gets linked to the release, tying the constructs together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that +performs the behavior that ties the points together. +Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent +as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows +represent special control that causes resume of the +target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and +B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which +calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then +exercises control to make resume happen.} + \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} +\end{figure} + + + +We show in \S\ref{sec:FormalTiePoint} that the pattern +of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes +an ordering relationship between events before and +after the tied points. That implies a relation on +the visibility of events. + +Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between +the timelines. Operations that execute in +the first timeline before the tie-point are visible +in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies +the requirements +of a synchronization construct. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} + \caption{The +visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. Shows which + operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other +timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing +an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied +points. Both timelines agree on what events are before +versus after the tied point. } + \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} +In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs +can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting +there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization +construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point +and use it to show that a tie point +satisfies the conditions of any +such synchronization +construct. + +Our formalism defines timelines, communication between +timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. +We conclude by showing a few classical definitions +of synchronization and show that those definitions +are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. + +\subsubsection{} + +\begin{description} +\item[timeline:] +\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered +sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the +subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, +and vice versa. + Any and all memory locations in a system are part + of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that +timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that +is separate +from any timeline that code executes in). + +\item[event:] +\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} +\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event +that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, +which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a +send of a communication which pushes out contents from +the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication +which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, +a synchronization +construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way +as to establish a relation between events on this timeline +versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted +$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma +,t}$ where $s$ +and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position +on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes +the synchronization construct. +\item[communication:] +\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of +one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events +from different timelines, with the send +event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto +r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication +set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the +timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication +orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. +However, the ordering is only between two points. In +particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline +2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on +timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position +of the ordering integer represents a wild +card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ +followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} +< s_{2,\_,2}$ + implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. + +\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not +seen by application code. It has an additional +kind of event available, which ends a synchronization +event on a different timeline. + We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, + standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position + on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the +event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application +visible timeline implies a send from that timeline +to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow +s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ + +\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more +synchronization points from different timelines which +are related by a particular pattern of communications. +As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, +as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. + +\end{description} + +We now show that from these definitions it follows: +[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. + +We take the event immediately preceding and the event +immediately following two synchronization events on +two timelines. The synchronization events begin with +a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. +The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to +a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, +and later in its sequence it has a receive for the +synchronization event from the second timeline. The +hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. + +From that, we get the following relations: + +Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. + +This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. + +\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} +Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing +a synchronization construct this way any different +from how they're currently implemented?" The answer +is that currently, synchronization constructs are +implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, +where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction +to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the +hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled +from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements +according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. + +What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that +has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. +For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, +the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the +instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive +access is the part that provides the ordering relations. +So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point +portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in +semantics portion associated with the tie point. + +In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply +say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization +construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather +has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must +create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization +can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed +for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization +construct. For example, any asynchronous communication +establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can +be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining +memory consistency models. + +The key here is the elements of the model within which +tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not +exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline +have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, +ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves +(or be suspended by a different timeline), +and be resumed by a different timeline. + +Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization +can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually +one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point +is derived, versus synchronization is given. + +True, the two are equally powerful. + +More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and +more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own +scheduler, have no control over where and when work +happens. + +It is different because it only directly provides half +the behavior, the time half. in the sense that + +The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point +is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement +synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can +implement other sync constructs.. + +But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs +nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed +memory things that sync constructs cannot. + +The sync constructs can be used together with shared +memory-based communication in order to make more complex +sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed +memory system to make distributed memory things. + +Unless use communication to implement shared memory +on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's +a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- +proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, +which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose +that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application +code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code +running in an application timeline.. so.. need to +get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" +timeline, versus function call.. + +What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from +equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want +that notion of animator in there.. and want to get +at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched +over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from +just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator +just by entering the code that implements the mutex? +Say, place that code in-line in the application code +everywhere it's used.. + +Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the +pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, +which is how the more-primitive operations are able +to construct the more powerful mutex. That might +be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. +show that things that have no time-related semantics, +only simple one-way communication, are able to construct +the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence +of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. + +In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from +must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern +within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all +you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, +in order to prove synchronization properties.. where +"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility +relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. +the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual +exclusion". + +This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that +those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence +the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, +that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical +section, cannot take actions +that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the +end of the critical section, need the same isolation. + + +Let's see.. the relation model said that something +with synchronization constraints can be created from +just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long +as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. + +What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as +the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what +a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter +how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. + +So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct +a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation +thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed +with a synchronization construct. + +I guess the question would be: if one starts with a +synchronization construct existing within a distributed +system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs +from that one.. + +For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive +thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? + +For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one +of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ +has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. +but being able to construct one from something that +is NOT one, whose individual components all have less +than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. +then it is a particular combination that brings the extra +time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. +It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings +that extra into existence that is of value. + +It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from +simpler pieces. + +So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" +synchronization construct property, construct something +that does have the synchronization property. That, +is building something more powerful from pieces that +are less powerful. + +The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot +be used by itself. It requires addition before it +can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive +at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times +M\mapsto M$.. but can't +use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. +So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, +but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't +do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't +accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide +$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside +of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. + +*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, +because it doesn't do anything. No computation is +performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of +computation, then?) + +The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior +-- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a +particular set of constraints on time.. constructed +out of primitives none of which have sych nor time +behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. + +Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed +directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs +in distributed system? Does using sync constructs +do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it +add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms +of something that already has the property being constructed.. +that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that +has the property and building something else that has +it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and +building something that does. + +So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after +property of communication to derive compound communication, +of particular write to particular read, via memory +locations. + +So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the +tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the +other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between +the two timelines. + +Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. + +Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. +the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before +the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just +establishes a half tie-point, no? + +In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. + +Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point +cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". + A sync construct is a full tie-point. + + +================================================ + + +\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} +We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, +where a timeline is a type of lifeline. +We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between +lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. + +\begin{description} +\item[event:] +\(E \) represents an event, which is something that +can be initiated or observed. +\item[occurrence:] +\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated +integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) + +\item[clock:] +\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer +onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) + is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) +is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation +of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated +to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value +associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated +\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated +\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one +lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple +beats +from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, +including one initiated earlier in the sequence of +the lifeline, +and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, +each multiple times. + +\item[projection:] +Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) + is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) +\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). + This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat +of the second lifeline. + +\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting +of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do +not participate in projections, plus a set of projections +that cross the two beats in the forward direction. +Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an +ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) +|iy\ \) +\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. +The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and +ends with the end of all lifelines. + +\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. +Given two positions within different sequences, if +one or both both can be +validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to +define valid rearrangements, so they occupy + the same position in their rearranged sequences, then +they are equivalent positions. + +\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are +equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation +measurements of interest. If the observation measurement +involves sequences, then the two events must lie at +equivalent positions within their respective sequences. + +\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats +can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline +has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do +not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. +Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. + +\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that +their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent +lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines +in one run can be different from the projections in +the other run. + +\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. +\end{description} + + +Some things to note: A particular occurrence +can be associated to at most one beat from a given +lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated +to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may +be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. +Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. + +For example, the event could +be writing a value into a variable. Two separate +write events are considered equivalent occurrences if +they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location +is associated to the same particular +variable, and happen within valid partial orderings +relative to the other occurrences. This is normally +compared across re-creations of the "universe" that +provides the context for the orderings of events instances. + +========= + + Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats +-- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the +distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it +through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. + +So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs +are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! + + What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. + +So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. + +The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. + +From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this +defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- +the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect + +======= + +From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. + +The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may +be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, +and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation +is on non-origin lifeline. + +But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. + In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, +they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal +state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat +that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the +same internal activity will have the behavior of a +full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves +resumed in different internal activities. + +A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. + +The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. + +For +example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired +receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. + +For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared +context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner +and resume self else place self onto end of sequence +of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner +and place the next in sequence of special beats into +lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. +in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can +form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. +? + +==== + +Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description +of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. + + + + + +\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates +to tie-points} + +To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to +specify a synchronization construct, we first state +clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. + +The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two +independent timelines, both performing reads and writes +within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The +timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any +write on Timeline A can be received by any read of +the same address on +Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, +the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} + \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines +by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each +other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} + \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} +\end{figure} + + + +To control the behavior of writes and reads to the +same addresses, a common point must be established, which +limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to +each other. A synchronization construct is used for +this. +The net effect of such a construct is to establish +a common point that both timelines agree on. This +point separates reads and writes before it from reads +and writes after it. + +For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline +before entering the critical section. Any writes performed +on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. + +The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, +any writes performed by that new +timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible +to reads performed by the old timeline before it released +the lock. + +With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct +as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has +the property that it creates +a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different +timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point +fit our definition of synchronization constructs. + + +\subsection{More on tie-points} + +Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by +a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes +behavior in the gaps; 3) resume +called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement +of instruction completion relative to resume. + +What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. + + +Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point +do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint +on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible + timeline that embodies notions such as dependency + between units of work, mutual exclusion, + partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the + primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion +of reads/writes. + +It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside +the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up +sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the +semantics of a synchronization construct. + +A workshop paper also discusses tie points +[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and +will be published in a future paper. + + + +\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} + + Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the +proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. +It acts as the hidden timeline. + + The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations +of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: + + %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. + +%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. + +%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) + +\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with +parameters from application +\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution +\item end a timeline +\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered +core + +\end{itemize} + +Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + + +The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire +can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, +which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. + +The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task +or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner +portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. + + + +\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} + +To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing +acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: + +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, +and +provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the +mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it +continues to make progress. However, if a different thread +already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue +of waiting threads, and stops making progress. +\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and +provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread +that called the release construct.. +\end{itemize} + +This calls for a data structure that has two fields: +one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, +the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire +the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple +reads +and writes of the data structure. Hence, the + structure must be protected +from races between different threads. + +The protection +is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, +and where performance issues come into the picture. +It could be accomplished with a single global lock + that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished +with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence +mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus +quorum techniques. + +However, the implementation of the semantics is independent +of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, +and an interface can be placed between them. One side +of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of +the data structure, while the other side implements +protecting the first side from interference. + +The side that provides protection requires fields, +for its use, to be placed into the data structure used +to represent a thread. To hide those details, +the protection side should also provide +primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend +and resume them. + +This interface that separates the semantic side from +the protection +side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables +the modularization of runtime system implementations. + +The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking +about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. + That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization +behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. + + %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization +%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves +%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. + + + + + +\section{Concrete Details} +Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize +a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is +time to make the concepts concrete by showing code +segments that implement each of the concepts, and code +segments that use the concepts. We will start with +the big picture and work down. + +The first stop will be the development process, showing +how it is fractured into three separate and independent +development activities. Next, we will show examples +of how application +code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls +down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, +we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, +where we will focus on the interaction between plugin +code and proto-runtime code. + +In this last portion, we will show how the +interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside +the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will +show how providing +a consistent environment + is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion + of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is + the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline + that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs +to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. + + +\subsection{Three independent development efforts} + +To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the +three independent paths that development takes: +one for development of proto-runtime code, one for +development of language implementation, and one for +application development. Each of these produces a separate +installable artifact. +The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. + +The proto-runtime code is developed separately from +both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +The wrapper library, however, is not +installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it +is only used during development of an application, +and remains independent of hardware. + +Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +When an application is executed, the loader binds the +dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. + In this way, a single, +unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +However, the success of the compile-once approach has +limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work +itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. + +\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} + +At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each +of two cores, as the core is switched between application +code and runtime code. It is too early to understand +the details, but this figure can be referred back to +as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. +Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. + +At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, +and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is +depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, +along with the animation of application code by those virtual +processors. + +? + +The application passes information to a wrapper library +call, +such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the +information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime +primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing +that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer +to the plugin function that will handle the request. +The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which +other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library +call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from +whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a +synchronization construct. + +However, there is one last step between the request +handler marking a timeline as ready to resume +and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the +assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. +The request handlers stack up work that is free to +be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which +of those to place onto an offered core. + + + + + +\begin{figure*}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] + {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} + \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple +cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls +between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the +code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated +by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core +2. The boxes +represent virtual processors, each with its associated +timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative +ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request +Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, +which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime +code module.} + \label{fig:physTimeSeq} +\end{figure*} + + + +\subsection{Using language constructs} +In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs +take the form of function calls. The reader familiar +with posix threads will have used function calls to +perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. +Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the +same way. + +We use posix threads for our example because it is +a familiar language that the reader already knows well. +It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. + +\subsubsection{Main and startup} +Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime +system must be started, and a proto-runtime process +must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the +create process was given a pointer +to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime +based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime +based languages that will be used in the application, +and must create the virtual processors and tasks that +perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. + +==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == + +\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth +function} +Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts +the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It +is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. +Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two +threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both +threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the +command that kills the virtual processor that is animating +the function. + +==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, +Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== + +Notice the signature +of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer +to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is +the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for +proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. + + +Also, notice that the standard signature includes a +pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime +defined structure, which holds the meta-information +about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed +the structure of the virtual processor that is animating +it. + +An illuminating aside is that the birth function for +a posix thread doesn't need +to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. +That is because the operating system tracks which thread +is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing +an instruction that suspends the code executing on +the core and switches +the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel +then looks up the data structure that is assigned to +the core. + +That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the +pointer to the thread that was animating the application +code that called the posix construct. But the implementation +of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't +have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, +and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data +structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. + +Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created +by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent +of mutex acquire and release to protect access to +a critical section. Notice that the signature +is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. +Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to +each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next +several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure +is used. + +==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and +release to protect a counter plus print of count value== + + +\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} + +Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls +reveals code such as in Fig X. + +==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== + +There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data +structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime +call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library +calls. The data structure is used to carry information +into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was +started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is +the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends +application code and switches to the kernel. For the +implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this +call is implemented with assembly instructions. + +This wrapper library code is placed on the machine +used during development of the application, and is +compiled into the application executable. However, +the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, +and is not part of the application executable. + +Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to +a function. This is called the handler function, and +is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime +will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled +way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment +to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. +We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the +handler function, and what such a handler function +looks like. + +First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and +switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X + +==assembly of suspend and switch== + +All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer +into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program +counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, +which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. + +\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched +to} + +The PR assembly code switches the core to executing +the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. + +==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== + +All this does is invoke the handler function named +in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. +This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point +model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, +fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens +to use a global lock for each language's environment. + However other implementations are possible. In order + to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap + instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random + backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. + + The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes + on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point + model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special + beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that + executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler + code that then establishes the causal connections + between such special beats, and so ties them together. + The causal connection is via the changes make to the + language environment. + + So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. + The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat + and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The + lock is what isolates and sequentializes + the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language + environment is the hidden state used to establish + causal connection between special beats. + + + +This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. + +Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. + + +If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. + +Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. + +This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. + +? + +Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. + +The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. + +=================== + + +\subsection{not sure} +A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. + +However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. + +As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. + +? + +The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. + +? + +The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". +The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. + +================= + +\subsection{more on tie-points} +Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. + +From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. + +However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. + +Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. + +The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. + +That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. + + +The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. + +At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. + +The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. + +=========== + +The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. + +So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. + +For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. + +============ + + +\subsection{More on eDSLs} +%====================================== + +%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + +%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. + +%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. + + +% ============== + +%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. + +%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. + +%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Details} +\label{subsec:Details} + + what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. + +modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. + +? + + + + overhead measurements + +implementation time measurements + + discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. + + give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. + + summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the +least, the same effort would have to be expended on +each and every language that we expended on performance +tuning our proto-runtime. + + We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to + +illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + +Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). + +Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). + + + +? + + + + + The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints +due to data dependencies. + + a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. + +? + +The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. + + + + this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. + + implementing language logic, + +show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. + +give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, +we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. + +support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. + + discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. + +reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} +With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} + +\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} +For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. + +For runtime performance: + +-- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) + +-- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) + +-- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci + +-- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{} +\label{tab} + +As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. + + +\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} +\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} +Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. +\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} +In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk +\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} +OMPSs +\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} +VOMP + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} +Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. + +Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements +of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. + + +\begin{centering} +\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} + \cline{2-8} + \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ + \cline{2-8} + \noalign{\vskip2pt} + \hline + Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ + Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ + Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ + L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\caption +{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. +} +\end{centering} +\label{tabPersonHoursLang} + +%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} +%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} + +We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. + +We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. + + +\begin{center} +\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for +the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ +\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline +\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline +%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline +\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline +\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + + + +The first two methods have poor runtime and application +performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. + +Both also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. + +For the same reason, porting is poor for these two +approaches. The DSL's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. + +Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra +effort is expended to take advantage. + +Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. + +Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. +%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. + + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + + +Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. + + The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. + +The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. + +Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. + +Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. + +Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: +\begin{itemize} +\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. +\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. +\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. +\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. +\end{itemize} + + +\end{document} +============================================= +== +== +== +== +== +============================================= + +\section{The Problem} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. + +To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). + +Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). + +The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). + +\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} +\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. + +A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. + +In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. + +Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. + +The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. + +In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. + +Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. + + +\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} +\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. + +DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. + +It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. + +In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. + +\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} +\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. + + +An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} +\begin{verbatim} +newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} +\begin{verbatim} +SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} +\begin{verbatim} +messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} +} +} + +\caption +{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. +} +\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} +\end{figure} +An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. + +As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. + +It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. + +\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} +\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. + +For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. + +An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. + +When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. + +The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. + +The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + +Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). + +\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. + +Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. + +In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. + + + During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. + +If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. + +For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. + +The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. + + +\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + +Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. + +The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. + +The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. + +For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. + +While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. + +These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. + +For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. + + +One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: +\begin{itemize} +\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. +\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. +\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. +\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. +\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Summary of Section} + [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. + +The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. + +The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Description} +\label{sec:idea} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + + +Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. + +The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. + +\subsection{Creating an eDSL} + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} + \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} + \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} +\end{figure} + +As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. + +As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. + +\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} + +\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} +-- standardizes runtime code +-- makes familiar going from one lang to another +-- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs + +-- show the enums, and the switch table + +-- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave + +\subsubsection{The Request Handler} +-- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. + +-- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL + +\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } +The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. + +For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. + +Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. + +This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. + +\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + +-- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) + +-- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency + +\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} +-- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) + +-- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. + +\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} + +-- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. +-- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. +-- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. +-- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. + +Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. +-- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, +-- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. +-- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption + +-- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. + +-- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects + +-- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + + +\section{(outline and notes)} + +-- What a plugin looks like: + +-- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units + +-- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. + +-- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), + +-- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). + + +-- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. + + + + +\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. + + +\subsection{Some Definitions} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. + +In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. + +\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. + +For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. + +It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. + + +The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. + + + +======= + + I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). + Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. + Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. + +================= + +\subsection{The patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + + +Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. + +Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + + +\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The +basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. + +Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. + +Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. + +Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. + +\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. + +Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. +The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. + +Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. + +Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. + +Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. + +Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. + +\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. + +The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. + +For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} + \caption{Something to help understanding} + \label{fig:SCG_expl} +\end{figure} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Details} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] +[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. + +Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. + +Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. + +\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Demonstrate reuse of language logic: +All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. + +? + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + +? + +In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. + +The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and +other application features. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} + +\subsection{Implementation time} + + +\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} + + + +\end{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +Here is an example of netlist creation: + +The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. + + Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. + +First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: + +To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. + +The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimNetlist * +createPingPongNetlist() + { HWSimNetlist *netlist; + HWSimElem **elems; + HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; + HWSimCommPath **commPaths; + int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); + + numElems = 2; + elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); + + numCommPaths = 2; + commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); + + numActivityTypes = 1; + activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); + + netlist->numElems = numElems; + netlist->elems = elems; + netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; + netlist->commPaths = commPaths; + netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; + netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //have to create activity types before create elements + //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist + elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. + +Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements + elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. + +This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 + commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); + commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units + + //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 + commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); + commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +done building netlist, return it +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + return netlist; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ +do{\ + commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ + commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ + }while(0); //macro magic for namespace +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimElem * +createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) + { HWSimElem *elem; + elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); + elem->numInPorts = 1; + elem->numOutPorts = 1; + elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); + elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port + elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; + return elem; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimActivityType * +createPingPongActivityType( ) + { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; + pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); + + pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; + pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; + return pingPongActivityType; + } +\end{verbatim} \end{small} + + +========= + +All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. + +Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +void +pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 + HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +There are four ways a behavior can end: +\begin{description} +\item end, no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + +============= + + +\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} +All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. + +Here's an example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { + return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} + +The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) + { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +====== + +Details of VMS interface, details of its impl on multi-core, details of differences on different machines. + +wrapper-lib calls VMS-supplied primitive that suspends the virtual-processor calling the lib, and sends a request to VMS. VMS calls lang-supplied plugin to handle requests -- this is the part of the scheduler that handles constraints -- it determines which virt-processors must remain suspended, and which are free to be re-animated. + +The language is implemented as either a collection of wrapper-lib calls embedded into the base language, or as custom syntax that uses uses the VMS-supplied primitive to suspend virtual processors and send requests to VMS. + + +VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. From the application-programmer point of view, the embedded version looks like a function call, albeit the data-struc of the virtual-processor animating the code has to be passed as a parameter to the wrapper-lib call. + +Hence, VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. + +The wrapper-lib call is standard library code that is loaded along with the application executable. + +However, VMS primitives may be hardware-implemented, or loaded as OS modules, or dynamic or static libraries. Rhey are naturally custom instructions, but may be emulated by software. + +The interface between application-executable and language-runtime is the VMS-primitive that sends a request to VMS. The language-runtime receives the request under control of VMS, which calls a language-supplied request-handling function and passes the request as a parameter. This passive behavior of the request handler leaves control-flow inside VMS, which is part of hiding concurrency from the language-runtime implementation. + +The interface between the runtime and VMS is VMS's plugin API. The runtime is implemented as two functions, whose pointers are handed to VMS. VMS then controls the flow of execution. When a request is ready for the runtime, VMS cIalls the request-handler function, and when a spot on hardware is free for work, VMS calls the scheduler-assign function. Hence, the language implements its runtime as two isolated functions. By keeping control-flow inside VMS, the language-specific portion of the runtiem is simplified. + +This structure is also the reason VMS encourages reuse of scheduler code. The VMS API separates out control flow from scheduling, so scheduling code is isolated, with well-defined interfaces. Scheduling is then further sub-divided into modules: constraint-management (IE enforcing dependencies); and choosing physical location to place work. Each has its own well-defined interface, and they communicate to each other via VMS-managed shared state. + +The greatest application performance impact due to the scheduler is communication it causes. + +, management of the memory hierarchy, and the match between work-characteristics and hardware-characteristics (IE, assigning to accelerator vs CPU). Hence, significant work goes into implementing strategies and mechanisms for finding the best assignment-choices. Such implementations are only loosely coupled to language, through the shared state by which the request-handler informs the assigner of what work is ready to be animated. + +Hence, it is straight-forward to reuse the code that assigns work to physical locations. The only language-specific influence on the assigner is the shared constraint-state. + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,942 @@ + +@inbook{PerfToolPoem, +title = {The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe, Complete edition}, +chapter = {The Blind Men and the Elephant}, +author = {John Godfrey Saxe}, +publisher = {Boston: James R. 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+} +@Misc{DeblockingCode, + note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + title = {{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} +@Misc{SampleBLISCode, + note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + title = {{Sample BLIS Code}} +} +@Misc{OMPHome, + note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage} +} +@Misc{MapReduceHome, + author = {Google Corp.}, + note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + title = {{MapReduce} Home page} +} +@Misc{TBBHome, + author = {Intel Corp.}, + note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + title = {{TBB} Home page} +} +@Misc{HPFWikipedia, + author = {Wikipedia}, + note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + title = {{HPF} wikipedia page} +} +@Misc{OpenMPHome, + author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} +@Misc{MPIHome, + author = {open-mpi organization}, + note = 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Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. 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Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = 1985 +} +@Book{milner80, + title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author = {Milner, R.}, + year = 1980, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{milner92, + title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal = {Information and Computation}, + volume = 100, + number = 1, + pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {Academic Press} +} +@Book{milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 1999 +} +@Book{MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{petri62, + title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author = {Petri, C.A.}, + journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume = 62, + pages = {386--390}, + year = 1962 +} +@Book{pierce02, + title = {Types and Programming Languages}, + author = {Pierce, B. C.}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = 4, + number = 3, + pages = {211--266} +} +@Misc{pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} +} +@Unpublished{reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = 2003, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} +} +@Article{reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = 1, + number = {}, + year = 1984, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} +} +@Article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + year = 1998, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{stefik86, + title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal = {The AI Magazine}, + volume = 6, + number = 4, + year = 1986 +} +@Book{stirling92, + title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author = {Stirling, C.}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} +@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} +} +@Misc{turing38, + author = {A. Turing}, + note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year = 1938 +} +@Book{vonNeumann45, + title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author = {J. von Neumann}, + year = 1945, + publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} +} +@Book{winskel93, + title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author = {Winskel, G.}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/sigplanconf.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/sigplanconf.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% LaTeX Class/Style File +% +% Name: sigplanconf.cls +% +% Purpose: A LaTeX 2e class file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% This class file supercedes acm_proc_article-sp, +% sig-alternate, and sigplan-proc. +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul [atsign] windfall.com +% +% Created: 12 September 2004 +% +% Revisions: See end of file. +% +% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. +% To view a copy of this license, visit +% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ +% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, +% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] +\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] + +% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted +% from the ZzTeX macro package. + +% Token Hackery +% ----- ------- + + +\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} +\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} + +% This macro discards the next token. + +\def \@discardtok #1{}% token + +% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. + +{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 + +\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} + +} % \catcode + +% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. +% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark + +\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} + +% Control Sequence Names +% ------- -------- ----- + + +\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} + \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} + +\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} + \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} + +% Flags (Booleans) +% ----- ---------- + +% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with +% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. + +\def \@true {TT} +\def \@false {FL} + +\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean + +% IF and Predicates +% -- --- ---------- + +% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. +% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: +% +% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi + +% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: +% +% \@setflag \flag = {} + +% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional +% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with +% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. +% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. + +\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else + \@true \fi} +\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} + +\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@definedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} + +\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} + +\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp + +\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} + \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} +\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% + \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@empargq {\@empargq} + +\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} + \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} + +\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} + +\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + + +% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: +% +% \if \flaga \else \fi + + +% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. + +\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} + +\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \else + \@false + \fi} + +\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% + \@true + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +% Arithmetic +% ---------- + +\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} + +\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} + +% Options +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false +\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false +\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false +\@setflag \@natbib = \@true +\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true +\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 +\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false +\@setflag \@preprint = \@false +\@setflag \@reprint = \@false +\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false +\@setflag \@times = \@false + +% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. + +\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} + +\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} + +\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} + +\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} + +\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} + +\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} + +%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} + +\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} + +\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\ProcessOptions + +\if \@onecolumn + \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \fi + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} +\else + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} +\fi +\LoadClass{article} + +\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% + \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} + +% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. + +\def \setpagenumber #1{% + \setcounter{page}{#1}} + +\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% + #1 = #2 + \advance #1 by -1\parskip} + +% Document Parameters +% -------- ---------- + + +% Page: + +\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} +\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} + +\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} +\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\else + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\fi + +% Text area: + +\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} +\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} +\else + \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} +\fi + +\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} +\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} +\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} + +% Running foot: + +\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} + +% Paragraphs: + +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\else + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} +\fi + +\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} +\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} + +\frenchspacing +\pretolerance = 400 +\tolerance = \pretolerance +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} +\clubpenalty = 10000 +\widowpenalty = 10000 +\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} + +% Standard vertical spaces: + +\newskip{\standardvspace} +\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} + +% Margin paragraphs: + +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} +\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} + + +\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} +\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} + +\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% + \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} + +\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% + \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} + +% Floats: + +\setcounter{topnumber}{4} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} +\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} +\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} + +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} + +\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} +\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +% Miscellaneous: + +\errorcontextlines = 5 + +% Fonts +% ----- + + +\if \@times + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% + \if \@mathtime + \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% + \else +%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% + \fi +\else + \relax +\fi + +\if \@ninepoint + +\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% + \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} + +\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} + +\renewcommand{\small}{% + \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% + \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} + +\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} + +\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} + +\else\if \@tenpoint + +\relax + +\else + +\relax + +\fi\fi + +% Abstract +% -------- + + +\renewenvironment{abstract}{% + \section*{Abstract}% + \normalsize}{% + } + +% Bibliography +% ------------ + + +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\section*{\refname + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + \bibfont + \clubpenalty4000 + \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty + \widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} + +\if \@natbib + +\if \@authoryear + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} + \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} + \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, + % eliminate comma between author and year. + \let \cite = \citep +\else + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} + \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} +\fi +\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} + +\fi + +\def \bibfont {\small} + +% Categories +% ---------- + + +\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true + +\newcommand{\category}[3]{% + \if \@firstcategory + \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% + \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false + \else + \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% + \fi + \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} + +\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% + {\let \and = \relax + #1 [\textit{#2}]% + \if \@emptyargp{#4}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi + \else + :\space + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi + \textrm{#4}% + \fi}} + +% Copyright Notice +% --------- ------ + + +\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} +\def \@toappear {} +\def \@permission {} +\def \@reprintprice {} + +\def \@copyrightspace {% + \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% + \vbox to 1in{% + \vfill + \parbox[b]{20pc}{% + \scriptsize + \if \@preprint + [Copyright notice will appear here + once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par + \else + \@toappear + \fi + \if \@reprint + \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, + \@proceedings, + \@conferenceinfo, + pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par + \fi}}% + \end@float} + +\long\def \toappear #1{% + \def \@toappear {#1}} + +\toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata + \dots \@reprintprice\par} + +\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% + \gdef \@permission {#1}} + +\permission{% + Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or + part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without + fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or + commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full + citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to + post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific + permission and/or a fee.} + +% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: + +\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. + ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the + National Research Council of Canada (NRC). + As such, the Crown in Right of + Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting + nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution + is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} + +\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for + Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored + by a contractor or affiliate + of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, + royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} + +\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% + \permission{% + This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States + Government and is in the public domain.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% + \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} + +\reprintprice{\$10.00} + +\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% + \permission{% + Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. + It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. + Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in + #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} + +% Enunciations +% ------------ + + +\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} + \trivlist + \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +% Figures +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@caprule = \@true + +\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% + \addvspace{4pt} + \if \@caprule + \hrule width \hsize height .33pt + \vspace{4pt} + \fi + \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% + \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% + \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par + \else + \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% + \fi} + +\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% + \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} + +\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% + {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} + +% Hierarchy +% --------- + + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} + +\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\section}{% + \@startsection + {section}% + {1}% + {0pt}% + {-\@sectionaboveskip}% + {\@sectionbelowskip}% + {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\subsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsection}% + {2}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsubsection}% + {3}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip} + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% + \@startsection% + {paragraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} + +\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% + \@startsection% + {subparagraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \itshape}} + +% Standard headings: + +\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} + +\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} + +\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} + +% Identification +% -------------- + + +\def \@conferencename {} +\def \@conferenceinfo {} +\def \@copyrightyear {} +\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} +\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} + + +\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% + \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% + \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} + +\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} + +\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear + +\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} + +\let \crdata = \copyrightdata + +\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% + \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} + +% Lists +% ----- + + +\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} +\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} + +\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\else + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\fi + +\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} + +\renewcommand{\@listi}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmargini + \listparindent = 0pt} +%%% \itemsep = 1pt +%%% \parsep = 3pt} +%%% \listparindent = \parindent} + +\let \@listI = \@listi + +\renewcommand{\@listii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginii + \topsep = 1pt + \labelwidth = \leftmarginii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +% Mathematics +% ----------- + + +\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} + +% Miscellaneous +% ------------- + + +\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% + \vfill\eject + \global\@colht = \textheight + \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} + +\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} + +\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% + \let \\ = \@centercr + \leftskip = 0pt + \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} + +% Program Code +% ------- ---- + + +\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% + {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font + \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} + +% Running Heads and Feet +% ------- ----- --- ---- + + +\def \@preprintfooter {} + +\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% + \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} + +\if \@preprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize + \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil + \thepage \hfil + \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else\if \@reprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else + +\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty +\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty +\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty + +\fi\fi + +\def \@formatyear {% + \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} + +% Special Characters +% ------- ---------- + + +\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% + \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} + +% Title Page +% ----- ---- + + +\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false + +\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} +\def \@subtitletext {} + +\newcount{\@authorcount} + +\newcount{\@titlenotecount} +\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} + +\def \@titlebanner {} + +\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% + \gdef \@titletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% + \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} + \global\@increment \@authorcount + \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} + +\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% + \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; + use \string\authorinfo}{}} + +\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% + \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} + +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% + \pagestyle{plain}% + \if \@onecolumn + {\hsize = \standardtextwidth + \@maketitle}% + \else + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \fi + \@placetitlenotes + \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} + +\def \@maketitle {% + \begin{center} + \@settitlebanner + \let \thanks = \titlenote + {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth + \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth + \parfillskip = 0pt + \spaceskip = .7em + \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} + \vskip 6pt + \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par + \vskip 12pt + \ifcase \@authorcount + \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% + \else + \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% + \fi + \vspace{1.75pc} + \end{center}} + +\def \@settitlebanner {% + \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% + \vbox to 0pt{% + \vskip -32pt + \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par + \vss}% + \nointerlineskip + \fi} + +\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% + \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% + \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par + \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% + \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% + \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par + \else + \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par + \relax + \fi\fi + \vspace{20pt}} + +\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} + \vtop{% + \def \and {% + \hspace{16pt}} + \hsize = #1 + \normalfont + \centering + \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par + \vspace{5pt} + \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par + \vspace{2pt} + \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} + +\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% + \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% + \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% + \fi} + +\newtoks{\@fnmark} + +\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% + \global\@increment \@titlenotecount + \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or + \@fnmark = {\ast}\or + \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\S}\or + \@fnmark = {\P}\or + \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% + \fi + \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% + \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% + \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% + \reserved@a{#1}} + +\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% + \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} + +\newcount{\@authori} + +\iffalse +\def \additionalauthors {% + \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% + \section{Additional Authors}% + \label{@addauthors}% + \noindent + \@authori = 4 + {\let \\ = ,% + \loop + \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, + \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, + email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% + \@increment \@authori + \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% + \par + \fi + \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} +\fi + +\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors + +\def \@placetitlenotes { + \the\@titlenotetext} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% + {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% + \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) + \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ + \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 + \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} + +\newbox{\@measbox} + +\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} + \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% + #1 = \ht\@measbox} + +\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% + \insert\footins{% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore +%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% +%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% + \color@begingroup + \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} + +% LaTeX Modifications +% ----- ------------- + +\def \@seccntformat #1{% + \@name{\the#1}% + \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark + \quad} + +\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% + \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} + +% Revision History +% -------- ------- + + +% Date Person Ver. Change +% ---- ------ ---- ------ + +% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. + +% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. + +% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with +% \authorinfo. +% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. +% Compress article opener spacing. +% Add 'mathtime' option. +% Increase text height by 6 points. + +% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. +% Change default to Times text. + +% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot +% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. + +% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. + +% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. + +% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. + +% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', +% and it uses the full type width. + +% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. +% Allow margin paragraphs during review. + +% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. +% Remove proof and newdef environments. + +% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. +% Change footer to small italic and eliminate +% left portion if no \preprintfooter. +% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. +% Clean up and shrink copyright box. + +% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. + +% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. + +% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. +% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust +% spacing between items and paragraphs. + +% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated +% commands. + +% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. + +% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the +% 'preprint' option. + +% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. +% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure +% the natbib package. + +% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article +% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). + +% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. + +% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. +% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. + +% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by +% Stephen Chong). + +% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. +% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to +% control citation style when using natbib. +% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for +% 'authoryear' style. + +% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography +% environment. Also add to template so it will +% happen with natbib. + +% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. +% Just include in the template. + +% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. + +% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. +% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using +% 'authoryear' style. +% Add the \authorversion command. + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + PR OS thread(core1) + + + Main OS thread + + main + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + + PR_start() + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + birth Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR__start() + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + PR primitive Fnto create VP + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + resume + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + + core 1 + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR OS thread(core 2) + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,545 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + + + Resume (Point 2.R) + + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline B + + + + + Tied Point + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,754 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + + + Resume (Point 2.R) + + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + + + + + + HiddenTimeline + comm + comm + control + control + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,366 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + + + HiddenTimeline + comm + comm + control + control + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_single.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_single.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,306 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + Resume (Point 1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + + Hiddenmeta-comm + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + SyncPoint + + Timeline A + + + + write + read + + + + Timeline B + + + + + SyncPoint + + Timeline A + + + + write + read + + + SyncPoint + + write + + X + + + + + + + Timeline B + + Timeline A + + write + read + read + write + + shift relative to each other + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 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2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Timeline B + + + + + Suspend(Point A1.S) + + + + Resume (Point A1.R) + + Timeline A + + + + visible + NOT visible + + + visible + NOT visible + + Suspend(Point B1.S) + + + Resume (Point B1.R) + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2211 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Portability_stack_combined.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Portability_stack_combined.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2691 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lang Syntax + + + + Request Intf + + + + VMS Intf + + + + ISA + + + + + + + + + Interface + Layer + + + + + + + Toolchain + + + + Specializer + + + + + Specializer + + + + + + + + + Toolchain + + + + Specializer + + + + + Specializer + + + + + + + + + Toolchain + + + + Specializer + + + + + Specializer + + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + ParallelismConstructModule + + Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) + Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + Code Stack for Runtime System 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Ptr + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + Call via Ptr + + Top Level Fn + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back_2.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back_2.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2231 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + Top Level Fn + Work_Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Assigner Fn + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + + VP 2(created byapplication,on core 3) + + Master Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + send requestprimitive Fn + + + + + + + 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{BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test 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vms_vthread_8_32_128_512thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:12:20 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def 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M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 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neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] 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+stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_40cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_40cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,699 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_40cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:22:29 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_40cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:22:29 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 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L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,695 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale 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MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2376 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +770 511 N +0 560 V +1491 0 V +0 -560 V +770 511 L +Z stroke +770 1071 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT0 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 1001 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT0 +1778 1001 M +399 0 V +154 1854 R +25 -124 V +3985 1744 L +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT1 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 861 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT1 +1778 861 M +399 0 V +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 721 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +1778 721 M +399 0 V +618 2134 R +476 -856 V +796 -271 V +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 581 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +1778 581 M +399 0 V +166 2274 R +586 -716 V +4067 1495 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,884 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end 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lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1109 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1109 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1531 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1531 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1954 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1954 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3000)] +] -46.7 MCshow 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plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT4 +LCb setrgbcolor +2190 2322 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT4 +2274 2322 M +399 0 V +743 589 M +23 -41 V +38 -29 V +77 -20 V +151 -28 V +303 -12 V +610 -4 V +1217 -4 V +905 0 V +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ + + +1) What are the problems the authors are trying to solve? + When done, for each problem, how does one decide the value of a proposed solution? Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. + +The problem is + +A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is + +The value of this solution is determined by + + + +2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? + What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. + What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? + How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? + +It enables + +The benefit to me is + +Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are + +The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by + + + +3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? + What makes this problem hard? + What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on +How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? + +The fundamentals are + +The hard part is + +The basic elements are + +The proposed solution + + + +4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? + What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? + How does each approach address something the others miss? + Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. + Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. + +Other approaches are + +A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is + +Categories: + +Combining: + + + +5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? + Sketch the details of each of these "things". + Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? + Did you see any really cool techniques? + +Unique main "things" are + +Drawbacks from details: + +Idea of + + + +6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? + +They have to show + + + +7) What results did they show? + Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? + Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? + Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? + +They showed + +Con.. + + + +8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? + +The work my provide value for me + + + +3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). + +1) + + \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1257 @@ + + + +"" +@Article{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + journal = {}, + volume = {}, + number = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@Book{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + publisher = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@misc{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + url = {} +} + + +"Lamport paper with clock sync" +@article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {21}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {558--565}, + } + +"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" +@article{Lamport87, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {5}, + issue = {1}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {1--11} +} + +"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" +@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, + author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, + title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, + series = {SOSP '67}, + year = {1967}, + pages = {10.1--10.6} + } + +"Original coroutine paper" +@article{Conway63, + author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, + title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {6}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1963}, + pages = {396--408} +} + +"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" +@Book{ComponentModel00, + author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, + title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {2000} +} + + +"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" +@misc{Hewitt10, + author = {Carl Hewitt}, + title = {Actor Model of Computation}, + year = {2010}, + note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} +} + +"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" +@article{Actors97, +author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, +title = {A foundation for actor computation}, +journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, +volume = {7}, +number = {01}, +pages = {1-72}, +year = {1997}, +} + +"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" +@article{SchedActivations, + author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, + title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {10}, + issue = {1}, + month = {February}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {53--79} +} + +"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" +@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, + author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, + title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, + series = {DAMP '07}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {37--44}, + numpages = {8} +} + + +//===================================== +"Gain from Chaos tech report" +@techreport + {Halle92, + Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, + Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, + Year = {1992}, + URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, + Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} +} + + +Reprinted in: +Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. +"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" +K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova +pgs 290-308 + + +"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" +Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. +cited by 232 + + +"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" +Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. + + +//========================================== + +"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" +@inproceedings + {BLISInHotPar, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {June}, + title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = {2010} + } + +"2011 HotPar: " +@inproceedings + {HotPar11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {}, + year = {2011} + } + +"VMS in LCPC 2011" +@article{VMSLCPC, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = {2011} +} + + +"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + Year = 2010 +} + +"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" +@misc{DKUTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, + Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"An Extensible Parallel Language" +@misc{EQNLangTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, + Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" +@misc{CTOSTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, + Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" +@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, + Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, + Year = 2009 +} + + +"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" +@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, + Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" +@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, + Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" +@misc{CTRTTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, + Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, + Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" +@misc{CIPTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, + Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, + Year = 2005 +} + +//========================================== + + +"OMP Hompe page" +@misc{OMPHome, + Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, +} + +"The OMP infrastructure site" +@misc{Halle2008, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, + Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} +} + + + +"The DKU sourceforge site" +@misc{DKUSourceForge, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{DKU} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The BLIS sourceforge site" +@misc{BLISHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{BLIS} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The VMS Home page" +@misc{VMSHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, + Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, + Year = {2010} +} + + +"The PStack Home page" +@misc{PStackHome, + Author = {Sean Halle}, + Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, + Year = {2012} +} + + +"Deblocking code in SVN" +@misc{DeblockingCode, + Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} + + + +"Sample code on BLIS site" +@misc{SampleBLISCode, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} +} + +"Framework Technical Report" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} +} + +"Map reduce" +@misc{MapReduceHome, + Author = {Google Corp.}, + Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, +} + + +"TBB Thread Building Blocks" +@misc{TBBHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + Title = {{TBB} Home page}, +} + + +"HPF Wikipedia entry" +@misc{HPFWikipedia, + Author = {Wikipedia}, + Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, +} + + +"OpenMP Home page" +@misc{OpenMPHome, + Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} + + + +"Open MPI Home page" +@misc{MPIHome, + Author = {open-mpi organization}, + Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, + Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} +} + +"OpenCL Home page" +@misc{OpenCLHome, + Author = {Kronos Group}, + Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, + Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} +} + + +"CILK Hompe page" +@misc{CILKHome, + Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, + Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, + Title = {{CILK} homepage}, +} + +@InProceedings{Fri98, + author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, + title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, + booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + pages = {212--223}, + year = 1998, + address = {Montreal, Quebec}, + month = jun +} + + +"Titanium Hompe page" +@misc{TitaniumHome, + Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, + Title = {{Titanium} homepage} +} + + +"CnC in HotPar" +@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, + author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"CnC Hompe page" +@misc{CnCHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, + Title = {{CnC} homepage}, +} + +"Spiral Home page" +@misc{SpiralHome, + Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, + Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, + Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, +} + + +"Scala Hompe page" +@misc{ScalaHome, + Author = {Scala organization}, + Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, + Title = {{Scala} homepage}, +} + + + + +"UPC Hompe page" +@misc{UPCHome, + Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, + Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, + Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, +} + + +"Suif Hompe page" +@misc{SuifHome, + Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, + Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, +} + + + +"SEJITS" +@article{SEJITS, + author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" +@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {404--418} + } + + +"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" +@article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1-12}, +} + +"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" +@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {225--234}, + } + +"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" +@inproceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = {2008}, + pages = {90--100}, + } + + +"Merge in HotPar" +@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Galois system for irregular problems" +@inproceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {211--222} +} + +"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" +@book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = {2002}, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} + } + + +"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" +@MISC{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = {1995} +} + + +"Capsule" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {247--258} +} + +"Sequioa" +@inproceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {83} + } + + + + +"Cole meta skeletons book" +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = {1989} +} + + +"Meta programming skeletons example" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {468--471} +} + + +"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" +@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {154--163} + } + + +"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + + +"View from Berkeley paper" +@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume={18}, + number={2006-183}, + pages={19}, + year={2006}, +} + + + + +"Berkeley Pattern Language" +@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} + + +"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" +@book{Mattson04Patterns, + title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} +} + + +"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" +@article{Skillicorn98, + title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume={30}, + number={2}, + pages={123--169}, + year={1998} +} + + + +"NESL language" +@conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages={102--111}, + year={1993}, + organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} +} + + +"Sisal" +@article{McgrawSisal, + title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume={1} +} + + +"Linda" +@article{Gelernter85Linda, + title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author={Gelernter, D.}, + journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume={7}, + number={1}, + pages={80--112}, + year={1985} +} + + +"ZPL" +@article{Lin94ZPL, + title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume={768}, + pages={96--114}, + year={1994} +} + + + + +// Visual programming +@article + { baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = {40}, + number = {4}, + year = {1997}, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} + } + + +// Visual programming +@article + { ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal ={IEEE Computer}, + volume = {29}, + number = {4}, + year = {1996}, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} + } + + +// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine +@book + {berry89, + title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year={1989}, + publisher={ACM Press} +} + + +// Cilk reference +@article + {blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {8}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {207--216} + } + + +// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. +// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness +@article + {burch90, + title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages={428--439}, + year={1990} +} + +@article + {chamberlain98, +author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, +title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, +journal = {hips}, +volume = {00}, +year = {1998}, +isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, +pages = {50} +} + + + +// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 +@article{church41, + author={A. Church}, + title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number={6}, + year={1941}, + publisher={Princeton University} +} + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + + +@misc + { CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeWebSite + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} + } + +@misc + { CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} + } + + +// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS +@inproceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} + + +// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, +// so cited as foundation a lot +@article{emerson91, + title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages={368--377}, + year={1991} +} + + +// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as +@article{fortune78, + title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages={114--118}, + year={1978}, + publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} + + + +// Smalltalk reference +@book{goldberg83, + title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year={1983}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley} +} + + +// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently +@inproceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, +} + + +// Java spec +@book + { gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = {1996} + } + + +// Survey of prototyping parallel apps +@article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {32}, + number = {1}, + year = {2000}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// Original CSP paper +@article{hoare78, + author={C. A. R. Hoare}, + title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal={Communications of the ACM}, + year={1978}, + volume={21}, + number={8}, + pages={666-677} +} + + +// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. +// This paper does a beautiful job.. +@article{huth, + title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author={Huth, M.}, + journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages={369--380}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow +@article + { johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {36}, + number = {1}, + year = {2004}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} + } + + +@book + { koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = {1993}, + publisher = {MIT Press} + } + + +// mu calculus paper with 430 citations +@article{kozen83, + title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author={Kozen, D.}, + journal={TCS}, + volume={27}, + pages={333--354}, + year={1983} +} + + +// original kripke structure paper +@article{kripke63, + title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author={Kripke, S.}, + journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume={9}, + pages={67--96}, + year={1963} +} + + +@book + { mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = {1985} + } + + +// Milner's own citation to development of CCS +@book{milner80, + title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author={Milner, R.}, + year={1980}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Milner's own pi-calculus reference +@article{milner92, + title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal={Information and Computation}, + volume={100}, + number={1}, + pages={1--40 and 41--77}, + year={1992}, + publisher={Academic Press} +} + + +// more recent Pi calculus reference +@book + { milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {1999} + } + + +// MPI reference +@book + { MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = {1994} + } + + +// Petri nets original citation +@article{petri62, + title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author={Petri, C.A.}, + journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume={62}, + pages={386--390}, + year={1962} +} + + +// Pierce Type system book +@book{pierce02, + title={Types and Programming Languages}, + author={Pierce, B. C.}, + year={2002}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + +// Survey of Visual programming +@Article + { price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = {4}, + number = {3}, + pages = {211--266} + } + + + +@misc + { pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} + } + + +// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing +@unpublished + { reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = {2003}, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} + } + + +// Parallel Pascal +@Article + { reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = {1}, + number = {}, + year = {1984}, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} + } + + +// Survey of parallel langs and models +@article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {2}, + year = {1998}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues +@article{stefik86, + title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal={The AI Magazine}, + volume={6}, + number={4}, + year={1986} +} + + +// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset +// of temporal logics +@book{stirling92, + title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author={Stirling, C.}, + year={1992}, + publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} + + +// Titanium website +@misc + { TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} + } + + +// website with scans of original work by Turing +@misc{turing38, + author={A. Turing}, + note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and +http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and +http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year={1938} +} + + +// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas +@book{vonNeumann45, + title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author={J. von Neumann}, + year={1945}, + publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} +} + + +// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics +@book{winskel93, + title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author={Winskel, G.}, + year={1993}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/plain.bst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/plain.bst Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@ +% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' + % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. + % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved. + % Copying of this file is authorized only if either + % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or + % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than + % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst. + % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical. + % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style. + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + edition + editor + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label } + +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } + +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} + +STRINGS { s t } + +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} + +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem{" write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names + editor num.names$ #1 > + { ", editors" * } + { ", editor" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title "t" change.case$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year empty$ + { month empty$ + { "" } + { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ + month + } + if$ + } + { month empty$ + 'year + { month " " * year * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title emphasize +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { " of " * series emphasize * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "number" } + { "Number" } + if$ + number tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } + { " in " * series * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * } + { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check + { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } + { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + number empty$ + 'skip$ + { "(" number * ")" * * + volume empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ format.pages } + { ":" * pages n.dashify * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { "chapter" } + { type "l" change.case$ } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.connect + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { editor empty$ + { "In " booktitle emphasize * } + { "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} +{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ + month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ + and and and and and + key empty$ not and + { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ + type "t" change.case$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ type empty$ + { "Technical Report" } + 'type + if$ + number empty$ + { "t" change.case$ } + { number tie.or.space.connect } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ key empty$ + { journal empty$ + { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * + warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} +{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + editor num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ " et~al." * } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + "In " + } + { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + " of " * + } + if$ + editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { series empty$ + { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" * + } + { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { key * } + if$ + } + { format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { booktitle empty$ + { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + } + { "In " format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { journal emphasize "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished address new.block.checkb + howpublished output + address output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.pages output + address empty$ + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + organization output + publisher output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output.nonnull + address output + } + if$ + } + { format.authors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { address new.block.checka + address output + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + { organization address new.block.checkb + organization output + address output + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + title howpublished new.block.checkb + format.title output + howpublished new.block.checka + howpublished output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry + empty.misc.check +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + new.block + "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + editor empty$ + { organization output } + { format.editors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + address empty$ + { editor empty$ + { publisher new.sentence.checka } + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + } + if$ + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + editor empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output } + if$ + publisher output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + note "note" output.check + format.date output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +MACRO {jan} {"January"} + +MACRO {feb} {"February"} + +MACRO {mar} {"March"} + +MACRO {apr} {"April"} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"June"} + +MACRO {jul} {"July"} + +MACRO {aug} {"August"} + +MACRO {sep} {"September"} + +MACRO {oct} {"October"} + +MACRO {nov} {"November"} + +MACRO {dec} {"December"} + +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} + +MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} + +MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} + +READ + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { nameptr #1 > + { " " * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr numnames = t "others" = and + { "et al" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} +{ author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {presort} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.organization.sort + { type$ "manual" = + 'author.organization.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { longest.label } + +INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } + +FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} +{ "" 'longest.label := + #1 'number.label := + #0 'longest.label.width := +} + +FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} +{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := + number.label #1 + 'number.label := + label width$ longest.label.width > + { label 'longest.label := + label width$ 'longest.label.width := + } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} + +ITERATE {longest.label.pass} + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/.pdf --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/.pdf Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: PDF2EPS - 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Can't find image\n) print flush +%%EndDocument diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__formal_short.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__formal_short.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,452 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{A Proto-Runtime Approach to Domain Specific Languages} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, + and TU Berlin} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Merten Sach} + {TU Berlin} + {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + +? +replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging + +? + +Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. +To solve this, we introduce a proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port domain specific languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by separating the language-construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. +As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, and languages can be mixed within +the same program. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. +We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of proto-runtime based implementations going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. +\end{abstract} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background and Motivation} +\label{sec:intro} + +[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] + +Programming in the past has been overwhelmingly sequential, with the applications being run on sequential hardware. But the laws of physics have forced the hardware to become parallel, which will force nearly all future programming to become parallel programming. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. + +The difficulties with parallel programming fall into three main categories: 1) difficult mental model, 2) extra effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in design practices. + +Many believe that these can be overcome with the use of Domain-Specific Languages []. But such languages have been slow to adopt, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. + +We propose that a method that makes Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) low cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise, and we introduce what we call a proto-runtime to help towards this goal. + +The proto-runtime approach is a normal, full, runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The remaining proto-runtime piece handles the low-level hardware details of the runtime. + +The decomposition into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. + +We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item The proto-runtime approach should reliably apply to future languages and hardware. because the patterns underlying it appear to be fundamental and so should hold for future languages and architectures (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}). + +\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). + +\item The modularization cleanly separates runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal} ). + +\item The modularization gives the language control +over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +\begin{itemize} + + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing a centralized location for services for all languages to use, so the language doesn't have to provide them separately. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on (\S\ ). + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to encapsulation of hardware aspects inside the hardware-oriented module (\S \ref{sec:intro}). + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to reuse of the performance-tuning effort for runtime internals (\S\ ). + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ ). + + +\end{itemize} + +\item + +The modularization also selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work, giving the language control over placement of work onto the hardware. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ ). + +\end{itemize} + +\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ ). + +\end{itemize} + +The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style DSLs (eDSL), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of eDSLs \S, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S ), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S ), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. +We then show overhead measurements (\S ) and implementation time measurements (\S ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. +With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S ), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S ). + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background: The eDSL Hypothesis} + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + +Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. + +In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical phenomena, bio-informatics, cosmology, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. + + +\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} + +A style of domain language, which we feel has good applicability to parallel software development, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. + + +For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, and mix-in custom syntax for constructs from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal C (or Java) compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a dynamic (or shared) library that becomes linked, at run time, to a runtime implementation that has been tuned to the hardware it is running on. + + +\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} +DSLs are generally quick to learn because the domain experts are already familiar with the concepts expressed by the custom syntax, especially for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they have relatively few constructs, and require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these should meet the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. + +Productivity can be enhanced by a well designed syntax, which can simplify the application code, modularize it, and encapsulate performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. + +Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the custom DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. + +Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. This means that the elements of the problem that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, which isolates the application code from hardware performance concerns. Only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware in order to get high performance. Although such isolation cannot always be fully achieved, Domain Languages hold promise for making significant strides towards it. + +\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} + +Using an eDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + Constructs from the eDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices.\subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} + +What appears to be holding eDSLs back from addressing the challenges of parallel programming would be mainly the time, expertise, and cost needed to develop an eDSL. Because the number of users is small, the economic model of the past doesn't apply. For sequential languages, the potential user-base is in the millions, but for a parallel Domain Language, the user base may be only a few hundred developers who will use the language. + +As such, the effort to create a usable eDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for that size of user base. + +The effort to be reduced falls into three categories: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item effort to explore the design and create the eDSL syntax +\item effort to create the runtime that embodies the eDSL behavior +\item effort to performance tune the eDSL on particular hardware +\end{itemize} + + +\subsection{Critical areas of effort in the big picture} + +Across the industry as a whole, when eDSLs become successful, there will be hundreds of Domain Languages, and likewise hundreds of different hardware platforms that each language must run efficiently on. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the eDSL approach economically viable. + +The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. + +The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation, which includes hardware-specific low-level tuning, and the tuning of the domain construct implementation. + +Luckily, hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. This opens the door to an approach that can present a common abstraction for all platforms in a cluster. Examples of clusters include: + +\begin{itemize} +\item shared coherent memory multi-core single-chip machine +\item shared coherent memory multi-core multi-chip machine +\item independent address space coprocessor (GPU) +\item a network of nodes of the above categories +\item a machine with a hierarchy of sub-networks +\end{itemize} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} + +We propose addressing the runtime effort by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig X. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface. The language supplies +the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module presents the same interface +for all platforms sharing similar performance related features. This module only has to be implement once for a given platform, then reused by the languages. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +Thus, a given language doesn't have to re-implement its runtime for every platform. Instead, it has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing for each category. + +The language effort is further reduced because the language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. This is a higher level of abstraction, which simplifies the task for the language implementer. + +One additional benefit is giving control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. +This feature simplifies implementation of languages +that have features related to scheduling behavior. +It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated +methods for choosing placement of virtual processors +(threads) and tasks, which can significantly impact +application performance. + +In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent +shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical +heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. + +\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} + +The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig +X. One is a thin wrapper library that +invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of the runtime. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation + is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper + that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic + library that plugs into the runtime.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + +The runtime itself consists of three modules connected via +an interface, as was seen back in Fig X. One encapsulates the low-level hardware details, and presents an interface to the language modules. We call +this the \textit{proto-runtime}. +It's job is to enforce the interface that the language modules see. + + +The language has two modules, both of which are collected in what we call the \textit{language plugin}. One module encodes the behavior of language +constructs, the other module provides logic for choosing which work to execute on +which hardware resource. + +The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library that is implemented, compiled, and distributed separately from any application executables. This is how a non-changing application executable is able to invoke plugin code that can change between machines. The executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are linked to specific functions' implementations. + +In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon something we call a tie-point as the primitive upon which synchronization constructs are built. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs such as a mutex. Instead, a mutex is implemented on top of tie-points. This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching +channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime. + + + + + +\subsection{The origin of tie-points.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} + + +A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the primitive in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it establishes a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. + +For example, take a thread library. It provides a command to create a thread, and that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it causes the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. We see the timeline shown in Fig X. Thread 1, which is timeline 1, tries to acquire the mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command. Timeline 1 stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + + +Now, a tie-point is seen as the linkage between such collapsed points on +two timelines. In Fig X, timeline A is still there, suspends still at 1.S and resumes at 1.R. However, now there is a second timeline, timeline 2B. It executes the release command at point 2.S, which suspends timeline B, performs the behavior of the release command +inside the gap, then resumes timeline B at 2.R. The behavior of the release +command causes the end of suspend in the first timeline. That causality ties the two collapsed points in the two timelines together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.35in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with a causal relationship. +Activity that takes place during the gap in timeline +B causes resume of timeline A. This ties point 2 on +timeline B to point 1 on timeline A.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + + + +We call this connection between the collapsed suspensions a tie point. What it provides is a guarantee about visibility of events between the tied timelines. The +guarantee makes both agree on the order of events,\textit{ +relative to the mutual tied point}. Any operation that executes before the point in the second timeline, 2.S, is visible immediately after the point in the first timeline, 1.R. In addition, nothing +in the first timeline happening after the tie-point is visible in the second +timeline before the tie-point. + +Just that guarantee defines it as a half tie-point. A full tie-point adds the dual guarantee from timeline +B to A. Namely, for a full tie-point, anything before the tie-point in timeline A is visible in timeline B after the tie-point, +and nothing in timeline B after the tie-point is visible in A before the tie-point. + +A tie-point is the primitive mechanism that the proto-runtime implements. It does not involve any notion of dependency nor constraint semantics. All it provides is the notion that the tied points are the same "instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. + +It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside +the gaps. This behavior is what decides which timelines get tied together. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the +semantics of a synchronization construct. + +A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and +will be published in a future paper. + + + +\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} + + In Fig X we didn't say what entity executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps in the timelines. This is what the proto-runtime does. It provides +primitives that suspend a timeline and then cause behavior supplied by the language +plugin to execute in the gap. This plugin behavior chooses which timelines remain suspended versus which resume execution, or start execution. + +As such, the plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline +suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That +choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, +and thus creates the tie between the two collapsed timeline points. The proto-runtime +code module provides the suspend and resume primitives, while the running proto-runtime instance +executes the plugin behavior. + +The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines +are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +\subsection{Formal definition of Tie-Point} + + + +\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +The proto-runtime provides the following primitives, for use by language +plugins: +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) +\item automatically convert a task to a virtual processor, as needed +\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered +core +\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler executes in the Master, with supplied parameters +\item end a timeline + +\end{itemize} + +Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + +The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task +or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the plugin, which responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. + +The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire +can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive that informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. + + + + + + +\subsection{What happens at different times within the +big picture} + +To get a handle on the big picture, we describe three different paths through time: +one for development of proto-runtime code, one for +development of language implementation, and one for +application development. + +The proto-runtime code is developed separately from +both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +The wrapper library, however, is not +installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it +is only used during development of an application, +and remains independent of hardware. + +The application, ideally, is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +When an application is executed, the loader binds the +dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. + In this way, a single, +unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +However, the success of the compile-once approach has +limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, overhead in the runtime system required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work +itself. When units become too large, not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is large enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the code. + +\end{document} + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Farhad_derived_formal_def.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Farhad_derived_formal_def.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2151 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{amstext} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{A Proto-Runtime Approach to Domain Specific Languages} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, + and TU Berlin} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Merten Sach} + {TU Berlin} + {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + +? +replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging + +? + +Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. +To solve this, we introduce a proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port domain specific languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by separating the language-construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. +As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, and multiple languages can be mixed within +the same program. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. +We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of proto-runtime based implementations going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. +\end{abstract} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background and Motivation} +\label{sec:intro} + +[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] + +Programming in the past has been overwhelmingly sequential, with the applications being run on sequential hardware. But the laws of physics have forced the hardware to become parallel, which will force nearly all future programming to become parallel programming. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. + +The difficulties with parallel programming fall into three main categories: 1) difficult mental model, 2) extra effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in design practices. + +Many believe that these can be overcome with the use of Domain-Specific Languages []. But such languages have been slow to adopt, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. + +We propose that a method that makes Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) low cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise, and we introduce what we call a proto-runtime to help towards this goal. + +The proto-runtime approach is a normal, full, runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The remaining proto-runtime piece handles the low-level hardware details of the runtime. + +The decomposition into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. + +We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item The proto-runtime approach should reliably apply to future languages and hardware. because the patterns underlying it appear to be fundamental and so should hold for future languages and architectures (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + +\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). + +\item The modularization cleanly separates runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + +\item The modularization gives the language control +over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). + +\begin{itemize} + + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing a centralized location for services for all languages to use, so the language doesn't have to provide them separately. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on (\S\ ). + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to encapsulation of hardware aspects inside the hardware-oriented module (\S \ref{sec:intro}). + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to reuse of the performance-tuning effort for runtime internals (\S ). + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + + +\end{itemize} + +\item + +The modularization also selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work, giving the language control over placement of work onto the hardware. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + +\end{itemize} + +\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + +\end{itemize} + +The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style DSLs (eDSL), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of eDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. +We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. +With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background: The eDSL Hypothesis} + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + +Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. + +In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical phenomena, bio-informatics, cosmology, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. + + +\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} + +A style of domain language, which we feel has good applicability to parallel software development, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. + + +For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, and mix-in custom syntax for constructs from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal C (or Java) compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a dynamic (or shared) library that becomes linked, at run time, to a runtime implementation that has been tuned to the hardware it is running on. + + +\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} +DSLs are generally quick to learn because the domain experts are already familiar with the concepts expressed by the custom syntax, especially for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they have relatively few constructs, and require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these should meet the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. + +Productivity can be enhanced by a well designed syntax, which can simplify the application code, modularize it, and encapsulate performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. + +Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the custom DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. + +Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. This means that the elements of the problem that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, which isolates the application code from hardware performance concerns. Only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware in order to get high performance. Although such isolation cannot always be fully achieved, Domain Languages hold promise for making significant strides towards it. + +\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} + +Using an eDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + Constructs from the eDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. + + \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} + +What appears to be holding eDSLs back from addressing the challenges of parallel programming would be mainly the time, expertise, and cost needed to develop an eDSL. Because the number of users is small, the economic model of the past doesn't apply. For sequential languages, the potential user-base is in the millions, but for a parallel Domain Language, the user base may be only a few hundred developers who will use the language. + +As such, the effort to create a usable eDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for that size of user base. + +The effort to be reduced falls into three categories: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item effort to explore language design and create the eDSL syntax +\item effort to create the runtime that produces the eDSL behavior +\item effort to performance tune the eDSL on particular hardware +\end{itemize} + + +\subsection{Critical areas of effort in the big picture} + +Across the industry as a whole, when eDSLs become successful, there will be hundreds of Domain Languages, and likewise hundreds of different hardware platforms that each language must run efficiently on. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the eDSL approach economically viable. + +The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. + +The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation, which includes hardware-specific low-level tuning, and the tuning of the domain construct implementation. + +Luckily, hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. This opens the door to an approach that can present a common abstraction for all platforms in a cluster. Examples of clusters include: + +\begin{itemize} +\item shared coherent memory multi-core single-chip machine +\item shared coherent memory multi-core multi-chip machine +\item independent address space coprocessor (GPU) +\item a network of nodes of the above categories +\item a machine with a hierarchy of sub-networks +\end{itemize} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} + +We propose addressing the runtime effort by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig X. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface. The language supplies +the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module presents the same interface +for all platforms sharing similar performance related features. This module only has to be implement once for a given platform, then reused by the languages. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +Thus, a given language doesn't have to re-implement its runtime for every platform. Instead, it has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing for each category. + +The language effort is further reduced because the language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. This is a higher level of abstraction, which simplifies the task for the language implementer. + +One additional benefit is giving control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. +This feature simplifies implementation of languages +that have features related to scheduling behavior. +It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated +methods for choosing placement of virtual processors +(threads) and tasks, which can significantly impact +application performance. + +In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent +shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical +heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. + +\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} + +The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig +X. One is a thin wrapper library that +invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of the runtime. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation + is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper + that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic + library that plugs into the runtime.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + +The runtime itself consists of three modules connected via +an interface, as was seen back in Fig X. One encapsulates the low-level hardware details, and presents an interface to the language modules. We call +this the \textit{proto-runtime}. +It's job is to enforce the interface that the language modules see. + + +The language has two modules, both of which are collected in what we call the \textit{language plugin}. One module encodes the behavior of language +constructs, the other module provides logic for choosing which work to execute on +which hardware resource. + +The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library that is implemented, compiled, and distributed separately from any application executables. This is how a non-changing application executable is able to invoke plugin code that can change between machines. The executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are linked to specific functions' implementations. + +In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs such as a mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms +of the primitives in the tie-point model. The proto-runtime +then implements the primitives of the tie-point model. + + This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching +channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime. + +We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either +start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. + + + +\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} + + +\subsection{timelines} +A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the primitive in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. + +For example, take a thread library, which we consider +a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. We see the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:singleTimeline} +\end{figure} + + +Now, a tie-point is seen as the linkage between such collapsed points on +two timelines. In Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline}, timeline A is still there, suspends still at 1.S and resumes at 1.R. However, now there is a second timeline, timeline B. It executes the release command at point 2.S, which suspends timeline B, performs the behavior of the release command +inside the gap, then resumes timeline B at 2.R. The behavior of the release +command causes the end of suspend in the first timeline. That causality ties the two collapsed points in the two timelines together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.35in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with a causal relationship. +Activity that takes place during the gap in timeline +B causes resume of timeline A. This ties point 2 on +timeline B to point 1 on timeline A.} + \label{fig:dualTimeline} +\end{figure} + + + +We call this connection between the collapsed suspensions a tie-point. What it provides is a guarantee about visibility of events between the tied timelines. The +guarantee makes both agree on the order of events,\textit{ +relative to the mutual tied point}. +The guarantees are what defines a tie-point. + +Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering guarantees in terms of visibility of operations between +the timelines. If these visibility constraints are +satisfied, then the timelines share a tie-point. Note that the ordering + guarantees are equivalent to the constraints on visibility of operations. Operations that execute in +the first timeline before the tie-point must be visible +in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point must not be visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} + \caption{The +guarantees that a tie-point enforces. Shows which + operations performed on one timeline are visible to the other +timeline. These visibilities must be true for a tie-point. +Note that all events are divided into two groups, those +before the tied points versus those after the tied +points. Both timelines see the same before group and +the same after group. } + \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} +In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs +can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting +there, we provide a formal definition of tie-point, +which we will then use in showing that all synchronization +constructs can be implemented in terms of tie-points. + +In our formalization, we treat a tie-point as something +that exists in the code, and causes what we call an \textit{ordering-point} to +arise in every run of the code. We define ordering-point +formally, and use that to state the constraints that +a tie-point code-instance must enforce. + + +\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} +We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, +where a timeline is a type of lifeline. +We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between +lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. + +\begin{description} +\item[event:] +\(E \) represents an event, which is something that +can be initiated or observed. +\item[occurrence:] +\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated +integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) + +\item[clock:] +\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer +onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) + is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) +is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation +of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated +to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value +associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated +\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated +\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one +lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple +beats +from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, +including one initiated earlier in the sequence of +the lifeline, +and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, +each multiple times. + +\item[projection:] +Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) + is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) +\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). + This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat +of the second lifeline. + +\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting +of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do +not participate in projections, plus a set of projections +that cross the two beats in the forward direction. +Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an +ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) +|iy\ \) +\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. +The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and +ends with the end of all lifelines. + +\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. +Given two positions within different sequences, if +one or both both can be +validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to +define valid rearrangements, so they occupy + the same position in their rearranged sequences, then +they are equivalent positions. + +\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are +equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation +measurements of interest. If the observation measurement +involves sequences, then the two events must lie at +equivalent positions within their respective sequences. + +\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats +can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline +has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do +not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. +Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. + +\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that +their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent +lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines +in one run can be different from the projections in +the other run. + +\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. +\end{description} + + +Some things to note: A particular occurrence +can be associated to at most one beat from a given +lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated +to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may +be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. +Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. + +For example, the event could +be writing a value into a variable. Two separate +write events are considered equivalent occurrences if +they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location +is associated to the same particular +variable, and happen within valid partial orderings +relative to the other occurrences. This is normally +compared across re-creations of the "universe" that +provides the context for the orderings of events instances. + +========= + + Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats +-- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the +distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it +through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. + +So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs +are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! + + What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. + +So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. + +The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. + +From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this +defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- +the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect + +======= + +From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. + +The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may +be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, +and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation +is on non-origin lifeline. + +But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. + In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, +they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal +state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat +that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the +same internal activity will have the behavior of a +full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves +resumed in different internal activities. + +A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. + +The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. + +For +example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired +receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. + +For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared +context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner +and resume self else place self onto end of sequence +of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner +and place the next in sequence of special beats into +lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. +in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can +form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. +? + +==== + +Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description +of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. + + + + + +\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates +to tie-points} + +To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to +specify a synchronization construct, we first state +clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. + +The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two +independent timelines, both performing reads and writes +within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The +timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any +write on Timeline A can be received by any read of +the same address on +Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, +the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} + \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines +by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each +other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} + \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} +\end{figure} + + + +To control the behavior of writes and reads to the +same addresses, a common point must be established, which +limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to +each other. A synchronization construct is used for +this. +The net effect of such a construct is to establish +a common point that both timelines agree on. This +point separates reads and writes before it from reads +and writes after it. + +For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline +before entering the critical section. Any writes performed +on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. + +The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, +any writes performed by that new +timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible +to reads performed by the old timeline before it released +the lock. + +With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct +as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has +the property that it creates +a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different +timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point +fit our definition of synchronization constructs. + + +\subsection{More on tie-points} + +Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by +a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes +behavior in the gaps; 3) resume +called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement +of instruction completion relative to resume. + +What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. + + +Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point +do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint +on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible + timeline that embodies notions such as dependency + between units of work, mutual exclusion, + partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the + primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion +of reads/writes. + +It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside +the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up +sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the +semantics of a synchronization construct. + +A workshop paper also discusses tie points +[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and +will be published in a future paper. + + + +\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} + + Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the +proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. +It acts as the hidden timeline. + + The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations +of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: + + %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. + +%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. + +%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) + +\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with +parameters from application +\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution +\item end a timeline +\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered +core + +\end{itemize} + +Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + + +The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire +can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, +which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. + +The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task +or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner +portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. + + + +\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} + +To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing +acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: + +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, +and +provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the +mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it +continues to make progress. However, if a different thread +already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue +of waiting threads, and stops making progress. +\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and +provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread +that called the release construct.. +\end{itemize} + +This calls for a data structure that has two fields: +one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, +the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire +the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple +reads +and writes of the data structure. Hence, the + structure must be protected +from races between different threads. + +The protection +is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, +and where performance issues come into the picture. +It could be accomplished with a single global lock + that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished +with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence +mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus +quorum techniques. + +However, the implementation of the semantics is independent +of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, +and an interface can be placed between them. One side +of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of +the data structure, while the other side implements +protecting the first side from interference. + +The side that provides protection requires fields, +for its use, to be placed into the data structure used +to represent a thread. To hide those details, +the protection side should also provide +primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend +and resume them. + +This interface that separates the semantic side from +the protection +side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables +the modularization of runtime system implementations. + +The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking +about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. + That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization +behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. + + %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization +%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves +%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. + + + + + +\section{Concrete Details} +Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize +a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is +time to make the concepts concrete by showing code +segments that implement each of the concepts, and code +segments that use the concepts. We will start with +the big picture and work down. + +The first stop will be the development process, showing +how it is fractured into three separate and independent +development activities. Next, we will show examples +of how application +code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls +down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, +we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, +where we will focus on the interaction between plugin +code and proto-runtime code. + +In this last portion, we will show how the +interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside +the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will +show how providing +a consistent environment + is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion + of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is + the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline + that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs +to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. + + +\subsection{Three independent development efforts} + +To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the +three independent paths that development takes: +one for development of proto-runtime code, one for +development of language implementation, and one for +application development. Each of these produces a separate +installable artifact. +The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. + +The proto-runtime code is developed separately from +both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +The wrapper library, however, is not +installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it +is only used during development of an application, +and remains independent of hardware. + +Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +When an application is executed, the loader binds the +dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. + In this way, a single, +unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +However, the success of the compile-once approach has +limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work +itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. + +\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} + +At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each +of two cores, as the core is switched between application +code and runtime code. It is too early to understand +the details, but this figure can be referred back to +as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. +Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. + +At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, +and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is +depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, +along with the animation of application code by those virtual +processors. + +? + +The application passes information to a wrapper library +call, +such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the +information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime +primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing +that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer +to the plugin function that will handle the request. +The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which +other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library +call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from +whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a +synchronization construct. + +However, there is one last step between the request +handler marking a timeline as ready to resume +and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the +assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. +The request handlers stack up work that is free to +be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which +of those to place onto an offered core. + + + + + +\begin{figure*}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] + {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} + \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple +cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls +between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the +code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated +by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core +2. The boxes +represent virtual processors, each with its associated +timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative +ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request +Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, +which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime +code module.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure*} + + + +\subsection{Using language constructs} +In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs +take the form of function calls. The reader familiar +with posix threads will have used function calls to +perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. +Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the +same way. + +We use posix threads for our example because it is +a familiar language that the reader already knows well. +It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. + +\subsubsection{Main and startup} +Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime +system must be started, and a proto-runtime process +must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the +create process was given a pointer +to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime +based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime +based languages that will be used in the application, +and must create the virtual processors and tasks that +perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. + +==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == + +\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth +function} +Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts +the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It +is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. +Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two +threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both +threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the +command that kills the virtual processor that is animating +the function. + +==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, +Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== + +Notice the signature +of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer +to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is +the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for +proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. + + +Also, notice that the standard signature includes a +pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime +defined structure, which holds the meta-information +about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed +the structure of the virtual processor that is animating +it. + +An illuminating aside is that the birth function for +a posix thread doesn't need +to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. +That is because the operating system tracks which thread +is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing +an instruction that suspends the code executing on +the core and switches +the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel +then looks up the data structure that is assigned to +the core. + +That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the +pointer to the thread that was animating the application +code that called the posix construct. But the implementation +of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't +have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, +and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data +structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. + +Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created +by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent +of mutex acquire and release to protect access to +a critical section. Notice that the signature +is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. +Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to +each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next +several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure +is used. + +==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and +release to protect a counter plus print of count value== + + +\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} + +Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls +reveals code such as in Fig X. + +==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== + +There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data +structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime +call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library +calls. The data structure is used to carry information +into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was +started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is +the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends +application code and switches to the kernel. For the +implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this +call is implemented with assembly instructions. + +This wrapper library code is placed on the machine +used during development of the application, and is +compiled into the application executable. However, +the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, +and is not part of the application executable. + +Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to +a function. This is called the handler function, and +is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime +will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled +way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment +to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. +We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the +handler function, and what such a handler function +looks like. + +First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and +switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X + +==assembly of suspend and switch== + +All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer +into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program +counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, +which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. + +\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched +to} + +The PR assembly code switches the core to executing +the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. + +==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== + +All this does is invoke the handler function named +in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. +This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point +model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, +fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens +to use a global lock for each language's environment. + However other implementations are possible. In order + to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap + instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random + backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. + + The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes + on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point + model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special + beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that + executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler + code that then establishes the causal connections + between such special beats, and so ties them together. + The causal connection is via the changes make to the + language environment. + + So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. + The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat + and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The + lock is what isolates and sequentializes + the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language + environment is the hidden state used to establish + causal connection between special beats. + + + +This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. + +Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. + + +If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. + +Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. + +This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. + +? + +Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. + +The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. + +=================== + + +\subsection{not sure} +A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. + +However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. + +As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. + +? + +The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. + +? + +The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". +The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. + +================= + +\subsection{more on tie-points} +Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. + +From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. + +However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. + +Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. + +The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. + +That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. + + +The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. + +At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. + +The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. + +=========== + +The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. + +So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. + +For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. + +============ + + +\subsection{More on eDSLs} +%====================================== + +%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + +%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. + +%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. + + +% ============== + +%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. + +%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. + +%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Details} +\label{subsec:Details} + + what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. + +modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. + +? + + + + overhead measurements + +implementation time measurements + + discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. + + give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. + + summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the +least, the same effort would have to be expended on +each and every language that we expended on performance +tuning our proto-runtime. + + We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to + +illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + +Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). + +Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). + + + +? + + + + + The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints +due to data dependencies. + + a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. + +? + +The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. + + + + this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. + + implementing language logic, + +show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. + +give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, +we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. + +support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. + + discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. + +reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} +With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} + +\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} +For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. + +For runtime performance: + +-- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) + +-- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) + +-- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci + +-- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{} +\label{tab} + +As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. + + +\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} + +Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. +\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} +In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk +\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} +OMPSs +\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} +VOMP + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} +Here we summarize the time to develop each of the eDSLs and copy-cat languages created so far. As a control, we estimate how long the equivalent functionality required, using the traditional approach, based on anecdotal evidence. + +Summarized in Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, we measured the time we spent to design, code, and get an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. Not shown is the 7 hours required to take the send-receive code from SSR and adapt it to work with tasks in VSs. In addition, 11 hours was spent importing the DKU constructs into VSs. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. + + +\begin{centering} +\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} + \cline{2-7} + \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs\\ + \cline{2-7} + \noalign{\vskip2pt} + \hline + Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6\\ + Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12\\ + Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5\\ + L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\caption +{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. +} +\end{centering} +\label{tabPersonHoursLang} + +\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} +We give the bigger picture of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations, discussing OpenMP versus VOMP, Cilk 5.4 vs VCilk, pthread vs Vthread, and OMPSs vs VSs. These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the language features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} + +With the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to other approaches for implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. + +We first talk about each of these approaches, then summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. + +The first three methods involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads, user threads, or TBB, all of which are languages in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the runtime for that lower-level language. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor. + +All three also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using language primitives such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. + +For the same reason, for these three, the runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform for each language, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. + +Many language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance. + +Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. + +Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all the mesures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ +\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline +\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline +\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline +\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline +\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\caption{The table shows how well each approach scores in each measure important to the implementor of a runtime for a DSL. On the left are the approaches that can be used to write the runtime. At the top are the measures an implementor may care about. For all measures, one plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The scores are based on reasons discussed in the text. } +\label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. +%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. + + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + + +Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. + + The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. + +The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. + +Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. + +Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. + +Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: +\begin{itemize} +\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. +\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. +\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. +\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. +\end{itemize} + + +============================================= +== +== +== +== +== +============================================= + +\section{The Problem} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. + +To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). + +Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). + +The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). + +\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} +\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. + +A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. + +In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. + +Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. + +The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. + +In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. + +Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. + + +\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} +\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. + +DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. + +It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. + +In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. + +\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} +\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. + + +An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} +\begin{verbatim} +newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} +\begin{verbatim} +SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} +\begin{verbatim} +messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} +} +} + +\caption +{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. +} +\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} +\end{figure} +An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. + +As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. + +It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. + +\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} +\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. + +For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. + +An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. + +When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. + +The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. + +The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + +Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). + +\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. + +Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. + +In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. + + + During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. + +If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. + +For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. + +The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. + + +\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + +Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. + +The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. + +The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. + +For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. + +While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. + +These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. + +For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. + + +One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: +\begin{itemize} +\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. +\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. +\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. +\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. +\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Summary of Section} + [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. + +The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. + +The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Description} +\label{sec:idea} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + + +Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. + +The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. + +\subsection{Creating an eDSL} + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} + \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} + \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} +\end{figure} + +As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. + +As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. + +\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} + +\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} +-- standardizes runtime code +-- makes familiar going from one lang to another +-- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs + +-- show the enums, and the switch table + +-- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave + +\subsubsection{The Request Handler} +-- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. + +-- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL + +\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } +The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. + +For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. + +Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. + +This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. + +\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + +-- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) + +-- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency + +\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} +-- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) + +-- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. + +\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} + +-- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. +-- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. +-- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. +-- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. + +Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. +-- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, +-- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. +-- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption + +-- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. + +-- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects + +-- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + + +\section{(outline and notes)} + +-- What a plugin looks like: + +-- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units + +-- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. + +-- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), + +-- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). + + +-- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. + + + + +\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. + + +\subsection{Some Definitions} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. + +In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. + +\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. + +For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. + +It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. + + +The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. + + + +======= + + I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). + Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. + Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. + +================= + +\subsection{The patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + + +Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. + +Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + + +\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The +basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. + +Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. + +Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. + +Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. + +\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. + +Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. +The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. + +Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. + +Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. + +Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. + +Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. + +\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. + +The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. + +For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} + \caption{Something to help understanding} + \label{fig:SCG_expl} +\end{figure} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Details} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] +[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. + +Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. + +Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. + +\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Demonstrate reuse of language logic: +All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. + +? + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + +? + +In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. + +The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and +other application features. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} + +\subsection{Implementation time} + + +\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} + + + +\end{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +Here is an example of netlist creation: + +The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. + + Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. + +First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: + +To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. + +The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimNetlist * +createPingPongNetlist() + { HWSimNetlist *netlist; + HWSimElem **elems; + HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; + HWSimCommPath **commPaths; + int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); + + numElems = 2; + elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); + + numCommPaths = 2; + commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); + + numActivityTypes = 1; + activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); + + netlist->numElems = numElems; + netlist->elems = elems; + netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; + netlist->commPaths = commPaths; + netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; + netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //have to create activity types before create elements + //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist + elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. + +Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements + elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. + +This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 + commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); + commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units + + //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 + commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); + commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +done building netlist, return it +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + return netlist; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ +do{\ + commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ + commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ + }while(0); //macro magic for namespace +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimElem * +createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) + { HWSimElem *elem; + elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); + elem->numInPorts = 1; + elem->numOutPorts = 1; + elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); + elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port + elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; + return elem; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimActivityType * +createPingPongActivityType( ) + { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; + pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); + + pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; + pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; + return pingPongActivityType; + } +\end{verbatim} \end{small} + + +========= + +All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. + +Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +void +pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 + HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +There are four ways a behavior can end: +\begin{description} +\item end, no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + +============= + + +\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} +All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. + +Here's an example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { + return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} + +The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) + { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Henning_derived_formal_def.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Henning_derived_formal_def.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Henning_derived_formal_def.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Henning_derived_formal_def.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2576 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{amstext} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{ \\ The Proto-Runtime Toolkit for Construction of \\ \ Runtime +Systems for Domain Specific Parallel Languages} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, + and TU Berlin} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Merten Sach} + {TU Berlin} + {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + + + +Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. +As one step to ameliorate this, we apply the proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port the runtime systems of parallel languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by providing an interface +that separates the language construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. +As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, multiple languages can be mixed within +the same program, and reusable services such as performance +tuning and debugging +support are available. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. +We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement for existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of implementations +based on proto-runtime, going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. + +? + + +replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging\end{abstract} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background and Motivation} +\label{sec:intro} + +[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] + +The degree of parallelism in hardware steadily increases, but programming has not kept pace, instead relying +upon band-aid measures to make use of relatively coarse +grained multi-cores. Pressure continues to mount to +integrate parallelism into every aspect of programming. +However, the transition has been slow due to difficulties +with the traditional parallel programming methods. + +The main difficulties with those parallel programming methods are: 1) difficult mental model, which reduces productivity, 2) additional effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in work practices. + +New languages and tools are being investigated to mitigate +these problems. Many believe that one promising approach +is embedded-style parallel Domain-Specific Languages (epDSLs) []. epDSL language +constructs match the mental model of the domain, while +they internally imply parallelism. For example, a simulation +epDSL called HWSim[] has only 10 constructs, which match +the actions taken during simulation +of interacting objects. They are mixed into sequential C code and take +only a couple of hours to learn. Yet they encapsulate subtle +and complex dependencies that relate simulated time +to the physical time in the machine. They encapsulate the parallelism +present, while simultaneously making the implementation +simpler to think about than a purely sequential implementation. + + + + Despite this, the adoption of such languages has been slow, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. + +We propose that a method that makes epDSLs lower cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise. We discuss +the proto-runtime approach and show +how to apply it to help towards this goal. + +In this approach, a language's runtime system is built +as a plugin that is plugged into to a proto-runtime instance that was separately installed on the given hardware. Together, the plugin +plus proto-runtime instance form the runtime system +of the language. The proto-runtime instance itself acts as the infrastructure of a runtime system, and +encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, +while providing a number of services for use by the +plugged in language module. + +A proto-runtime instance is essentially a full runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The proto-runtime instance then supplies +the rest of the runtime system. + +The decomposition, into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors, modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. + +We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). + +\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware +related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + +\item The modularization gives the language control +over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + + +\item + +The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + +\end{itemize} + + +\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). + +\begin{itemize} + + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing common services for all languages to (re)use. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). + +\item Part is due to hiding the low +level hardware aspects inside the proto-runtime module, +independent from language (\S \ref{sec:intro}). + +\item Part is due to reuse of the effort of performance-tuning the runtime internals (\S ). + +\item Part is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + + +\end{itemize} + +\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + + +\item The proto-runtime approach appears to future-proof language +runtime +construction, because the patterns underlying proto-runtime appear to be fundamental (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and so should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused on those, although performance related updates to the +plugins may be desired. + +\end{itemize} + +The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style parallel DSLs (epDSLs), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of epDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. +We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. +With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background: The epDSL Hypothesis} + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + +Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. + +In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical systems, bio-informatics, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. + + +The custom syntax can capture parallelism information while simultaneously being natural to think about. In practice, multiple aspects of domains provide opportunities for parallelism. For example, the custom data structures seen by the coder can be internally implemented with distributed algorithms; common operations in the domain can be internally implemented with parallel algorithms; and, the domain constructs often imply dependencies. All of these are gained without the programmer being aware of this implied parallelism; they just follow simple language usage rules. + + + +\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} + +A style of domain language, which we feel has good adoption potential, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base sequential language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. + + +For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, then mix-in custom syntax from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a runtime library that becomes linked, at run time, to an implementation that has been tuned to the hardware. + +As with HWSim, the number of such embedded +constructs tends to be low, easy to learn, and significantly +reduce the complexity of the code written. All while +implicitly specifying parallelism. + +Additionally, parallel versions, or epDSLs have more than just a syntactic advantage over libraries. The language has a toolchain that provides build-time optimization and can take advantage of relationships among distinct constructs within the code. The relationship information allows derivation of communication patterns that inform the choice of placement of work, which is critical to performance on parallel hardware. +\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} + eDSLs tend to have low learning curve because domain experts are already familiar with the concepts behind the language constructs, and there are relatively few constructs +for an embedded DSL. This is especially valuable for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these address the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. + +Productivity has been shown to be enhanced by a well designed DSL, with studies measuring +10x reduction in development time [][][]. Factors +behind this include simplifying the application code, modularizing it, and encapsulating performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. + +Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familiar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. + +Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. The aspects that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, so only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware. Although fully achieving such isolation isn't always possible, epDSLs hold promise for making significant strides towards it. + +\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} + +Using an epDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + Constructs from the epDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. + + \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} + +What appears to be holding epDSLs back from widespread +adoption is mainly the time, expertise, and cost to develop an epDSL. The effort to create a usable epDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for a user base of only a few hundred. + +The effort falls into three categories: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item effort to explore language design and create the epDSL syntax +\item effort to create the runtime that produces the epDSL behavior +\item effort to performance tune the epDSL on particular hardware +\end{itemize} + + +\subsection{The big picture} + +Across the industry as a whole, when epDSLs become successful, there may be thousands of epDSLs, that +each must be mapped onto hundreds of different hardware platforms. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the epDSL approach economically viable. + +The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. + +The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation and toolchain optimizations. +Runtime implementation includes hardware-specific low-level tuning and modification of mapping of work onto cores. + +This is where leveraging the proto-runtime approach +pays off. Hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. Proto-runtime +presents a common abstraction for all hardware +platforms, but a portion of the interface supplies performance related +information specific to the hardware. This portion is specialized for each +cluster. Examples of clusters include: + +\begin{itemize} +\item single chip shared coherent memory +\item multi-chip shared coherent memory (NUMA) +\item coprocessor with independent address space (GPGPU) +\item a network among nodes of the above categories +(Distributed) \item a hierarchy of sub-networks +\end{itemize} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} + +We propose addressing the runtime effort portion of creating +an epDSL by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface, called the \textit{proto-runtime +instance}. The language supplies +the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module (proto-runtime instance) presents the same interface +for all platforms, with a specialization for each category +of platform sharing similar performance related features. The proto-runtime module only has to be implement once for a given platform, and is then reused by all the languages. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +Because of the modularization, a language has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing just for each category. + +The higher level of abstraction simplifies the task for the language implementer. +The language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. + +One additional benefit is that the assignment module +gives control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. +This simplifies implementation of language features related to scheduling behavior. +It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated +methods for choosing placement of work, which can significantly impact +application performance. + +In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent +shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical +heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. + +\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} + +The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig. +\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. One is a thin wrapper library that +invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of that invoked runtime. These are called +the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation + is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper + that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic + library that plugs into the runtime.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + + + +Thus, a non-changing application executable is able to invoke hardware specific plugin code, which changes between machines. The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library. The library is implemented, compiled, distributed and installed separately from applications. The application executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. + + +In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs, +even a simple mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms +of the primitives in the tie-point model. In turn, +the tie-point primitives are implemented +by proto-runtime. + + This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching +channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime instance. + +We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either +start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. + + + +\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} + + +\subsection{timelines} +A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. + +For example, take a thread library, which we consider +a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:singleTimeline} +\end{figure} + + + Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but +it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. +The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact +of the release on one timeline has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes +the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points. +Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point +2 on timeline B. +It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that +establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} + \label{fig:dualTimeline} +\end{figure} + +Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about +how the release goes about causing the end of the block +on the acquire. It reveals +a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the +acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts +with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication +sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then +checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't +and leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline +B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication +to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline +A is waiting for the release and performs a special +control action that resumes timeline A, followed by +doing the control action again to resume timeline B. + It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire +gets linked to the release, tying the constructs together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that +performs the behavior that ties the points together. +Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent +as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows +represent special control that causes resume of the +target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and +B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which +calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then +exercises control to make resume happen.} + \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} +\end{figure} + + + +We show in \S\ref{sec:FormalTiePoint} that the pattern +of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes +an ordering relationship between events before and +after the tied points. That implies a relation on +the visibility of events. + +Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between +the timelines. Operations that execute in +the first timeline before the tie-point are visible +in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies +the requirements +of a synchronization construct. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} + \caption{The +visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. Shows which + operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other +timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing +an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied +points. Both timelines agree on what events are before +versus after the tied point. } + \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} +In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs +can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting +there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization +construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point +and use it to show that a tie point +satisfies the conditions of any +such synchronization +construct. + +Our formalism defines timelines, communication between +timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. +We conclude by showing a few classical definitions +of synchronization and show that those definitions +are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. + +\subsubsection{} + +\begin{description} +\item[timeline:] +\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered +sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the +subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, +and vice versa. + Any and all memory locations in a system are part + of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that +timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that +is separate +from any timeline that code executes in). + +\item[event:] +\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} +\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event +that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, +which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a +send of a communication which pushes out contents from +the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication +which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, +a synchronization +construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way +as to establish a relation between events on this timeline +versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted +$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma +,t}$ where $s$ +and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position +on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes +the synchronization construct. +\item[communication:] +\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of +one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events +from different timelines, with the send +event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto +r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication +set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the +timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication +orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. +However, the ordering is only between two points. In +particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline +2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on +timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position +of the ordering integer represents a wild +card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ +followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} +< s_{2,\_,2}$ + implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. + +\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not +seen by application code. It has an additional +kind of event available, which ends a synchronization +event on a different timeline. + We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, + standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position + on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the +event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application +visible timeline implies a send from that timeline +to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow +s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ + +\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more +synchronization points from different timelines which +are related by a particular pattern of communications. +As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, +as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. + +\end{description} + +We now show that from these definitions it follows: +[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. + +We take the event immediately preceding and the event +immediately following two synchronization events on +two timelines. The synchronization events begin with +a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. +The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to +a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, +and later in its sequence it has a receive for the +synchronization event from the second timeline. The +hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. + +From that, we get the following relations: + +Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. + +This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. + +\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} +Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing +a synchronization construct this way any different +from how they're currently implemented?" The answer +is that currently, synchronization constructs are +implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, +where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction +to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the +hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled +from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements +according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. + +What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that +has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. +For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, +the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the +instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive +access is the part that provides the ordering relations. +So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point +portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in +semantics portion associated with the tie point. + +In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply +say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization +construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather +has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must +create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization +can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed +for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization +construct. For example, any asynchronous communication +establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can +be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining +memory consistency models. + +The key here is the elements of the model within which +tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not +exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline +have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, +ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves +(or be suspended by a different timeline), +and be resumed by a different timeline. + +Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization +can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually +one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point +is derived, versus synchronization is given. + +True, the two are equally powerful. + +More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and +more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own +scheduler, have no control over where and when work +happens. + +It is different because it only directly provides half +the behavior, the time half. in the sense that + +The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point +is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement +synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can +implement other sync constructs.. + +But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs +nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed +memory things that sync constructs cannot. + +The sync constructs can be used together with shared +memory-based communication in order to make more complex +sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed +memory system to make distributed memory things. + +Unless use communication to implement shared memory +on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's +a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- +proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, +which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose +that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application +code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code +running in an application timeline.. so.. need to +get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" +timeline, versus function call.. + +What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from +equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want +that notion of animator in there.. and want to get +at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched +over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from +just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator +just by entering the code that implements the mutex? +Say, place that code in-line in the application code +everywhere it's used.. + +Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the +pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, +which is how the more-primitive operations are able +to construct the more powerful mutex. That might +be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. +show that things that have no time-related semantics, +only simple one-way communication, are able to construct +the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence +of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. + +In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from +must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern +within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all +you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, +in order to prove synchronization properties.. where +"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility +relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. +the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual +exclusion". + +This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that +those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence +the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, +that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical +section, cannot take actions +that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the +end of the critical section, need the same isolation. + + +Let's see.. the relation model said that something +with synchronization constraints can be created from +just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long +as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. + +What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as +the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what +a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter +how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. + +So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct +a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation +thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed +with a synchronization construct. + +I guess the question would be: if one starts with a +synchronization construct existing within a distributed +system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs +from that one.. + +For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive +thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? + +For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one +of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ +has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. +but being able to construct one from something that +is NOT one, whose individual components all have less +than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. +then it is a particular combination that brings the extra +time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. +It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings +that extra into existence that is of value. + +It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from +simpler pieces. + +So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" +synchronization construct property, construct something +that does have the synchronization property. That, +is building something more powerful from pieces that +are less powerful. + +The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot +be used by itself. It requires addition before it +can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive +at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times +M\mapsto M$.. but can't +use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. +So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, +but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't +do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't +accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide +$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside +of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. + +*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, +because it doesn't do anything. No computation is +performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of +computation, then?) + +The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior +-- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a +particular set of constraints on time.. constructed +out of primitives none of which have sych nor time +behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. + +Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed +directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs +in distributed system? Does using sync constructs +do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it +add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms +of something that already has the property being constructed.. +that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that +has the property and building something else that has +it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and +building something that does. + +So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after +property of communication to derive compound communication, +of particular write to particular read, via memory +locations. + +So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the +tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the +other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between +the two timelines. + +Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. + +Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. +the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before +the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just +establishes a half tie-point, no? + +In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. + +Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point +cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". + A sync construct is a full tie-point. + + +================================================ + + +\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} +We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, +where a timeline is a type of lifeline. +We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between +lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. + +\begin{description} +\item[event:] +\(E \) represents an event, which is something that +can be initiated or observed. +\item[occurrence:] +\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated +integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) + +\item[clock:] +\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer +onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) + is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) +is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation +of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated +to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value +associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated +\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated +\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one +lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple +beats +from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, +including one initiated earlier in the sequence of +the lifeline, +and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, +each multiple times. + +\item[projection:] +Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) + is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) +\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). + This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat +of the second lifeline. + +\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting +of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do +not participate in projections, plus a set of projections +that cross the two beats in the forward direction. +Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an +ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) +|iy\ \) +\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. +The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and +ends with the end of all lifelines. + +\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. +Given two positions within different sequences, if +one or both both can be +validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to +define valid rearrangements, so they occupy + the same position in their rearranged sequences, then +they are equivalent positions. + +\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are +equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation +measurements of interest. If the observation measurement +involves sequences, then the two events must lie at +equivalent positions within their respective sequences. + +\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats +can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline +has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do +not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. +Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. + +\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that +their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent +lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines +in one run can be different from the projections in +the other run. + +\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. +\end{description} + + +Some things to note: A particular occurrence +can be associated to at most one beat from a given +lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated +to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may +be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. +Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. + +For example, the event could +be writing a value into a variable. Two separate +write events are considered equivalent occurrences if +they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location +is associated to the same particular +variable, and happen within valid partial orderings +relative to the other occurrences. This is normally +compared across re-creations of the "universe" that +provides the context for the orderings of events instances. + +========= + + Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats +-- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the +distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it +through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. + +So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs +are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! + + What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. + +So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. + +The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. + +From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this +defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- +the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect + +======= + +From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. + +The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may +be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, +and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation +is on non-origin lifeline. + +But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. + In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, +they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal +state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat +that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the +same internal activity will have the behavior of a +full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves +resumed in different internal activities. + +A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. + +The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. + +For +example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired +receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. + +For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared +context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner +and resume self else place self onto end of sequence +of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner +and place the next in sequence of special beats into +lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. +in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can +form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. +? + +==== + +Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description +of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. + + + + + +\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates +to tie-points} + +To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to +specify a synchronization construct, we first state +clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. + +The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two +independent timelines, both performing reads and writes +within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The +timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any +write on Timeline A can be received by any read of +the same address on +Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, +the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} + \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines +by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each +other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} + \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} +\end{figure} + + + +To control the behavior of writes and reads to the +same addresses, a common point must be established, which +limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to +each other. A synchronization construct is used for +this. +The net effect of such a construct is to establish +a common point that both timelines agree on. This +point separates reads and writes before it from reads +and writes after it. + +For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline +before entering the critical section. Any writes performed +on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. + +The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, +any writes performed by that new +timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible +to reads performed by the old timeline before it released +the lock. + +With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct +as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has +the property that it creates +a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different +timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point +fit our definition of synchronization constructs. + + +\subsection{More on tie-points} + +Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by +a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes +behavior in the gaps; 3) resume +called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement +of instruction completion relative to resume. + +What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. + + +Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point +do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint +on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible + timeline that embodies notions such as dependency + between units of work, mutual exclusion, + partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the + primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion +of reads/writes. + +It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside +the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up +sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the +semantics of a synchronization construct. + +A workshop paper also discusses tie points +[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and +will be published in a future paper. + + + +\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} + + Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the +proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. +It acts as the hidden timeline. + + The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations +of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: + + %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. + +%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. + +%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) + +\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with +parameters from application +\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution +\item end a timeline +\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered +core + +\end{itemize} + +Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + + +The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire +can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, +which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. + +The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task +or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner +portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. + + + +\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} + +To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing +acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: + +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, +and +provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the +mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it +continues to make progress. However, if a different thread +already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue +of waiting threads, and stops making progress. +\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and +provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread +that called the release construct.. +\end{itemize} + +This calls for a data structure that has two fields: +one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, +the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire +the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple +reads +and writes of the data structure. Hence, the + structure must be protected +from races between different threads. + +The protection +is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, +and where performance issues come into the picture. +It could be accomplished with a single global lock + that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished +with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence +mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus +quorum techniques. + +However, the implementation of the semantics is independent +of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, +and an interface can be placed between them. One side +of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of +the data structure, while the other side implements +protecting the first side from interference. + +The side that provides protection requires fields, +for its use, to be placed into the data structure used +to represent a thread. To hide those details, +the protection side should also provide +primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend +and resume them. + +This interface that separates the semantic side from +the protection +side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables +the modularization of runtime system implementations. + +The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking +about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. + That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization +behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. + + %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization +%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves +%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. + + + + + +\section{Concrete Details} +Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize +a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is +time to make the concepts concrete by showing code +segments that implement each of the concepts, and code +segments that use the concepts. We will start with +the big picture and work down. + +The first stop will be the development process, showing +how it is fractured into three separate and independent +development activities. Next, we will show examples +of how application +code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls +down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, +we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, +where we will focus on the interaction between plugin +code and proto-runtime code. + +In this last portion, we will show how the +interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside +the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will +show how providing +a consistent environment + is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion + of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is + the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline + that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs +to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. + + +\subsection{Three independent development efforts} + +To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the +three independent paths that development takes: +one for development of proto-runtime code, one for +development of language implementation, and one for +application development. Each of these produces a separate +installable artifact. +The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. + +The proto-runtime code is developed separately from +both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +The wrapper library, however, is not +installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it +is only used during development of an application, +and remains independent of hardware. + +Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +When an application is executed, the loader binds the +dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. + In this way, a single, +unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +However, the success of the compile-once approach has +limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work +itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. + +\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} + +At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each +of two cores, as the core is switched between application +code and runtime code. It is too early to understand +the details, but this figure can be referred back to +as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. +Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. + +At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, +and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is +depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, +along with the animation of application code by those virtual +processors. + +? + +The application passes information to a wrapper library +call, +such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the +information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime +primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing +that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer +to the plugin function that will handle the request. +The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which +other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library +call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from +whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a +synchronization construct. + +However, there is one last step between the request +handler marking a timeline as ready to resume +and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the +assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. +The request handlers stack up work that is free to +be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which +of those to place onto an offered core. + + + + + +\begin{figure*}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] + {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} + \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple +cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls +between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the +code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated +by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core +2. The boxes +represent virtual processors, each with its associated +timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative +ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request +Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, +which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime +code module.} + \label{fig:physTimeSeq} +\end{figure*} + + + +\subsection{Using language constructs} +In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs +take the form of function calls. The reader familiar +with posix threads will have used function calls to +perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. +Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the +same way. + +We use posix threads for our example because it is +a familiar language that the reader already knows well. +It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. + +\subsubsection{Main and startup} +Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime +system must be started, and a proto-runtime process +must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the +create process was given a pointer +to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime +based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime +based languages that will be used in the application, +and must create the virtual processors and tasks that +perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. + +==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == + +\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth +function} +Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts +the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It +is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. +Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two +threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both +threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the +command that kills the virtual processor that is animating +the function. + +==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, +Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== + +Notice the signature +of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer +to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is +the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for +proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. + + +Also, notice that the standard signature includes a +pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime +defined structure, which holds the meta-information +about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed +the structure of the virtual processor that is animating +it. + +An illuminating aside is that the birth function for +a posix thread doesn't need +to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. +That is because the operating system tracks which thread +is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing +an instruction that suspends the code executing on +the core and switches +the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel +then looks up the data structure that is assigned to +the core. + +That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the +pointer to the thread that was animating the application +code that called the posix construct. But the implementation +of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't +have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, +and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data +structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. + +Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created +by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent +of mutex acquire and release to protect access to +a critical section. Notice that the signature +is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. +Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to +each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next +several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure +is used. + +==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and +release to protect a counter plus print of count value== + + +\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} + +Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls +reveals code such as in Fig X. + +==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== + +There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data +structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime +call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library +calls. The data structure is used to carry information +into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was +started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is +the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends +application code and switches to the kernel. For the +implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this +call is implemented with assembly instructions. + +This wrapper library code is placed on the machine +used during development of the application, and is +compiled into the application executable. However, +the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, +and is not part of the application executable. + +Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to +a function. This is called the handler function, and +is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime +will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled +way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment +to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. +We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the +handler function, and what such a handler function +looks like. + +First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and +switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X + +==assembly of suspend and switch== + +All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer +into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program +counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, +which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. + +\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched +to} + +The PR assembly code switches the core to executing +the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. + +==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== + +All this does is invoke the handler function named +in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. +This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point +model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, +fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens +to use a global lock for each language's environment. + However other implementations are possible. In order + to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap + instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random + backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. + + The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes + on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point + model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special + beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that + executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler + code that then establishes the causal connections + between such special beats, and so ties them together. + The causal connection is via the changes make to the + language environment. + + So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. + The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat + and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The + lock is what isolates and sequentializes + the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language + environment is the hidden state used to establish + causal connection between special beats. + + + +This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. + +Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. + + +If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. + +Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. + +This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. + +? + +Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. + +The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. + +=================== + + +\subsection{not sure} +A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. + +However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. + +As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. + +? + +The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. + +? + +The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". +The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. + +================= + +\subsection{more on tie-points} +Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. + +From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. + +However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. + +Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. + +The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. + +That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. + + +The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. + +At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. + +The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. + +=========== + +The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. + +So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. + +For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. + +============ + + +\subsection{More on eDSLs} +%====================================== + +%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + +%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. + +%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. + + +% ============== + +%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. + +%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. + +%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Details} +\label{subsec:Details} + + what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. + +modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. + +? + + + + overhead measurements + +implementation time measurements + + discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. + + give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. + + summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the +least, the same effort would have to be expended on +each and every language that we expended on performance +tuning our proto-runtime. + + We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to + +illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + +Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). + +Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). + + + +? + + + + + The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints +due to data dependencies. + + a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. + +? + +The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. + + + + this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. + + implementing language logic, + +show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. + +give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, +we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. + +support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. + + discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. + +reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} +With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} + +\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} +For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. + +For runtime performance: + +-- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) + +-- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) + +-- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci + +-- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{} +\label{tab} + +As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. + + +\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} +\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} +Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. +\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} +In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk +\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} +OMPSs +\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} +VOMP + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} +Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. + +Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements +of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. + + +\begin{centering} +\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} + \cline{2-8} + \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ + \cline{2-8} + \noalign{\vskip2pt} + \hline + Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ + Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ + Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ + L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\caption +{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. +} +\end{centering} +\label{tabPersonHoursLang} + +%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} +%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} + +We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. + +We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. + + +\begin{center} +\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for +the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ +\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline +\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline +%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline +\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline +\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + + + +The first two methods have poor runtime and application +performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. + +Both also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. + +For the same reason, porting is poor for these two +approaches. The DSL's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. + +Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra +effort is expended to take advantage. + +Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. + +Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. +%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. + + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + + +Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. + + The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. + +The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. + +Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. + +Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. + +Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: +\begin{itemize} +\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. +\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. +\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. +\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. +\end{itemize} + + +\end{document} +============================================= +== +== +== +== +== +============================================= + +\section{The Problem} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. + +To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). + +Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). + +The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). + +\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} +\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. + +A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. + +In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. + +Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. + +The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. + +In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. + +Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. + + +\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} +\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. + +DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. + +It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. + +In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. + +\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} +\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. + + +An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} +\begin{verbatim} +newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} +\begin{verbatim} +SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} +\begin{verbatim} +messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} +} +} + +\caption +{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. +} +\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} +\end{figure} +An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. + +As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. + +It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. + +\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} +\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. + +For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. + +An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. + +When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. + +The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. + +The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + +Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). + +\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. + +Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. + +In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. + + + During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. + +If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. + +For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. + +The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. + + +\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + +Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. + +The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. + +The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. + +For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. + +While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. + +These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. + +For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. + + +One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: +\begin{itemize} +\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. +\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. +\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. +\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. +\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Summary of Section} + [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. + +The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. + +The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Description} +\label{sec:idea} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + + +Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. + +The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. + +\subsection{Creating an eDSL} + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} + \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} + \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} +\end{figure} + +As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. + +As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. + +\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} + +\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} +-- standardizes runtime code +-- makes familiar going from one lang to another +-- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs + +-- show the enums, and the switch table + +-- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave + +\subsubsection{The Request Handler} +-- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. + +-- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL + +\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } +The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. + +For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. + +Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. + +This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. + +\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + +-- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) + +-- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency + +\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} +-- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) + +-- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. + +\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} + +-- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. +-- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. +-- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. +-- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. + +Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. +-- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, +-- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. +-- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption + +-- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. + +-- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects + +-- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + + +\section{(outline and notes)} + +-- What a plugin looks like: + +-- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units + +-- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. + +-- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), + +-- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). + + +-- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. + + + + +\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. + + +\subsection{Some Definitions} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. + +In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. + +\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. + +For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. + +It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. + + +The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. + + + +======= + + I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). + Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. + Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. + +================= + +\subsection{The patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + + +Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. + +Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + + +\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The +basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. + +Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. + +Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. + +Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. + +\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. + +Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. +The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. + +Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. + +Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. + +Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. + +Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. + +\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. + +The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. + +For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} + \caption{Something to help understanding} + \label{fig:SCG_expl} +\end{figure} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Details} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] +[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. + +Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. + +Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. + +\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Demonstrate reuse of language logic: +All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. + +? + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + +? + +In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. + +The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and +other application features. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} + +\subsection{Implementation time} + + +\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} + + + +\end{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +Here is an example of netlist creation: + +The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. + + Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. + +First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: + +To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. + +The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimNetlist * +createPingPongNetlist() + { HWSimNetlist *netlist; + HWSimElem **elems; + HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; + HWSimCommPath **commPaths; + int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); + + numElems = 2; + elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); + + numCommPaths = 2; + commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); + + numActivityTypes = 1; + activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); + + netlist->numElems = numElems; + netlist->elems = elems; + netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; + netlist->commPaths = commPaths; + netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; + netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //have to create activity types before create elements + //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist + elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. + +Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements + elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. + +This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 + commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); + commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units + + //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 + commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); + commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +done building netlist, return it +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + return netlist; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ +do{\ + commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ + commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ + }while(0); //macro magic for namespace +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimElem * +createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) + { HWSimElem *elem; + elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); + elem->numInPorts = 1; + elem->numOutPorts = 1; + elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); + elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port + elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; + return elem; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimActivityType * +createPingPongActivityType( ) + { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; + pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); + + pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; + pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; + return pingPongActivityType; + } +\end{verbatim} \end{small} + + +========= + +All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. + +Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +void +pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 + HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +There are four ways a behavior can end: +\begin{description} +\item end, no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + +============= + + +\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} +All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. + +Here's an example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { + return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} + +The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) + { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Ownership_based_definition.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Ownership_based_definition.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2578 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{amstext} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{ The Proto-Runtime Abstraction for Construction +of Parallel Language Runtime Systems\\ or\\ The Proto-Runtime +Abstraction Applied to the Implementation of Runtime +Systems for Parallel Domain Specific Languages} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, + and TU Berlin} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Merten Sach} + {TU Berlin} + {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + + + +Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. +As one step to ameliorate this, we apply the proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port the runtime systems of parallel languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by providing an interface +that separates the language construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. +As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, multiple languages can be mixed within +the same program, and reusable services such as performance +tuning and debugging +support are available. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. +We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement for existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of implementations +based on proto-runtime, going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. + +? + + +replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging\end{abstract} + + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background and Motivation} +\label{sec:intro} + +[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] + +The degree of parallelism in hardware steadily increases, but programming has not kept pace, instead relying +upon band-aid measures to make use of relatively coarse +grained multi-cores. Pressure continues to mount to +integrate parallelism into every aspect of programming. +However, the transition has been slow due to difficulties +with the traditional parallel programming methods. + +The main difficulties with those parallel programming methods are: 1) difficult mental model, which reduces productivity, 2) additional effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in work practices. + +New languages and tools are being investigated to mitigate +these problems. Many believe that one promising approach +is embedded-style parallel Domain-Specific Languages (epDSLs) []. epDSL language +constructs match the mental model of the domain, while +they internally imply parallelism. For example, a simulation +epDSL called HWSim[] has only 10 constructs, which match +the actions taken during simulation +of interacting objects. They are mixed into sequential C code and take +only a couple of hours to learn. Yet they encapsulate subtle +and complex dependencies that relate simulated time +to the physical time in the machine. They encapsulate the parallelism +present, while simultaneously making the implementation +simpler to think about than a purely sequential implementation. + + + + Despite this, the adoption of such languages has been slow, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. + +We propose that a method that makes epDSLs lower cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise. We discuss +the proto-runtime approach and show +how to apply it to help towards this goal. + +In this approach, a language's runtime system is built +as a plugin that is plugged into to a proto-runtime instance that was separately installed on the given hardware. Together, the plugin +plus proto-runtime instance form the runtime system +of the language. The proto-runtime instance itself acts as the infrastructure of a runtime system, and +encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, +while providing a number of services for use by the +plugged in language module. + +A proto-runtime instance is essentially a full runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The proto-runtime instance then supplies +the rest of the runtime system. + +The decomposition, into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors, modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. + +We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + +%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). + +\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware +related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + +\item The modularization gives the language control +over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). + + +\item + +The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + +\end{itemize} + + +\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, +\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). + +\begin{itemize} + + +\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing common services for all languages to (re)use. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). + +\item Part is due to hiding the low +level hardware aspects inside the proto-runtime module, +independent from language (\S \ref{sec:intro}). + +\item Part is due to reuse of the effort of performance-tuning the runtime internals (\S ). + +\item Part is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). + + +\end{itemize} + +\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). + + +\item The proto-runtime approach appears to future-proof language +runtime +construction, because the patterns underlying proto-runtime appear to be fundamental (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, +\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and so should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused on those, although performance related updates to the +plugins may be desired. + +\end{itemize} + +The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style parallel DSLs (epDSLs), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of epDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. +We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. +With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Background: The epDSL Hypothesis} + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + +Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. + +In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical systems, bio-informatics, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. + + +The custom syntax can capture parallelism information while simultaneously being natural to think about. In practice, multiple aspects of domains provide opportunities for parallelism. For example, the custom data structures seen by the coder can be internally implemented with distributed algorithms; common operations in the domain can be internally implemented with parallel algorithms; and, the domain constructs often imply dependencies. All of these are gained without the programmer being aware of this implied parallelism; they just follow simple language usage rules. + + + +\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} + +A style of domain language, which we feel has good adoption potential, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base sequential language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. + + +For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, then mix-in custom syntax from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a runtime library that becomes linked, at run time, to an implementation that has been tuned to the hardware. + +As with HWSim, the number of such embedded +constructs tends to be low, easy to learn, and significantly +reduce the complexity of the code written. All while +implicitly specifying parallelism. + +Additionally, parallel versions, or epDSLs have more than just a syntactic advantage over libraries. The language has a toolchain that provides build-time optimization and can take advantage of relationships among distinct constructs within the code. The relationship information allows derivation of communication patterns that inform the choice of placement of work, which is critical to performance on parallel hardware. +\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} + eDSLs tend to have low learning curve because domain experts are already familiar with the concepts behind the language constructs, and there are relatively few constructs +for an embedded DSL. This is especially valuable for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these address the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. + +Productivity has been shown to be enhanced by a well designed DSL, with studies measuring +10x reduction in development time [][][]. Factors +behind this include simplifying the application code, modularizing it, and encapsulating performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. + +Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familiar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. + +Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. The aspects that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, so only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware. Although fully achieving such isolation isn't always possible, epDSLs hold promise for making significant strides towards it. + +\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} + +Using an epDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + Constructs from the epDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. + + \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} + +What appears to be holding epDSLs back from widespread +adoption is mainly the time, expertise, and cost to develop an epDSL. The effort to create a usable epDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for a user base of only a few hundred. + +The effort falls into three categories: + +\begin{enumerate} +\item effort to explore language design and create the epDSL syntax +\item effort to create the runtime that produces the epDSL behavior +\item effort to performance tune the epDSL on particular hardware +\end{itemize} + + +\subsection{The big picture} + +Across the industry as a whole, when epDSLs become successful, there may be thousands of epDSLs, that +each must be mapped onto hundreds of different hardware platforms. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the epDSL approach economically viable. + +The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. + +The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation and toolchain optimizations. +Runtime implementation includes hardware-specific low-level tuning and modification of mapping of work onto cores. + +This is where leveraging the proto-runtime approach +pays off. Hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. Proto-runtime +presents a common abstraction for all hardware +platforms, but a portion of the interface supplies performance related +information specific to the hardware. This portion is specialized for each +cluster. Examples of clusters include: + +\begin{itemize} +\item single chip shared coherent memory +\item multi-chip shared coherent memory (NUMA) +\item coprocessor with independent address space (GPGPU) +\item a network among nodes of the above categories +(Distributed) \item a hierarchy of sub-networks +\end{itemize} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} + +We propose addressing the runtime effort portion of creating +an epDSL by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface, called the \textit{proto-runtime +instance}. The language supplies +the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module (proto-runtime instance) presents the same interface +for all platforms, with a specialization for each category +of platform sharing similar performance related features. The proto-runtime module only has to be implement once for a given platform, and is then reused by all the languages. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +Because of the modularization, a language has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing just for each category. + +The higher level of abstraction simplifies the task for the language implementer. +The language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. + +One additional benefit is that the assignment module +gives control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. +This simplifies implementation of language features related to scheduling behavior. +It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated +methods for choosing placement of work, which can significantly impact +application performance. + +In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent +shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical +heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. + +\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} + +The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig. +\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. One is a thin wrapper library that +invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of that invoked runtime. These are called +the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation + is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper + that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic + library that plugs into the runtime.} + \label{fig:langBreakdown} +\end{figure} + + + +Thus, a non-changing application executable is able to invoke hardware specific plugin code, which changes between machines. The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library. The library is implemented, compiled, distributed and installed separately from applications. The application executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. + + +In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs, +even a simple mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms +of the primitives in the tie-point model. In turn, +the tie-point primitives are implemented +by proto-runtime. + + This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching +channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime instance. + +We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either +start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. + + + +\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} + + +\subsection{timelines} +A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. + +For example, take a thread library, which we consider +a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:singleTimeline} +\end{figure} + + + Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but +it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. +The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact +of the release on one timeline has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes +the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points. +Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point +2 on timeline B. +It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that +establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} + \label{fig:dualTimeline} +\end{figure} + +Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about +how the release goes about causing the end of the block +on the acquire. It reveals +a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the +acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts +with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication +sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then +checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't +and leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline +B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication +to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline +A is waiting for the release and performs a special +control action that resumes timeline A, followed by +doing the control action again to resume timeline B. + It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire +gets linked to the release, tying the constructs together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that +performs the behavior that ties the points together. +Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent +as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows +represent special control that causes resume of the +target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and +B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which +calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then +exercises control to make resume happen.} + \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} +\end{figure} + + + +We show in \S\ref{sec:FormalTiePoint} that the pattern +of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes +an ordering relationship between events before and +after the tied points. That implies a relation on +the visibility of events. + +Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between +the timelines. Operations that execute in +the first timeline before the tie-point are visible +in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies +the requirements +of a synchronization construct. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} + \caption{The +visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. Shows which + operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other +timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing +an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied +points. Both timelines agree on what events are before +versus after the tied point. } + \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} +In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs +can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting +there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization +construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point +and use it to show that a tie point +satisfies the conditions of any +such synchronization +construct. + +Our formalism defines timelines, communication between +timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. +We conclude by showing a few classical definitions +of synchronization and show that those definitions +are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. + +\subsubsection{} + +\begin{description} +\item[timeline:] +\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered +sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the +subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, +and vice versa. + Any and all memory locations in a system are part + of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that +timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that +is separate +from any timeline that code executes in). + +\item[event:] +\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} +\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event +that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, +which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a +send of a communication which pushes out contents from +the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication +which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, +a synchronization +construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way +as to establish a relation between events on this timeline +versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted +$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma +,t}$ where $s$ +and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position +on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes +the synchronization construct. +\item[communication:] +\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of +one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events +from different timelines, with the send +event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto +r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication +set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the +timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication +orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. +However, the ordering is only between two points. In +particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline +2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on +timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position +of the ordering integer represents a wild +card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ +followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} +< s_{2,\_,2}$ + implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. + +\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not +seen by application code. It has an additional +kind of event available, which ends a synchronization +event on a different timeline. + We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, + standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position + on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the +event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application +visible timeline implies a send from that timeline +to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow +s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ + +\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more +synchronization points from different timelines which +are related by a particular pattern of communications. +As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, +as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. + +\end{description} + +We now show that from these definitions it follows: +[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. + +We take the event immediately preceding and the event +immediately following two synchronization events on +two timelines. The synchronization events begin with +a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. +The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to +a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, +and later in its sequence it has a receive for the +synchronization event from the second timeline. The +hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. + +From that, we get the following relations: + +Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. + +This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. + +\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} +Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing +a synchronization construct this way any different +from how they're currently implemented?" The answer +is that currently, synchronization constructs are +implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, +where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction +to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the +hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled +from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements +according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. + +What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that +has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. +For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, +the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the +instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive +access is the part that provides the ordering relations. +So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point +portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in +semantics portion associated with the tie point. + +In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply +say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization +construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather +has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must +create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization +can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed +for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization +construct. For example, any asynchronous communication +establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can +be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining +memory consistency models. + +The key here is the elements of the model within which +tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not +exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline +have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, +ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves +(or be suspended by a different timeline), +and be resumed by a different timeline. + +Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization +can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually +one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point +is derived, versus synchronization is given. + +True, the two are equally powerful. + +More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and +more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own +scheduler, have no control over where and when work +happens. + +It is different because it only directly provides half +the behavior, the time half. in the sense that + +The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point +is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement +synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can +implement other sync constructs.. + +But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs +nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed +memory things that sync constructs cannot. + +The sync constructs can be used together with shared +memory-based communication in order to make more complex +sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed +memory system to make distributed memory things. + +Unless use communication to implement shared memory +on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's +a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- +proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, +which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose +that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application +code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code +running in an application timeline.. so.. need to +get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" +timeline, versus function call.. + +What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from +equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want +that notion of animator in there.. and want to get +at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched +over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from +just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator +just by entering the code that implements the mutex? +Say, place that code in-line in the application code +everywhere it's used.. + +Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the +pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, +which is how the more-primitive operations are able +to construct the more powerful mutex. That might +be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. +show that things that have no time-related semantics, +only simple one-way communication, are able to construct +the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence +of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. + +In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from +must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern +within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all +you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, +in order to prove synchronization properties.. where +"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility +relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. +the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual +exclusion". + +This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that +those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence +the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, +that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical +section, cannot take actions +that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the +end of the critical section, need the same isolation. + + +Let's see.. the relation model said that something +with synchronization constraints can be created from +just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long +as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. + +What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as +the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what +a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter +how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. + +So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct +a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation +thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed +with a synchronization construct. + +I guess the question would be: if one starts with a +synchronization construct existing within a distributed +system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs +from that one.. + +For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive +thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? + +For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one +of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ +has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. +but being able to construct one from something that +is NOT one, whose individual components all have less +than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. +then it is a particular combination that brings the extra +time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. +It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings +that extra into existence that is of value. + +It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from +simpler pieces. + +So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" +synchronization construct property, construct something +that does have the synchronization property. That, +is building something more powerful from pieces that +are less powerful. + +The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot +be used by itself. It requires addition before it +can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive +at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times +M\mapsto M$.. but can't +use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. +So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, +but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't +do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't +accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide +$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside +of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. + +*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, +because it doesn't do anything. No computation is +performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of +computation, then?) + +The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior +-- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a +particular set of constraints on time.. constructed +out of primitives none of which have sych nor time +behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. + +Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed +directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs +in distributed system? Does using sync constructs +do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it +add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms +of something that already has the property being constructed.. +that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that +has the property and building something else that has +it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and +building something that does. + +So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after +property of communication to derive compound communication, +of particular write to particular read, via memory +locations. + +So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the +tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the +other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between +the two timelines. + +Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. + +Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. +the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before +the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just +establishes a half tie-point, no? + +In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. + +Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point +cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". + A sync construct is a full tie-point. + + +================================================ + + +\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} +We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, +where a timeline is a type of lifeline. +We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between +lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. + +\begin{description} +\item[event:] +\(E \) represents an event, which is something that +can be initiated or observed. +\item[occurrence:] +\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated +integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) + +\item[clock:] +\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer +onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) + is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) +is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation +of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated +to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value +associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated +\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated +\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one +lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple +beats +from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, +including one initiated earlier in the sequence of +the lifeline, +and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, +each multiple times. + +\item[projection:] +Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) + is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) +\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). + This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat +of the second lifeline. + +\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting +of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do +not participate in projections, plus a set of projections +that cross the two beats in the forward direction. +Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an +ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) +|iy\ \) +\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. +The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and +ends with the end of all lifelines. + +\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. +Given two positions within different sequences, if +one or both both can be +validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to +define valid rearrangements, so they occupy + the same position in their rearranged sequences, then +they are equivalent positions. + +\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are +equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation +measurements of interest. If the observation measurement +involves sequences, then the two events must lie at +equivalent positions within their respective sequences. + +\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats +can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline +has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do +not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. +Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. + +\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that +their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent +lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines +in one run can be different from the projections in +the other run. + +\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. +\end{description} + + +Some things to note: A particular occurrence +can be associated to at most one beat from a given +lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated +to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may +be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. +Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. + +For example, the event could +be writing a value into a variable. Two separate +write events are considered equivalent occurrences if +they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location +is associated to the same particular +variable, and happen within valid partial orderings +relative to the other occurrences. This is normally +compared across re-creations of the "universe" that +provides the context for the orderings of events instances. + +========= + + Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats +-- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the +distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it +through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. + +So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs +are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! + + What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. + +So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. + +The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. + +From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this +defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- +the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect + +======= + +From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. + +The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may +be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, +and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation +is on non-origin lifeline. + +But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. + In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, +they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal +state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat +that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the +same internal activity will have the behavior of a +full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves +resumed in different internal activities. + +A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. + +The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. + +For +example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired +receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. + +For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared +context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner +and resume self else place self onto end of sequence +of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner +and place the next in sequence of special beats into +lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. +in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can +form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. +? + +==== + +Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description +of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. + + + + + +\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates +to tie-points} + +To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to +specify a synchronization construct, we first state +clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. + +The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two +independent timelines, both performing reads and writes +within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The +timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any +write on Timeline A can be received by any read of +the same address on +Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, +the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} + \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines +by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each +other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} + \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} +\end{figure} + + + +To control the behavior of writes and reads to the +same addresses, a common point must be established, which +limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to +each other. A synchronization construct is used for +this. +The net effect of such a construct is to establish +a common point that both timelines agree on. This +point separates reads and writes before it from reads +and writes after it. + +For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline +before entering the critical section. Any writes performed +on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. + +The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, +any writes performed by that new +timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible +to reads performed by the old timeline before it released +the lock. + +With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct +as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has +the property that it creates +a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different +timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point +fit our definition of synchronization constructs. + + +\subsection{More on tie-points} + +Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by +a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes +behavior in the gaps; 3) resume +called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement +of instruction completion relative to resume. + +What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. + + +Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point +do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint +on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible + timeline that embodies notions such as dependency + between units of work, mutual exclusion, + partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the + primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion +of reads/writes. + +It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside +the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up +sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the +semantics of a synchronization construct. + +A workshop paper also discusses tie points +[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and +will be published in a future paper. + + + +\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} + + Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the +proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. +It acts as the hidden timeline. + + The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations +of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: + + %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. + +%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. + +%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) + +\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with +parameters from application +\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution +\item end a timeline +\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered +core + +\end{itemize} + +Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + + +The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire +can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, +which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. + +The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task +or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner +portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. + + + +\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} + +To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing +acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: + +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, +and +provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the +mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it +continues to make progress. However, if a different thread +already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue +of waiting threads, and stops making progress. +\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and +provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread +that called the release construct.. +\end{itemize} + +This calls for a data structure that has two fields: +one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, +the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire +the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple +reads +and writes of the data structure. Hence, the + structure must be protected +from races between different threads. + +The protection +is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, +and where performance issues come into the picture. +It could be accomplished with a single global lock + that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished +with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence +mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus +quorum techniques. + +However, the implementation of the semantics is independent +of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, +and an interface can be placed between them. One side +of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of +the data structure, while the other side implements +protecting the first side from interference. + +The side that provides protection requires fields, +for its use, to be placed into the data structure used +to represent a thread. To hide those details, +the protection side should also provide +primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend +and resume them. + +This interface that separates the semantic side from +the protection +side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables +the modularization of runtime system implementations. + +The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking +about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. + That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization +behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. + + %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization +%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves +%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. + + + + + +\section{Concrete Details} +Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize +a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is +time to make the concepts concrete by showing code +segments that implement each of the concepts, and code +segments that use the concepts. We will start with +the big picture and work down. + +The first stop will be the development process, showing +how it is fractured into three separate and independent +development activities. Next, we will show examples +of how application +code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls +down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, +we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, +where we will focus on the interaction between plugin +code and proto-runtime code. + +In this last portion, we will show how the +interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside +the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will +show how providing +a consistent environment + is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion + of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is + the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline + that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs +to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. + + +\subsection{Three independent development efforts} + +To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the +three independent paths that development takes: +one for development of proto-runtime code, one for +development of language implementation, and one for +application development. Each of these produces a separate +installable artifact. +The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. + +The proto-runtime code is developed separately from +both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +The wrapper library, however, is not +installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it +is only used during development of an application, +and remains independent of hardware. + +Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +When an application is executed, the loader binds the +dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. + In this way, a single, +unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +However, the success of the compile-once approach has +limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work +itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. + +\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} + +At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each +of two cores, as the core is switched between application +code and runtime code. It is too early to understand +the details, but this figure can be referred back to +as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. +Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. + +At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, +and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is +depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, +along with the animation of application code by those virtual +processors. + +? + +The application passes information to a wrapper library +call, +such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the +information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime +primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing +that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer +to the plugin function that will handle the request. +The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which +other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library +call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from +whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a +synchronization construct. + +However, there is one last step between the request +handler marking a timeline as ready to resume +and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the +assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. +The request handlers stack up work that is free to +be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which +of those to place onto an offered core. + + + + + +\begin{figure*}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] + {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} + \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple +cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls +between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the +code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated +by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core +2. The boxes +represent virtual processors, each with its associated +timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative +ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request +Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, +which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime +code module.} + \label{fig:physTimeSeq} +\end{figure*} + + + +\subsection{Using language constructs} +In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs +take the form of function calls. The reader familiar +with posix threads will have used function calls to +perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. +Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the +same way. + +We use posix threads for our example because it is +a familiar language that the reader already knows well. +It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. + +\subsubsection{Main and startup} +Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime +system must be started, and a proto-runtime process +must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the +create process was given a pointer +to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime +based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime +based languages that will be used in the application, +and must create the virtual processors and tasks that +perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. + +==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == + +\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth +function} +Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts +the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It +is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. +Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two +threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both +threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the +command that kills the virtual processor that is animating +the function. + +==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, +Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== + +Notice the signature +of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer +to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is +the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for +proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. + + +Also, notice that the standard signature includes a +pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime +defined structure, which holds the meta-information +about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed +the structure of the virtual processor that is animating +it. + +An illuminating aside is that the birth function for +a posix thread doesn't need +to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. +That is because the operating system tracks which thread +is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing +an instruction that suspends the code executing on +the core and switches +the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel +then looks up the data structure that is assigned to +the core. + +That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the +pointer to the thread that was animating the application +code that called the posix construct. But the implementation +of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't +have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, +and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data +structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. + +Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created +by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent +of mutex acquire and release to protect access to +a critical section. Notice that the signature +is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. +Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to +each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next +several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure +is used. + +==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and +release to protect a counter plus print of count value== + + +\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} + +Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls +reveals code such as in Fig X. + +==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== + +There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data +structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime +call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library +calls. The data structure is used to carry information +into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was +started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is +the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends +application code and switches to the kernel. For the +implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this +call is implemented with assembly instructions. + +This wrapper library code is placed on the machine +used during development of the application, and is +compiled into the application executable. However, +the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, +and is not part of the application executable. + +Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to +a function. This is called the handler function, and +is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime +will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled +way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment +to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. +We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the +handler function, and what such a handler function +looks like. + +First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and +switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X + +==assembly of suspend and switch== + +All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer +into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program +counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, +which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. + +\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched +to} + +The PR assembly code switches the core to executing +the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. + +==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== + +All this does is invoke the handler function named +in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. +This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point +model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, +fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens +to use a global lock for each language's environment. + However other implementations are possible. In order + to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap + instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random + backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. + + The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes + on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point + model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special + beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that + executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler + code that then establishes the causal connections + between such special beats, and so ties them together. + The causal connection is via the changes make to the + language environment. + + So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. + The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat + and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The + lock is what isolates and sequentializes + the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language + environment is the hidden state used to establish + causal connection between special beats. + + + +This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. + +Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. + + +If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. + +Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. + +This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. + +? + +Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. + +The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. + +=================== + + +\subsection{not sure} +A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. + +However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. + +As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. + +? + +The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. + +? + +The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". +The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. + +================= + +\subsection{more on tie-points} +Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. + +From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. + +However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. + +Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. + +The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. + +That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. + + +The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. + +At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. + +The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. + +=========== + +The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. + +So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. + +For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. + +============ + + +\subsection{More on eDSLs} +%====================================== + +%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + +%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. + +%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. + + +% ============== + +%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. + +%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. + +%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Details} +\label{subsec:Details} + + what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. + +modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. + +? + + + + overhead measurements + +implementation time measurements + + discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. + + give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. + + summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the +least, the same effort would have to be expended on +each and every language that we expended on performance +tuning our proto-runtime. + + We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to + +illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + +Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). + +Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). + + + +? + + + + + The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints +due to data dependencies. + + a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. + +? + +The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. + + + + this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. + + implementing language logic, + +show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. + +give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, +we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. + +support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. + + discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. + +reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} +With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} + +\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} +For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. + +For runtime performance: + +-- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) + +-- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) + +-- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci + +-- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{} +\label{tab} + +As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. + + +\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} +\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} +Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. +\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} +In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk +\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} +OMPSs +\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} +VOMP + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} +Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. + +Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements +of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. + + +\begin{centering} +\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} + \cline{2-8} + \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ + \cline{2-8} + \noalign{\vskip2pt} + \hline + Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ + Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ + Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ + L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\caption +{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. +} +\end{centering} +\label{tabPersonHoursLang} + +%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} +%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} + +We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. + +We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. + + +\begin{center} +\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for +the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ +\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline +\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline +%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline +\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline +\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + + + +The first two methods have poor runtime and application +performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. + +Both also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. + +For the same reason, porting is poor for these two +approaches. The DSL's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. + +Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra +effort is expended to take advantage. + +Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. + +Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. +%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. + + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + + +Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. + + The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. + +The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. + +Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. + +Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. + +Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: +\begin{itemize} +\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. +\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. +\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. +\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. +\end{itemize} + + +\end{document} +============================================= +== +== +== +== +== +============================================= + +\section{The Problem} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. + +To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). + +Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). + +The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). + +\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} +\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. + +A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. + +In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. + +Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. + +The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. + +In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. + +Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. + + +\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} +\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. + +DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. + +It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. + +In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. + +\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} +\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. + + +An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} +\begin{verbatim} +newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} +\begin{verbatim} +SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} +\begin{verbatim} +messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} +} +} + +\caption +{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. +} +\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} +\end{figure} +An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. + +As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. + +It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. + +\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} +\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. + +For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. + +An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. + +When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. + +The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. + +The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + +Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). + +\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. + +Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. + +In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. + + + During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. + +If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. + +For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. + +The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. + + +\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + +Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. + +The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. + +The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. + +For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. + +While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. + +These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. + +For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. + + +One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: +\begin{itemize} +\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. +\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. +\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. +\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. +\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Summary of Section} + [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. + +The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. + +The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Description} +\label{sec:idea} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + + +Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. + +The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. + +\subsection{Creating an eDSL} + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} + \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} + \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} +\end{figure} + +As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. + +As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. + +\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} + +\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} +-- standardizes runtime code +-- makes familiar going from one lang to another +-- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs + +-- show the enums, and the switch table + +-- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave + +\subsubsection{The Request Handler} +-- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. + +-- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL + +\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } +The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. + +For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. + +Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. + +This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. + +\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + +-- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) + +-- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency + +\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} +-- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) + +-- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. + +\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} + +-- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. +-- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. +-- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. +-- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. + +Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. +-- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, +-- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. +-- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption + +-- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. + +-- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects + +-- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + + +\section{(outline and notes)} + +-- What a plugin looks like: + +-- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units + +-- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. + +-- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), + +-- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). + + +-- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. + + + + +\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. + + +\subsection{Some Definitions} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. + +In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. + +\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. + +For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. + +It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. + + +The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. + + + +======= + + I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). + Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. + Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. + +================= + +\subsection{The patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + + +Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. + +Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + + +\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The +basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. + +Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. + +Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. + +Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. + +\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. + +Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. +The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. + +Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. + +Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. + +Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. + +Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. + +\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. + +The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. + +For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} + \caption{Something to help understanding} + \label{fig:SCG_expl} +\end{figure} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Details} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] +[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. + +Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. + +Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. + +\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Demonstrate reuse of language logic: +All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. + +? + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + +? + +In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. + +The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and +other application features. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} + +\subsection{Implementation time} + + +\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} + + + +\end{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +Here is an example of netlist creation: + +The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. + + Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. + +First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: + +To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. + +The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimNetlist * +createPingPongNetlist() + { HWSimNetlist *netlist; + HWSimElem **elems; + HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; + HWSimCommPath **commPaths; + int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); + + numElems = 2; + elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); + + numCommPaths = 2; + commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); + + numActivityTypes = 1; + activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); + + netlist->numElems = numElems; + netlist->elems = elems; + netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; + netlist->commPaths = commPaths; + netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; + netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //have to create activity types before create elements + //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist + elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. + +Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements + elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. + +This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 + commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); + commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units + + //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 + commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); + commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +done building netlist, return it +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + return netlist; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ +do{\ + commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ + commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ + }while(0); //macro magic for namespace +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimElem * +createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) + { HWSimElem *elem; + elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); + elem->numInPorts = 1; + elem->numOutPorts = 1; + elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); + elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port + elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; + return elem; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimActivityType * +createPingPongActivityType( ) + { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; + pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); + + pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; + pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; + return pingPongActivityType; + } +\end{verbatim} \end{small} + + +========= + +All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. + +Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +void +pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 + HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +There are four ways a behavior can end: +\begin{description} +\item end, no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + +============= + + +\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} +All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. + +Here's an example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { + return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} + +The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) + { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +====== + +Details of VMS interface, details of its impl on multi-core, details of differences on different machines. + +wrapper-lib calls VMS-supplied primitive that suspends the virtual-processor calling the lib, and sends a request to VMS. VMS calls lang-supplied plugin to handle requests -- this is the part of the scheduler that handles constraints -- it determines which virt-processors must remain suspended, and which are free to be re-animated. + +The language is implemented as either a collection of wrapper-lib calls embedded into the base language, or as custom syntax that uses uses the VMS-supplied primitive to suspend virtual processors and send requests to VMS. + + +VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. From the application-programmer point of view, the embedded version looks like a function call, albeit the data-struc of the virtual-processor animating the code has to be passed as a parameter to the wrapper-lib call. + +Hence, VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. + +The wrapper-lib call is standard library code that is loaded along with the application executable. + +However, VMS primitives may be hardware-implemented, or loaded as OS modules, or dynamic or static libraries. Rhey are naturally custom instructions, but may be emulated by software. + +The interface between application-executable and language-runtime is the VMS-primitive that sends a request to VMS. The language-runtime receives the request under control of VMS, which calls a language-supplied request-handling function and passes the request as a parameter. This passive behavior of the request handler leaves control-flow inside VMS, which is part of hiding concurrency from the language-runtime implementation. + +The interface between the runtime and VMS is VMS's plugin API. The runtime is implemented as two functions, whose pointers are handed to VMS. VMS then controls the flow of execution. When a request is ready for the runtime, VMS cIalls the request-handler function, and when a spot on hardware is free for work, VMS calls the scheduler-assign function. Hence, the language implements its runtime as two isolated functions. By keeping control-flow inside VMS, the language-specific portion of the runtiem is simplified. + +This structure is also the reason VMS encourages reuse of scheduler code. The VMS API separates out control flow from scheduling, so scheduling code is isolated, with well-defined interfaces. Scheduling is then further sub-divided into modules: constraint-management (IE enforcing dependencies); and choosing physical location to place work. Each has its own well-defined interface, and they communicate to each other via VMS-managed shared state. + +The greatest application performance impact due to the scheduler is communication it causes. + +, management of the memory hierarchy, and the match between work-characteristics and hardware-characteristics (IE, assigning to accelerator vs CPU). Hence, significant work goes into implementing strategies and mechanisms for finding the best assignment-choices. Such implementations are only loosely coupled to language, through the shared state by which the request-handler informs the assigner of what work is ready to be animated. + +Hence, it is straight-forward to reuse the code that assigns work to physical locations. The only language-specific influence on the assigner is the shared constraint-state. + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,942 @@ + +@inbook{PerfToolPoem, +title = {The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe, Complete edition}, +chapter = {The Blind Men and the Elephant}, +author = {John Godfrey Saxe}, +publisher = {Boston: James R. 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Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{kozen83, + title = {{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author = {Kozen, D.}, + journal = {TCS}, + volume = 27, + pages = {333--354}, + year = 1983 +} +@Article{kripke63, + title = {{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author = {Kripke, S.}, + journal = {Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume = 9, + pages = {67--96}, + year = 1963 +} +@Book{mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = 1985 +} +@Book{milner80, + title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author = {Milner, R.}, + year = 1980, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{milner92, + title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal = {Information and Computation}, + volume = 100, + number = 1, + pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {Academic Press} +} +@Book{milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 1999 +} +@Book{MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{petri62, + title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author = {Petri, C.A.}, + journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume = 62, + pages = {386--390}, + year = 1962 +} +@Book{pierce02, + title = {Types and Programming Languages}, + author = {Pierce, B. C.}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = 4, + number = 3, + pages = {211--266} +} +@Misc{pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} +} +@Unpublished{reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = 2003, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} +} +@Article{reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = 1, + number = {}, + year = 1984, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} +} +@Article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + year = 1998, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{stefik86, + title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal = {The AI Magazine}, + volume = 6, + number = 4, + year = 1986 +} +@Book{stirling92, + title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author = {Stirling, C.}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} +@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} +} +@Misc{turing38, + author = {A. Turing}, + note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year = 1938 +} +@Book{vonNeumann45, + title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author = {J. von Neumann}, + year = 1945, + publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} +} +@Book{winskel93, + title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author = {Winskel, G.}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/sigplanconf.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/sigplanconf.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% LaTeX Class/Style File +% +% Name: sigplanconf.cls +% +% Purpose: A LaTeX 2e class file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% This class file supercedes acm_proc_article-sp, +% sig-alternate, and sigplan-proc. +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul [atsign] windfall.com +% +% Created: 12 September 2004 +% +% Revisions: See end of file. +% +% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. +% To view a copy of this license, visit +% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ +% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, +% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] +\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] + +% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted +% from the ZzTeX macro package. + +% Token Hackery +% ----- ------- + + +\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} +\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} + +% This macro discards the next token. + +\def \@discardtok #1{}% token + +% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. + +{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 + +\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} + +} % \catcode + +% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. +% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark + +\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} + +% Control Sequence Names +% ------- -------- ----- + + +\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} + \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} + +\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} + \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} + +% Flags (Booleans) +% ----- ---------- + +% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with +% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. + +\def \@true {TT} +\def \@false {FL} + +\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean + +% IF and Predicates +% -- --- ---------- + +% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. +% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: +% +% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi + +% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: +% +% \@setflag \flag = {} + +% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional +% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with +% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. +% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. + +\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else + \@true \fi} +\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} + +\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@definedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} + +\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} + +\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp + +\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} + \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} +\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% + \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@empargq {\@empargq} + +\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} + \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} + +\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} + +\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + + +% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: +% +% \if \flaga \else \fi + + +% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. + +\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} + +\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \else + \@false + \fi} + +\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% + \@true + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +% Arithmetic +% ---------- + +\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} + +\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} + +% Options +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false +\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false +\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false +\@setflag \@natbib = \@true +\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true +\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 +\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false +\@setflag \@preprint = \@false +\@setflag \@reprint = \@false +\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false +\@setflag \@times = \@false + +% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. + +\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} + +\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} + +\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} + +\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} + +\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} + +\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} + +%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} + +\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} + +\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\ProcessOptions + +\if \@onecolumn + \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \fi + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} +\else + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} +\fi +\LoadClass{article} + +\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% + \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} + +% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. + +\def \setpagenumber #1{% + \setcounter{page}{#1}} + +\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% + #1 = #2 + \advance #1 by -1\parskip} + +% Document Parameters +% -------- ---------- + + +% Page: + +\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} +\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} + +\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} +\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\else + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\fi + +% Text area: + +\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} +\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} +\else + \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} +\fi + +\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} +\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} +\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} + +% Running foot: + +\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} + +% Paragraphs: + +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\else + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} +\fi + +\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} +\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} + +\frenchspacing +\pretolerance = 400 +\tolerance = \pretolerance +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} +\clubpenalty = 10000 +\widowpenalty = 10000 +\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} + +% Standard vertical spaces: + +\newskip{\standardvspace} +\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} + +% Margin paragraphs: + +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} +\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} + + +\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} +\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} + +\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% + \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} + +\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% + \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} + +% Floats: + +\setcounter{topnumber}{4} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} +\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} +\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} + +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} + +\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} +\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +% Miscellaneous: + +\errorcontextlines = 5 + +% Fonts +% ----- + + +\if \@times + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% + \if \@mathtime + \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% + \else +%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% + \fi +\else + \relax +\fi + +\if \@ninepoint + +\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% + \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} + +\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} + +\renewcommand{\small}{% + \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% + \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} + +\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} + +\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} + +\else\if \@tenpoint + +\relax + +\else + +\relax + +\fi\fi + +% Abstract +% -------- + + +\renewenvironment{abstract}{% + \section*{Abstract}% + \normalsize}{% + } + +% Bibliography +% ------------ + + +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\section*{\refname + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + \bibfont + \clubpenalty4000 + \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty + \widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} + +\if \@natbib + +\if \@authoryear + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} + \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} + \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, + % eliminate comma between author and year. + \let \cite = \citep +\else + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} + \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} +\fi +\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} + +\fi + +\def \bibfont {\small} + +% Categories +% ---------- + + +\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true + +\newcommand{\category}[3]{% + \if \@firstcategory + \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% + \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false + \else + \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% + \fi + \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} + +\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% + {\let \and = \relax + #1 [\textit{#2}]% + \if \@emptyargp{#4}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi + \else + :\space + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi + \textrm{#4}% + \fi}} + +% Copyright Notice +% --------- ------ + + +\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} +\def \@toappear {} +\def \@permission {} +\def \@reprintprice {} + +\def \@copyrightspace {% + \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% + \vbox to 1in{% + \vfill + \parbox[b]{20pc}{% + \scriptsize + \if \@preprint + [Copyright notice will appear here + once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par + \else + \@toappear + \fi + \if \@reprint + \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, + \@proceedings, + \@conferenceinfo, + pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par + \fi}}% + \end@float} + +\long\def \toappear #1{% + \def \@toappear {#1}} + +\toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata + \dots \@reprintprice\par} + +\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% + \gdef \@permission {#1}} + +\permission{% + Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or + part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without + fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or + commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full + citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to + post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific + permission and/or a fee.} + +% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: + +\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. + ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the + National Research Council of Canada (NRC). + As such, the Crown in Right of + Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting + nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution + is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} + +\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for + Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored + by a contractor or affiliate + of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, + royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} + +\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% + \permission{% + This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States + Government and is in the public domain.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% + \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} + +\reprintprice{\$10.00} + +\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% + \permission{% + Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. + It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. + Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in + #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} + +% Enunciations +% ------------ + + +\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} + \trivlist + \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +% Figures +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@caprule = \@true + +\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% + \addvspace{4pt} + \if \@caprule + \hrule width \hsize height .33pt + \vspace{4pt} + \fi + \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% + \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% + \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par + \else + \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% + \fi} + +\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% + \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} + +\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% + {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} + +% Hierarchy +% --------- + + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} + +\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\section}{% + \@startsection + {section}% + {1}% + {0pt}% + {-\@sectionaboveskip}% + {\@sectionbelowskip}% + {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\subsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsection}% + {2}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsubsection}% + {3}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip} + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% + \@startsection% + {paragraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} + +\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% + \@startsection% + {subparagraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \itshape}} + +% Standard headings: + +\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} + +\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} + +\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} + +% Identification +% -------------- + + +\def \@conferencename {} +\def \@conferenceinfo {} +\def \@copyrightyear {} +\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} +\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} + + +\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% + \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% + \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} + +\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} + +\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear + +\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} + +\let \crdata = \copyrightdata + +\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% + \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} + +% Lists +% ----- + + +\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} +\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} + +\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\else + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\fi + +\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} + +\renewcommand{\@listi}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmargini + \listparindent = 0pt} +%%% \itemsep = 1pt +%%% \parsep = 3pt} +%%% \listparindent = \parindent} + +\let \@listI = \@listi + +\renewcommand{\@listii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginii + \topsep = 1pt + \labelwidth = \leftmarginii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +% Mathematics +% ----------- + + +\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} + +% Miscellaneous +% ------------- + + +\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% + \vfill\eject + \global\@colht = \textheight + \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} + +\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} + +\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% + \let \\ = \@centercr + \leftskip = 0pt + \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} + +% Program Code +% ------- ---- + + +\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% + {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font + \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} + +% Running Heads and Feet +% ------- ----- --- ---- + + +\def \@preprintfooter {} + +\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% + \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} + +\if \@preprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize + \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil + \thepage \hfil + \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else\if \@reprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else + +\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty +\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty +\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty + +\fi\fi + +\def \@formatyear {% + \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} + +% Special Characters +% ------- ---------- + + +\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% + \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} + +% Title Page +% ----- ---- + + +\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false + +\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} +\def \@subtitletext {} + +\newcount{\@authorcount} + +\newcount{\@titlenotecount} +\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} + +\def \@titlebanner {} + +\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% + \gdef \@titletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% + \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} + \global\@increment \@authorcount + \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} + +\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% + \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; + use \string\authorinfo}{}} + +\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% + \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} + +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% + \pagestyle{plain}% + \if \@onecolumn + {\hsize = \standardtextwidth + \@maketitle}% + \else + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \fi + \@placetitlenotes + \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} + +\def \@maketitle {% + \begin{center} + \@settitlebanner + \let \thanks = \titlenote + {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth + \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth + \parfillskip = 0pt + \spaceskip = .7em + \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} + \vskip 6pt + \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par + \vskip 12pt + \ifcase \@authorcount + \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% + \else + \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% + \fi + \vspace{1.75pc} + \end{center}} + +\def \@settitlebanner {% + \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% + \vbox to 0pt{% + \vskip -32pt + \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par + \vss}% + \nointerlineskip + \fi} + +\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% + \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% + \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par + \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% + \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% + \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par + \else + \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par + \relax + \fi\fi + \vspace{20pt}} + +\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} + \vtop{% + \def \and {% + \hspace{16pt}} + \hsize = #1 + \normalfont + \centering + \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par + \vspace{5pt} + \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par + \vspace{2pt} + \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} + +\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% + \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% + \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% + \fi} + +\newtoks{\@fnmark} + +\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% + \global\@increment \@titlenotecount + \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or + \@fnmark = {\ast}\or + \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\S}\or + \@fnmark = {\P}\or + \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% + \fi + \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% + \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% + \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% + \reserved@a{#1}} + +\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% + \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} + +\newcount{\@authori} + +\iffalse +\def \additionalauthors {% + \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% + \section{Additional Authors}% + \label{@addauthors}% + \noindent + \@authori = 4 + {\let \\ = ,% + \loop + \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, + \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, + email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% + \@increment \@authori + \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% + \par + \fi + \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} +\fi + +\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors + +\def \@placetitlenotes { + \the\@titlenotetext} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% + {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% + \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) + \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ + \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 + \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} + +\newbox{\@measbox} + +\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} + \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% + #1 = \ht\@measbox} + +\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% + \insert\footins{% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore +%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% +%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% + \color@begingroup + \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} + +% LaTeX Modifications +% ----- ------------- + +\def \@seccntformat #1{% + \@name{\the#1}% + \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark + \quad} + +\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% + \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} + +% Revision History +% -------- ------- + + +% Date Person Ver. Change +% ---- ------ ---- ------ + +% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. + +% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. + +% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with +% \authorinfo. +% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. +% Compress article opener spacing. +% Add 'mathtime' option. +% Increase text height by 6 points. + +% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. +% Change default to Times text. + +% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot +% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. + +% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. + +% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. + +% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. + +% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', +% and it uses the full type width. + +% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. +% Allow margin paragraphs during review. + +% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. +% Remove proof and newdef environments. + +% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. +% Change footer to small italic and eliminate +% left portion if no \preprintfooter. +% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. +% Clean up and shrink copyright box. + +% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. + +% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. + +% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. +% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust +% spacing between items and paragraphs. + +% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated +% commands. + +% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. + +% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the +% 'preprint' option. + +% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. +% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure +% the natbib package. + +% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article +% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). + +% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. + +% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. +% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. + +% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by +% Stephen Chong). + +% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. +% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to +% control citation style when using natbib. +% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for +% 'authoryear' style. + +% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography +% environment. Also add to template so it will +% happen with natbib. + +% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. +% Just include in the template. + +% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. + +% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. +% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using +% 'authoryear' style. +% Add the \authorversion command. + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__formal_def/latex/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/Wikipedia_entry_for_proto_runtime.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/Wikipedia_entry_for_proto_runtime.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +A '''proto-runtime''' is the hardware-specific portion of a [[modular]]ized [[runtime system]] of a [[parallel language]]. In the proto-runtime approach, a runtime is broken into three modules: one that implements the behavior of the parallel [[language construct]]s, one that implements the [[scheduling (computing)|work assignment]] and one that abstracts the hardware, presenting a clean interface to the first two. It is this third module that is called the proto-runtime. + +A runtime system exists for every computer language, but a proto-runtime is a fundamentally new concept for parallel languages that recognizes that all runtimes can be split into reusable pieces. One of those pieces relates to the language, the other relates to the machine details. The proto-runtime is the piece that relates to machine details. A proto-runtime is provided as a separate thing, for a particular machine, and then later one or more language portions are added. The combination creates a functioning runtime. A proto-runtime cannot be used on its own, but must have the language portion added. + +In a practical sense, this has value by reducing the effort of creating a runtime. Only the logic of language constructs need be supplied. This logic remains unchanged when used on different machines, because the low-level machine details are encapsulated inside the proto-runtime, which exposes a consistent interface. Even though different machines may have different synchronization primitives, memory consistency models, and memory hierarchies, these are handled inside the proto-runtime. As a result the language module is protected from the changes and only has to be written once, then reused across the machines. + +At the same time, on a given machine, multiple languages reuse the one proto-runtime supplied for that machine. In this way the effort of tuning performance for the low-level details is done once, inside the proto-runtime, then amortized across all of the languages. + +A particular implementation of the proto-runtime concept is called "Virtualized Master Slave" or VMS. + +The proto-runtime concept is in use at Technishe Universitat Berlin, at Unister in Leipzig Germany, at Arizona State University, and is part of a collaboration on exascale computing with Lawrence Livermore National Labs, Edinburgh University in Scotland, and Passau University in Germany. + +== References == +{{Reflist}} +* http://lcpc11.cs.colostate.edu/program.php +* http://opensourceresearchinstitute.org/pmwiki.php/VMS/HomePage + + + +[[Category:Run-time systems]] diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2923 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - Master(runtime system)on core 1 - - - Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) - - Application Code - Seed_Fn - Work_Fn - Language Wrapper-LibCode - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - Lang Handlerfor create VP - Assigner Fn - Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) - Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) - - create VPwrapper Fn - Call to dyn lib - - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - - - - - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - - returnfromsuspend - PR primitive Fnto send request - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - returnfromsuspend - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - - - normal call - normal call - - - - - - - - - - Timeline of SeedVP - suspend - resume - end - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - PR primitive Fnto create VP - - - - VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) - - - Master Fn - - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - - start - - - - Timeline of VP 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - - Timeline of Master on core 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - Call to dyn lib - Call to dyn lib - Call to dyn lib - call to dyn lib - - - Master(runtime system)on core 2 - - - - - Master Fn - - - - Timeline of Master on core 2 - - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR primitive Fnto send request - PR primitive Fnto send request - PR primitive Fnto send request - - - end - - - - resume - resume - suspend - start - resume - Language PluginCode - Proto-RuntimeMasterCode - - - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex - - - - - - - Assigner Fn - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - return fromsuspend - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - core 1 - core 2 - - - - return fromsuspend - - - - return fromsuspend - - - PR OS thread(core1) - - - Main OS thread - - main - Lang Handlerfor create VP - Assigner Fn - - PR_start() - Call to dyn lib - - Top Level Fn - birth Fn - - - - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - - returnfromsuspend - PR__start() - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - normal call - - - - - - - - - - Timeline of SeedVP - suspend - resume - end - PR primitive Fnto create VP - Master Fn - - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - - start - - - - Timeline of Master on core 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - Call to dyn lib - call to dyn lib - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR primitive Fnto send request - resume - - - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - - core 1 - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR OS thread(core 2) - - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,254 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - Suspend(Point 2.S) - - Resume (Point 2.R) - Timeline B - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,545 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - Suspend(Point 2.S) - - - - Resume (Point 2.R) - - Timeline B - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - - - Tied Point - - Timeline B - 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stroke - Pnt} def -/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V - currentpoint stroke M - hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke - } def -/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M - 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V - hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke - Pnt} def -/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M - hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M - hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def -/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke - Pnt} def -/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def -/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M - 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V - hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def -/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def -/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke - Pnt} def -/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def -/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M - hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V - hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def -/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave - translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat - closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def -/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave - translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat - closepath fill grestore} def -/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy - hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def -/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def -/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def -/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc - 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc} bind def -/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill - 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill - 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill - 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc} bind def -/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto - neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def -/Square {dup Rec} bind def -/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def -/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def -/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def -/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill - exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def -/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill - 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def -/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill - Bsquare} bind def -/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill - Bsquare} bind def -/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def -/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill - 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill - 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def -/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def -/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def -/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def -/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def -/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def -/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def -/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def -/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def -/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def -/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def -/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def -/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def -/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def -/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def -/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def -/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def -/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M - hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V - hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def -/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M - 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V - hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def -/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def -/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def -/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave - translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat - closepath stroke grestore} def -/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash - hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def -/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def -/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M - hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V - hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def -/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M - 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V - hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def -/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def -/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def -/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave - translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat - Opaque stroke grestore} def -/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash - hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def -/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def -/Density { - /Fillden exch def - currentrgbcolor - /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def - /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def - /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def - /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def - ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def -/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def -/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def -/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def -% -% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles -% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill -% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled -% w,h = width and height of box -% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis -% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch -% -/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def - PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate - PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec - gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip - currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth - /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def - 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate - 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi - {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for - 0 PFa 6 get ne { - 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi - {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for - } if - stroke grestore} def -% -/languagelevel where - {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse - 2 lt - {/InterpretLevel1 true def} - {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} - ifelse -% -% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions -% -/Level2PatternFill { -/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} - bind def -/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat1 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke - 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat2 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L - 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat3 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L - 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat4 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L - 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat5 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L - 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat6 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L - 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat7 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L - 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat8 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L - -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat9 exch def -/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def -/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def -/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def -/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def -/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def -/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def -/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def -} def -% -% -%End of PostScript Level 2 code -% -/PatternBgnd { - TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse -} def -% -% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with -% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. -% -/Level1PatternFill { -/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def -/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def -/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def -/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def -/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def -/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def -/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def -} def -% -% Now test for support of Level 2 code -% -Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse -% -/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont -dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall -currentdict end definefont pop -/MFshow { - { dup 5 get 3 ge - { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } - {dup dup 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-1.000 UP -stroke -grestore -end -showpage -%%Trailer -%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica -%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ - - -1) What are the problems the authors are trying to solve? - When done, for each problem, how does one decide the value of a proposed solution? Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. - -The problem is - -A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is - -The value of this solution is determined by - - - -2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? - What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. - What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? - How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? - -It enables - -The benefit to me is - -Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are - -The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by - - - -3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? - What makes this problem hard? - What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on -How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? - -The fundamentals are - -The hard part is - -The basic elements are - -The proposed solution - - - -4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? - What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? - How does each approach address something the others miss? - Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. - Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. - -Other approaches are - -A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is - -Categories: - -Combining: - - - -5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? - Sketch the details of each of these "things". - Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? - Did you see any really cool techniques? - -Unique main "things" are - -Drawbacks from details: - -Idea of - - - -6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? - -They have to show - - - -7) What results did they show? - Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? - Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? - Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? - -They showed - -Con.. - - - -8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? - -The work my provide value for me - - - -3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). - -1) - - \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1257 +0,0 @@ - - - -"" -@Article{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - journal = {}, - volume = {}, - number = {}, - year = {}, - pages = {} -} - - - -"" -@Book{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - publisher = {}, - year = {}, - pages = {} -} - - - -"" -@misc{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - url = {} -} - - -"Lamport paper with clock sync" -@article{Lamport78, - author = {Lamport, Leslie}, - title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, - journal = {Commun. ACM}, - volume = {21}, - issue = {7}, - year = {1978}, - pages = {558--565}, - } - -"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" -@article{Lamport87, - author = {Lamport, Leslie}, - title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = {5}, - issue = {1}, - year = {1987}, - pages = {1--11} -} - -"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" -@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, - author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, - title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, - series = {SOSP '67}, - year = {1967}, - pages = {10.1--10.6} - } - -"Original coroutine paper" -@article{Conway63, - author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, - title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, - journal = {Commun. ACM}, - volume = {6}, - issue = {7}, - year = {1963}, - pages = {396--408} -} - -"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" -@Book{ComponentModel00, - author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, - title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = {2000} -} - - -"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" -@misc{Hewitt10, - author = {Carl Hewitt}, - title = {Actor Model of Computation}, - year = {2010}, - note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} -} - -"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" -@article{Actors97, -author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, -title = {A foundation for actor computation}, -journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, -volume = {7}, -number = {01}, -pages = {1-72}, -year = {1997}, -} - -"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" -@article{SchedActivations, - author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, - title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = {10}, - issue = {1}, - month = {February}, - year = {1992}, - pages = {53--79} -} - -"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" -@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, - author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, - title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, - series = {DAMP '07}, - year = {2007}, - pages = {37--44}, - numpages = {8} -} - - -//===================================== -"Gain from Chaos tech report" -@techreport - {Halle92, - Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, - Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, - Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, - Year = {1992}, - URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, - Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} -} - - -Reprinted in: -Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. -"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" -K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova -pgs 290-308 - - -"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" -Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. -cited by 232 - - -"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" -Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. - - -//========================================== - -"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" -@inproceedings - {BLISInHotPar, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {June}, - title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, - year = {2010} - } - -"2011 HotPar: " -@inproceedings - {HotPar11, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {May}, - title = {}, - year = {2011} - } - -"VMS in LCPC 2011" -@article{VMSLCPC, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, - journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, - year = {2011} -} - - -"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, - Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, - Year = 2010 -} - -"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" -@misc{DKUTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, - Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"An Extensible Parallel Language" -@misc{EQNLangTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, - Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" -@misc{CTOSTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, - Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" -@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, - Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, - Year = 2009 -} - - -"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" -@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, - Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" -@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, - Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" -@misc{CTRTTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, - Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, - Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, - Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" -@misc{CIPTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, - Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, - Year = 2005 -} - -//========================================== - - -"OMP Hompe page" -@misc{OMPHome, - Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, - Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, -} - -"The OMP infrastructure site" -@misc{Halle2008, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, - Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} -} - - - -"The DKU sourceforge site" -@misc{DKUSourceForge, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Month = {November}, - Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{DKU} website}, - Year = {2008} -} - - -"The BLIS sourceforge site" -@misc{BLISHome, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Month = {November}, - Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{BLIS} website}, - Year = {2008} -} - - -"The VMS Home page" -@misc{VMSHome, - Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, - Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, - Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, - Year = {2010} -} - - -"The PStack Home page" -@misc{PStackHome, - Author = {Sean Halle}, - Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, - Year = {2012} -} - - -"Deblocking code in SVN" -@misc{DeblockingCode, - Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, - Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} -} - - - -"Sample code on BLIS site" -@misc{SampleBLISCode, - Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, - Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} -} - -"Framework Technical Report" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, - Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} -} - -"Map reduce" -@misc{MapReduceHome, - Author = {Google Corp.}, - Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, - Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, -} - - -"TBB Thread Building Blocks" -@misc{TBBHome, - Author = {Intel Corp.}, - Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, - Title = {{TBB} Home page}, -} - - -"HPF Wikipedia entry" -@misc{HPFWikipedia, - Author = {Wikipedia}, - Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, - Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, -} - - -"OpenMP Home page" -@misc{OpenMPHome, - Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, - Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, - Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} -} - - - -"Open MPI Home page" -@misc{MPIHome, - Author = {open-mpi organization}, - Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, - Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} -} - -"OpenCL Home page" -@misc{OpenCLHome, - Author = {Kronos Group}, - Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, - Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} -} - - -"CILK Hompe page" -@misc{CILKHome, - Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, - Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, - Title = {{CILK} homepage}, -} - -@InProceedings{Fri98, - author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, - title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, - booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, - pages = {212--223}, - year = 1998, - address = {Montreal, Quebec}, - month = jun -} - - -"Titanium Hompe page" -@misc{TitaniumHome, - Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, - Title = {{Titanium} homepage} -} - - -"CnC in HotPar" -@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, - author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {March}, - title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, - year = {2009} -} - - -"CnC Hompe page" -@misc{CnCHome, - Author = {Intel Corp.}, - Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, - Title = {{CnC} homepage}, -} - -"Spiral Home page" -@misc{SpiralHome, - Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, - Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, - Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, -} - - -"Scala Hompe page" -@misc{ScalaHome, - Author = {Scala organization}, - Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, - Title = {{Scala} homepage}, -} - - - - -"UPC Hompe page" -@misc{UPCHome, - Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, - Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, - Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, -} - - -"Suif Hompe page" -@misc{SuifHome, - Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, - Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, -} - - - -"SEJITS" -@article{SEJITS, - author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, - title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, - journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, - year = {2009} -} - - -"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" -@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, - author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, - title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, - booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, - year = {2009}, - pages = {404--418} - } - - -"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" -@article{NarayananGPUSched, - author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, - title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, - journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, - year = {2009}, - pages = {1-12}, -} - -"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" -@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, - author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, - title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, - booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, - year = {2008}, - pages = {225--234}, - } - -"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" -@inproceedings{Loulou08, - author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, - title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, - booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, - year = {2008}, - pages = {90--100}, - } - - -"Merge in HotPar" -@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, - author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {March}, - title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, - year = {2009} -} - - -"Galois system for irregular problems" -@inproceedings{GaloisRef, - author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, - title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, - booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, - year = {2007}, - pages = {211--222} -} - -"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" -@book{Allen2002, - author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, - title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, - year = {2002}, - publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} - } - - -"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" -@MISC{Stephens95, - author = {R. Stephens}, - title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, - year = {1995} -} - - -"Capsule" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, - author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, - title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, - booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, - year = {2006}, - pages = {247--258} -} - -"Sequioa" -@inproceedings{Sequioa06, - author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, - title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, - booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, - year = {2006}, - pages = {83} - } - - - - -"Cole meta skeletons book" -@Book{Cole89, - author = {M Cole}, - title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, - publisher = {Pitman}, - year = {1989} -} - - -"Meta programming skeletons example" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, - author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, - title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, - booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, - year = {1998}, - pages = {468--471} -} - - -"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" -@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, - author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, - title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, - booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, - year = {2008}, - pages = {154--163} - } - - -"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, - author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, - title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, - booktitle = {}, - year = {1993}, - pages = {146--160}, - publisher = {Springer-Verlag} -} - - -"View from Berkeley paper" -@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, - title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, - author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, - journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, - volume={18}, - number={2006-183}, - pages={19}, - year={2006}, -} - - - - -"Berkeley Pattern Language" -@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, - Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, - Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} -} - - -"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" -@book{Mattson04Patterns, - title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, - author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, - year={2004}, - publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} -} - - -"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" -@article{Skillicorn98, - title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, - author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, - journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, - volume={30}, - number={2}, - pages={123--169}, - year={1998} -} - - - -"NESL language" -@conference{Blelloch93NESL, - title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, - author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, - booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, - pages={102--111}, - year={1993}, - organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} -} - - -"Sisal" -@article{McgrawSisal, - title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, - author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, - journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, - volume={1} -} - - -"Linda" -@article{Gelernter85Linda, - title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, - author={Gelernter, D.}, - journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, - volume={7}, - number={1}, - pages={80--112}, - year={1985} -} - - -"ZPL" -@article{Lin94ZPL, - title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, - author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, - journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, - volume={768}, - pages={96--114}, - year={1994} -} - - - - -// Visual programming -@article - { baecker97, - author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, - title = {Software visualization for debugging}, - journal = {Communications of the ACM}, - volume = {40}, - number = {4}, - year = {1997}, - issn = {0001-0782}, - pages = {44--54}, - publisher = {ACM Press} - } - - -// Visual programming -@article - { ball96, - author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, - title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, - journal ={IEEE Computer}, - volume = {29}, - number = {4}, - year = {1996}, - month = {apr}, - pages = {33--43} - } - - -// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine -@book - {berry89, - title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, - author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, - year={1989}, - publisher={ACM Press} -} - - -// Cilk reference -@article - {blumofe95, - author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, - title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, - journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, - volume = {30}, - number = {8}, - year = {1995}, - pages = {207--216} - } - - -// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. -// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness -@article - {burch90, - title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, - author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, - journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, - pages={428--439}, - year={1990} -} - -@article - {chamberlain98, -author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, -title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, -journal = {hips}, -volume = {00}, -year = {1998}, -isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, -pages = {50} -} - - - -// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 -@article{church41, - author={A. Church}, - title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, - journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, - number={6}, - year={1941}, - publisher={Princeton University} -} - - -@misc - { CodeTimeSite, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - - -@misc - { CodeTimePlatform, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeVS, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeOS, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeSem, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh1, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh2, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeRT, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeWebSite - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeBaCTiL, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} - } - -@misc - { CodeTimeCert, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} - } - - -// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS -@inproceedings{ducournau94, - author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, - title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, - booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, - year = {1994}, - pages = {164--175}, - publisher = {ACM Press} -} - - -// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, -// so cited as foundation a lot -@article{emerson91, - title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, - author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, - journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, - pages={368--377}, - year={1991} -} - - -// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as -@article{fortune78, - title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, - author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, - journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, - pages={114--118}, - year={1978}, - publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} -} - - - -// Smalltalk reference -@book{goldberg83, - title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, - author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, - year={1983}, - publisher={Addison-Wesley} -} - - -// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently -@inproceedings{goldschlager78, - author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, - title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, - booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, - year = {1978}, - pages = {89--94}, - location = {San Diego, California, United States}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, -} - - -// Java spec -@book - { gosling96, - author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, - title = {The Java Language Specification}, - publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, - year = {1996} - } - - -// Survey of prototyping parallel apps -@article{hasselbring00, - author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, - title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {32}, - number = {1}, - year = {2000}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {43--79}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA}, - } - - -// Original CSP paper -@article{hoare78, - author={C. A. R. Hoare}, - title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, - journal={Communications of the ACM}, - year={1978}, - volume={21}, - number={8}, - pages={666-677} -} - - -// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. -// This paper does a beautiful job.. -@article{huth, - title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, - author={Huth, M.}, - journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, - pages={369--380}, - publisher={Springer-Verlag} -} - - -// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow -@article - { johnston04, - author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, - title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {36}, - number = {1}, - year = {2004}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {1--34}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA} - } - - -@book - { koelbel93, - author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, - title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, - year = {1993}, - publisher = {MIT Press} - } - - -// mu calculus paper with 430 citations -@article{kozen83, - title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, - author={Kozen, D.}, - journal={TCS}, - volume={27}, - pages={333--354}, - year={1983} -} - - -// original kripke structure paper -@article{kripke63, - title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, - author={Kripke, S.}, - journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, - volume={9}, - pages={67--96}, - year={1963} -} - - -@book - { mcGraw85, - author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, - title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, - note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, - publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, - year = {1985} - } - - -// Milner's own citation to development of CCS -@book{milner80, - title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, - author={Milner, R.}, - year={1980}, - publisher={Springer-Verlag} -} - - -// Milner's own pi-calculus reference -@article{milner92, - title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, - author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, - journal={Information and Computation}, - volume={100}, - number={1}, - pages={1--40 and 41--77}, - year={1992}, - publisher={Academic Press} -} - - -// more recent Pi calculus reference -@book - { milner99, - author = {Robin Milner}, - title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = {1999} - } - - -// MPI reference -@book - { MPIForum94, - author = {M. P. I. Forum}, - title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, - year = {1994} - } - - -// Petri nets original citation -@article{petri62, - title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, - author={Petri, C.A.}, - journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, - volume={62}, - pages={386--390}, - year={1962} -} - - -// Pierce Type system book -@book{pierce02, - title={Types and Programming Languages}, - author={Pierce, B. C.}, - year={2002}, - publisher={MIT Press} -} - - -// Survey of Visual programming -@Article - { price, - author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, - title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, - journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, - volume = {4}, - number = {3}, - pages = {211--266} - } - - - -@misc - { pythonWebSite, - key = {Python}, - title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} - } - - -// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing -@unpublished - { reed03, - editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, - title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, - day = {16--18}, - month = {jun}, - year = {2003}, - note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} - } - - -// Parallel Pascal -@Article - { reeves84, - author = {A. P. Reeves}, - title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, - journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, - volume = {1}, - number = {}, - year = {1984}, - month = {aug}, - pages = {64--80} - } - - -// Survey of parallel langs and models -@article{skillicorn98, - author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, - title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {30}, - number = {2}, - year = {1998}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {123--169}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA}, - } - - -// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues -@article{stefik86, - title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, - author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, - journal={The AI Magazine}, - volume={6}, - number={4}, - year={1986} -} - - -// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset -// of temporal logics -@book{stirling92, - title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, - author={Stirling, C.}, - year={1992}, - publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} -} - - -// Titanium website -@misc - { TitaniumWebSite, - author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, - title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} - } - - -// website with scans of original work by Turing -@misc{turing38, - author={A. Turing}, - note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and -http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and -http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, - year={1938} -} - - -// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas -@book{vonNeumann45, - title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, - author={J. von Neumann}, - year={1945}, - publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} -} - - -// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics -@book{winskel93, - title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, - author={Winskel, G.}, - year={1993}, - publisher={MIT Press} -} - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/plain.bst --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/plain.bst Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1098 +0,0 @@ -% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' - % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. - 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{ add.period$ write$ - newline$ - "\newblock " write$ - } - { output.state before.all = - 'write$ - { add.period$ " " * write$ } - if$ - } - if$ - mid.sentence 'output.state := - } - if$ - s -} - -FUNCTION {output} -{ duplicate$ empty$ - 'pop$ - 'output.nonnull - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {output.check} -{ 't := - duplicate$ empty$ - { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } - 'output.nonnull - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {output.bibitem} -{ newline$ - "\bibitem{" write$ - cite$ write$ - "}" write$ - newline$ - "" - before.all 'output.state := -} - -FUNCTION {fin.entry} -{ add.period$ - write$ - newline$ -} - -FUNCTION {new.block} -{ output.state before.all = - 'skip$ - { after.block 'output.state := } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {new.sentence} -{ output.state after.block = - 'skip$ - { output.state before.all = - 'skip$ - { after.sentence 'output.state := } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {not} -{ { #0 } - { #1 } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {and} -{ 'skip$ - { pop$ #0 } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {or} -{ { pop$ #1 } - 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} - while$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.authors} -{ author empty$ - { "" } - { author format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.editors} -{ editor empty$ - { "" } - { editor format.names - editor num.names$ #1 > - { ", editors" * } - { ", editor" * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.title} -{ title empty$ - { "" } - { title "t" change.case$ } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {n.dashify} -{ 't := - "" - { t empty$ not } - { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = - { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not - { "--" * - t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := - } - { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } - { "-" * - t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := - } - while$ - } - if$ - } - { t #1 #1 substring$ * - t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := - } - if$ - } - while$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.date} -{ year empty$ - { month empty$ - { "" } - { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ - month - } - if$ - } - { month empty$ - 'year - { month " " * year * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.btitle} -{ title emphasize -} - -FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} -{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < - { "~" } - { " " } - if$ - swap$ * * -} - -FUNCTION {either.or.check} -{ empty$ - 'pop$ - { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.bvolume} -{ volume empty$ - { "" } - { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect - series empty$ - 'skip$ - { " of " * series emphasize * } - if$ - "volume and number" number either.or.check - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.number.series} -{ volume empty$ - { number empty$ - { series field.or.null } - { output.state mid.sentence = - { "number" } - { "Number" } - if$ - number tie.or.space.connect - series empty$ - { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } - { " in " * series * } - if$ - } - if$ - } - { "" } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.edition} -{ edition empty$ - { "" } - { output.state mid.sentence = - { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * } - { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -INTEGERS { multiresult } - -FUNCTION {multi.page.check} -{ 't := - #0 'multiresult := - { multiresult not - t empty$ not - and - } - { t #1 #1 substring$ - duplicate$ "-" = - swap$ duplicate$ "," = - swap$ "+" = - or or - { #1 'multiresult := } - { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } - if$ - } - while$ - multiresult -} - -FUNCTION {format.pages} -{ pages empty$ - { "" } - { pages multi.page.check - { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } - { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} -{ volume field.or.null - number empty$ - 'skip$ - { "(" number * ")" * * - volume empty$ - { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - if$ - pages empty$ - 'skip$ - { duplicate$ empty$ - { pop$ format.pages } - { ":" * pages n.dashify * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} -{ chapter empty$ - 'format.pages - { type empty$ - { "chapter" } - { type "l" change.case$ } - if$ - chapter tie.or.space.connect - pages empty$ - 'skip$ - { ", " * format.pages * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} -{ booktitle empty$ - { "" } - { editor empty$ - { "In " booktitle emphasize * } - { "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} -{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ - month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ - and and and and and - key empty$ not and - { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ } - 'skip$ - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} -{ type empty$ - 'skip$ - { pop$ - type "t" change.case$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.tr.number} -{ type empty$ - { "Technical Report" } - 'type - if$ - number empty$ - { "t" change.case$ } - { number tie.or.space.connect } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} -{ key empty$ - { journal empty$ - { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * - warning$ - "" - } - { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * } - if$ - } - { "In " key * } - if$ - " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * -} - -FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} -{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ - editor num.names$ duplicate$ - #2 > - { pop$ " et~al." * } - { #2 < - 'skip$ - { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = - { " et~al." * } - { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } - if$ - } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} -{ volume empty$ - { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ - "In " - } - { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect - " of " * - } - if$ - editor empty$ - editor field.or.null author field.or.null = - or - { key empty$ - { series empty$ - { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * - crossref * warning$ - "" * - } - { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * } - if$ - } - { key * } - if$ - } - { format.crossref.editor * } - if$ - " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * -} - -FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} -{ editor empty$ - editor field.or.null author field.or.null = - or - { key empty$ - { booktitle empty$ - { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * - crossref * warning$ - "" - } - { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } - if$ - } - { "In " key * } - if$ - } - { "In " format.crossref.editor * } - if$ - " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * -} - -FUNCTION {article} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { journal emphasize "journal" output.check - format.vol.num.pages output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { format.article.crossref output.nonnull - format.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {book} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } - { format.authors output.nonnull - crossref missing$ - { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - crossref missing$ - { format.bvolume output - new.block - format.number.series output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - } - { new.block - format.book.crossref output.nonnull - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {booklet} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors output - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - howpublished address new.block.checkb - howpublished output - address output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {inbook} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } - { format.authors output.nonnull - crossref missing$ - { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - crossref missing$ - { format.bvolume output - format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check - new.block - format.number.series output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - } - { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check - new.block - format.book.crossref output.nonnull - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {incollection} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - format.chapter.pages output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull - format.chapter.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {inproceedings} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - format.pages output - address empty$ - { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb - organization output - publisher output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { address output.nonnull - format.date "year" output.check - new.sentence - organization output - publisher output - } - if$ - } - { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull - format.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } - -FUNCTION {manual} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { organization empty$ - 'skip$ - { organization output.nonnull - address output - } - if$ - } - { format.authors output.nonnull } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - author empty$ - { organization empty$ - { address new.block.checka - address output - } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - { organization address new.block.checkb - organization output - address output - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {mastersthesis} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull - school "school" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {misc} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors output - title howpublished new.block.checkb - format.title output - howpublished new.block.checka - howpublished output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry - empty.misc.check -} - -FUNCTION {phdthesis} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - new.block - "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull - school "school" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {proceedings} -{ output.bibitem - editor empty$ - { organization output } - { format.editors output.nonnull } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - address empty$ - { editor empty$ - { publisher new.sentence.checka } - { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb - organization output - } - if$ - publisher output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { address output.nonnull - format.date "year" output.check - new.sentence - editor empty$ - 'skip$ - { organization output } - if$ - publisher output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {techreport} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - format.tr.number output.nonnull - institution "institution" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {unpublished} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - note "note" output.check - format.date output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } - -MACRO {jan} {"January"} - -MACRO {feb} {"February"} - -MACRO {mar} {"March"} - -MACRO {apr} {"April"} - -MACRO {may} {"May"} - -MACRO {jun} {"June"} - -MACRO {jul} {"July"} - -MACRO {aug} {"August"} - -MACRO {sep} {"September"} - -MACRO {oct} {"October"} - -MACRO {nov} {"November"} - -MACRO {dec} {"December"} - -MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} - -MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} - -MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} - -MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} - -MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} - -MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} - -MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} - -MACRO {ieeetcad} - {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} - -MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} - -MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} - -MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} - -MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} - -MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} - -MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} - -MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} - -MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} - -MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} - -MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} - -MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} - -MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} - -READ - -FUNCTION {sortify} -{ purify$ - "l" change.case$ -} - -INTEGERS { len } - -FUNCTION {chop.word} -{ 's := - 'len := - s #1 len substring$ = - { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } - 's - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {sort.format.names} -{ 's := - #1 'nameptr := - "" - s num.names$ 'numnames := - numnames 'namesleft := - { namesleft #0 > } - { nameptr #1 > - { " " * } - 'skip$ - if$ - s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := - nameptr numnames = t "others" = and - { "et al" * } - { t sortify * } - if$ - nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := - namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := - } - while$ -} - -FUNCTION {sort.format.title} -{ 't := - "A " #2 - "An " #3 - "The " #4 t chop.word - chop.word - chop.word - sortify - #1 global.max$ substring$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.sort} -{ author empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} -{ author empty$ - { editor empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { editor sort.format.names } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} -{ author empty$ - { organization empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} -{ editor empty$ - { organization empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } - if$ - } - { editor sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {presort} -{ type$ "book" = - type$ "inbook" = - or - 'author.editor.sort - { type$ "proceedings" = - 'editor.organization.sort - { type$ "manual" = - 'author.organization.sort - 'author.sort - if$ - } - if$ - } - if$ - " " - * - year field.or.null sortify - * - " " - * - title field.or.null - sort.format.title - * - #1 entry.max$ substring$ - 'sort.key$ := -} - -ITERATE {presort} - -SORT - -STRINGS { longest.label } - -INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } - -FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} -{ "" 'longest.label := - #1 'number.label := - #0 'longest.label.width := -} - -FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} -{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := - number.label #1 + 'number.label := - label width$ longest.label.width > - { label 'longest.label := - label width$ 'longest.label.width := - } - 'skip$ - if$ -} - -EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} - -ITERATE {longest.label.pass} - -FUNCTION {begin.bib} -{ preamble$ empty$ - 'skip$ - { preamble$ write$ newline$ } - if$ - "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ -} - -EXECUTE {begin.bib} - -EXECUTE {init.state.consts} - -ITERATE {call.type$} - -FUNCTION {end.bib} -{ newline$ - "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ -} - -EXECUTE {end.bib} - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/url.sty --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/url.sty Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,325 +0,0 @@ -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca -% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. -% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms -% of the LaTeX Project Public License. -% -% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or -% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually -% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email -% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally -% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, -% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% See further instructions after "\endinput" -% -\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% - \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually -} -\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% - \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do - \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do - \ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% -} -\def\url@ttstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo -} -\def\url@rmstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@sfstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else - \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} - -\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} -\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} - -\def\Url{% - \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup - \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi - \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font - \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes - \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces - \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip - \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi - \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special - \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open - \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active - \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures - \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} - -\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 - \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} -\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook - \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} -\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} -\let\UrlRight\@empty -\let\UrlLeft\@empty - -\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} -\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} -\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 - \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% - \mathcode`#132768 \fi} - -\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup - \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} -\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \def#1{#2{#3}}} -\else - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} -\fi - -\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} - -% Sample (and default) configuration: -% -\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% -% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: -\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} -% -% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} - -% Process LaTeX \package options -% -\urlstyle{tt} -\let\Url@sppen\@M -\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens - -\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ - \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space - Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] - \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens - \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later - \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} - \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} - \ProcessOptions -\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared - \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft - \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} - \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} - \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} -\fi -} - -\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} -\expandafter\edef\url@moving - {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined - -\endinput -% -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca -% -% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, -% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be -% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for -% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may -% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be -% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, -% and a "\path" command is provided this way. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very -% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. -% -% Package Option: obeyspaces -% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" -% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url -% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. -% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", -% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for -% anything with "\". -% -% Package Option: hyphens -% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this -% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) -% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen -% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. -% -% Package Option: spaces -% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the -% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" -% will allow breaks at those spaces. -% -% Package Option: T1 -% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain -% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This -% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". -% -% Defining a defined-url: -% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could -% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the -% percent sign. This address can be predefined with -% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or -% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| -% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" -% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a -% defined-url is robust. -% -% Style: -% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" -% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", -% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- -% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the -% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts -% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" -% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. -% -% Alternate commands: -% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each -% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be -% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like -% commands as follows: -% -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} -% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is -% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the -% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look -% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with -% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. -% -% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual -% "\urldef" command as in this example: -% -% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} -% -% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", -% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command -% would then be robust. -% -% Defining styles: -% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to -% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although -% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required -% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. -% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for -% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. -% -% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you -% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. -% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' -% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines -% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and -% "\UrlFont". -% -% Changing font: -% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" -% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX -% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". -% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined -% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the -% standard input characters. -% -% Changing linebreaks: -% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" -% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". -% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have -% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' -% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, -% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at -% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break -% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no -% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case -% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- -% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" -% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why -% colons are `BigBreaks'. -% -% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following -% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". -% -% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them -% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) -% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font -% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those -% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which -% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing -% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each -% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include -% other definitions too. -% -% -% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need -% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for -% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can -% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". -% -% Yet more flexibility: -% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or -% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define -% -% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% -% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. -% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not -% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. -% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the -% format of the definition is special: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } -% -% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For -% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} -% -% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for -% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need -% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure -% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like -% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. -% -% Revision History: -% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: -% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. -% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: -% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". -% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: -% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. -% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 -% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error -% The End - -Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 -:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,363 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null -% \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% -% \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold -% \vskip 2ex% - {\large -% \lineskip .5ex% -% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% -% \@author -% \end{tabular}\par - }% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 0.5ex - \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 0.5ex - \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par -% \vskip 2ex -} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,357 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null - \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% - \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold - \vskip 2ex% - {\large - \lineskip .5ex% - \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% - \@author - \end{tabular}\par}% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par - \vskip 2ex} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. 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Can't find image\n) print flush -%%EndDocument diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/PRT__tutorial_explanation_learning.tex --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/PRT__tutorial_explanation_learning.tex Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2570 +0,0 @@ -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -% -% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class -% -% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex -% -% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class -% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. -% -% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," -% sigplanconf-guide.pdf -% -% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos -% Windfall Software -% 978 371-2316 -% paul@windfall.com -% -% Created: 15 February 2005 -% -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} - -% The following \documentclass options may be useful: -% -% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. -% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. -% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. -\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} - - -% correct bad hyphenation here -\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} - -\usepackage{wasysym} -\usepackage{amstext} - -\begin{document} - -\bibliographystyle{plain} -% - -\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} -\copyrightyear{2005} -\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} - -\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless -\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. - - -\title{ The Proto-Runtime Abstraction Applied to the -Construction -of Parallel Domain Specific Languages} - - -\authorinfo{Sean Halle} - {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, - and TU Berlin} - {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} -\authorinfo{Merten Sach} - {TU Berlin} - {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} -\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} - {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} - {albert.cohen@inria.fr} - -\maketitle - - -\begin{abstract} - - - -Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. -As one step to ameliorate this, we apply the proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port the runtime systems of parallel languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by providing an interface -that separates the language-construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. -As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, multiple languages can be mixed within -the same program, and reusable services such as performance -tuning and debugging -support are available. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. -We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement for existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of implementations -based on proto-runtime, going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. - -? - - -replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging\end{abstract} - - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background and Motivation} -\label{sec:intro} - -[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] - -As hardware becomes increasingly parallel, programming must also -become parallel. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. - -The main difficulties with parallel programming are: 1) difficult mental model, which reduces productivity, 2) additional effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in work practices. - -Many believe that these can be overcome with the use of embedded style parallel Domain-Specific Languages (epDSLs) []. epDSL language -constructs match the mental model of the domain, while -they internally imply parallelism. For example, a simulation -epDSL called HWSim[] has only 10 constructs, which match -the actions taken during a simulation -of interacting objects. They are mixed into sequential C code and take -only a couple of hours to learn. Yet they encapsulate subtle -and complex dependencies that relate simulated time -to the physical time in the machine. They encapsulate the parallelism -present, while simultaneously making the implementation -simpler to think about than a purely sequential implementation. - - - - Despite this, the adoption of such languages has been slow, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. - -We propose that a method that makes epDSLs lower cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise. We show -how to apply the proto-runtime approach to help towards this goal. - -In this approach, a language's runtime system is built -as a plugin that is connected to a pre-existing proto-runtime instance installed on given hardware. Together, the plugin -plus proto-runtime instance form the runtime system -of the language. The proto-runtime instance itself acts as the infrastructure of a runtime system, and -encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, -while providing a number of services for use by the -plugged in language module. - -A proto-runtime instance is essentially a full runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The proto-runtime instance then supplies -the rest of the runtime system. - -The decomposition, into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors, modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. - -We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: - -\begin{itemize} - -\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - -%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). - -\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware -related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, -\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - -\item The modularization gives the language control -over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - - -\item - -The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). - -\begin{itemize} - -\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). - -\end{itemize} - - -\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, -\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). - -\begin{itemize} - - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing common services for all languages to (re)use. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). - -\item Part is due to hiding the low -level hardware aspects inside the proto-runtime module, -independent from language (\S \ref{sec:intro}). - -\item Part is due to reuse of the effort of performance-tuning the runtime internals (\S ). - -\item Part is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - - -\end{itemize} - -\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). - - -\item The proto-runtime approach appears to future-proof language -runtime -construction, because the patterns underlying proto-runtime appear to be fundamental (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, -\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and so should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused on those, although performance related updates to the -plugins may be desired. - -\end{itemize} - -The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style parallel DSLs (epDSLs), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of epDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. -We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. -With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background: The epDSL Hypothesis} - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - -Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. - -In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical systems, bio-informatics, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. - - -The custom syntax can capture parallelism information while simultaneously being natural to think about. In practice, multiple aspects of domains provide opportunities for parallelism. For example, the custom data structures seen by the coder can be internally implemented with distributed algorithms; common operations in the domain can be internally implemented with parallel algorithms; and, the domain constructs often imply dependencies. All of these are gained without the programmer being aware of this implied parallelism; they just follow simple language usage rules. - - - -\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} - -A style of domain language, which we feel has good adoption potential, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base sequential language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. - - -For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, then mix-in custom syntax from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a runtime library that becomes linked, at run time, to an implementation that has been tuned to the hardware. - -As with HWSim, the number of such embedded -constructs tends to be low, easy to learn, and significantly -reduce the complexity of the code written. All while -implicitly specifying parallelism. - -Additionally, parallel versions, or epDSLs have more than just a syntactic advantage over libraries. The language has a toolchain that provides build-time optimization and can take advantage of relationships among distinct constructs within the code. The relationship information allows derivation of communication patterns that inform the choice of placement of work, which is critical to performance on parallel hardware. -\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} - eDSLs tend to have low learning curve because domain experts are already familiar with the concepts behind the language constructs, and there are relatively few constructs -for an embedded DSL. This is especially valuable for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these address the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. - -Productivity has been shown to be enhanced by a well designed DSL, with studies measuring -10x reduction in development time [][][]. Factors -behind this include simplifying the application code, modularizing it, and encapsulating performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. - -Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familiar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. - -Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. The aspects that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, so only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware. Although fully achieving such isolation isn't always possible, epDSLs hold promise for making significant strides towards it. - -\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} - -Using an epDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - Constructs from the epDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. - - \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} - -What appears to be holding epDSLs back from widespread -adoption is mainly the time, expertise, and cost to develop an epDSL. The effort to create a usable epDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for a user base of only a few hundred. - -The effort falls into three categories: - -\begin{enumerate} -\item effort to explore language design and create the epDSL syntax -\item effort to create the runtime that produces the epDSL behavior -\item effort to performance tune the epDSL on particular hardware -\end{itemize} - - -\subsection{The big picture} - -Across the industry as a whole, when epDSLs become successful, there may be thousands of epDSLs, that -each must be mapped onto hundreds of different hardware platforms. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the epDSL approach economically viable. - -The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. - -The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation and toolchain optimizations. -Runtime implementation includes hardware-specific low-level tuning and modification of mapping of work onto cores. - -This is where leveraging the proto-runtime approach -pays off. Hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. Proto-runtime -presents a common abstraction for all hardware -platforms, but a portion of the interface supplies performance related -information specific to the hardware. This portion is specialized for each -cluster. Examples of clusters include: - -\begin{itemize} -\item single chip shared coherent memory -\item multi-chip shared coherent memory (NUMA) -\item coprocessor with independent address space (GPGPU) -\item a network among nodes of the above categories -(Distributed) \item a hierarchy of sub-networks -\end{itemize} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} - -We propose addressing the runtime effort portion of creating -an epDSL by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface, called the \textit{proto-runtime -instance}. The language supplies -the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module (proto-runtime instance) presents the same interface -for all platforms, with a specialization for each category -of platform sharing similar performance related features. The proto-runtime module only has to be implement once for a given platform, and is then reused by all the languages. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -Because of the modularization, a language has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing just for each category. - -The higher level of abstraction simplifies the task for the language implementer. -The language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. - -One additional benefit is that the assignment module -gives control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. -This simplifies implementation of language features related to scheduling behavior. -It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated -methods for choosing placement of work, which can significantly impact -application performance. - -In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent -shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical -heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. - -\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} - -The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig. -\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. One is a thin wrapper library that -invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of that invoked runtime. These are called -the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation - is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper - that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic - library that plugs into the runtime.} - \label{fig:langBreakdown} -\end{figure} - - - -Thus, a non-changing application executable is able to invoke hardware specific plugin code, which changes between machines. The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library. The library is implemented, compiled, distributed and installed separately from applications. The application executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. - - -In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs, -even a simple mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms -of the primitives in the tie-point model. In turn, -the tie-point primitives are implemented -by proto-runtime. - - This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching -channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime instance. - -We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either -start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. - - - -\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} - - -\subsection{timelines} -A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. - -For example, take a thread library, which we consider -a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops -making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. - -To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on -a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, -by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} - \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes - at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} - \label{fig:singleTimeline} -\end{figure} - - - Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but -it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. -The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact -of the release on one timeline has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes -the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} - \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' -points. -Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point -2 on timeline B. -It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that -establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} - \label{fig:dualTimeline} -\end{figure} - -Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about -how the release goes about causing the end of the block -on the acquire. It reveals -a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the -acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts -with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication -sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then -checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't -and leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline -B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication -to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline -A is waiting for the release and performs a special -control action that resumes timeline A, followed by -doing the control action again to resume timeline B. - It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire -gets linked to the release, tying the constructs together. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} - \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' -points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that -performs the behavior that ties the points together. -Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent -as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows -represent special control that causes resume of the -target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and -B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which -calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then -exercises control to make resume happen.} - \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} -\end{figure} - - - -We show in \S\ref{sec:FormalTiePoint} that the pattern -of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes -an ordering relationship between events before and -after the tied points. That implies a relation on -the visibility of events. - -Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between -the timelines. Operations that execute in -the first timeline before the tie-point are visible -in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies -the requirements -of a synchronization construct. - - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} - \caption{The -visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. Shows which - operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other -timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing -an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied -points. Both timelines agree on what events are before -versus after the tied point. } - \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} -\end{figure} - - -\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} -In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs -can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting -there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization -construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point -and use it to show that a tie point -satisfies the conditions of any -such synchronization -construct. - -Our formalism defines timelines, communication between -timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. -We conclude by showing a few classical definitions -of synchronization and show that those definitions -are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. - -\subsubsection{} - -\begin{description} -\item[timeline:] -\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered -sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the -subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, -and vice versa. - Any and all memory locations in a system are part - of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that -timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that -is separate -from any timeline that code executes in). - -\item[event:] -\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} -\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event -that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, -which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a -send of a communication which pushes out contents from -the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication -which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, -a synchronization -construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way -as to establish a relation between events on this timeline -versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted -$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma -,t}$ where $s$ -and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position -on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes -the synchronization construct. -\item[communication:] -\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of -one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events -from different timelines, with the send -event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto -r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication -set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the -timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication -orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. -However, the ordering is only between two points. In -particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline -2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on -timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position -of the ordering integer represents a wild -card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ -followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} -< s_{2,\_,2}$ - implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. - -\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not -seen by application code. It has an additional -kind of event available, which ends a synchronization -event on a different timeline. - We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, - standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position - on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the -event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application -visible timeline implies a send from that timeline -to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow -s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ - -\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more -synchronization points from different timelines which -are related by a particular pattern of communications. -As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, -as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. - -\end{description} - -We now show that from these definitions it follows: -[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. - -We take the event immediately preceding and the event -immediately following two synchronization events on -two timelines. The synchronization events begin with -a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. -The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to -a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, -and later in its sequence it has a receive for the -synchronization event from the second timeline. The -hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. - -From that, we get the following relations: - -Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. - -This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. - -\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} -Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing -a synchronization construct this way any different -from how they're currently implemented?" The answer -is that currently, synchronization constructs are -implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, -where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction -to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the -hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled -from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements -according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. - -What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that -has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. -For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, -the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the -instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive -access is the part that provides the ordering relations. -So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point -portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in -semantics portion associated with the tie point. - -In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply -say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization -construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather -has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must -create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization -can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed -for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization -construct. For example, any asynchronous communication -establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can -be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining -memory consistency models. - -The key here is the elements of the model within which -tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not -exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline -have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, -ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves -(or be suspended by a different timeline), -and be resumed by a different timeline. - -Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization -can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually -one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point -is derived, versus synchronization is given. - -True, the two are equally powerful. - -More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and -more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own -scheduler, have no control over where and when work -happens. - -It is different because it only directly provides half -the behavior, the time half. in the sense that - -The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point -is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement -synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can -implement other sync constructs.. - -But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs -nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed -memory things that sync constructs cannot. - -The sync constructs can be used together with shared -memory-based communication in order to make more complex -sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed -memory system to make distributed memory things. - -Unless use communication to implement shared memory -on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's -a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- -proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, -which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose -that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application -code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code -running in an application timeline.. so.. need to -get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" -timeline, versus function call.. - -What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from -equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want -that notion of animator in there.. and want to get -at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched -over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from -just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator -just by entering the code that implements the mutex? -Say, place that code in-line in the application code -everywhere it's used.. - -Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the -pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, -which is how the more-primitive operations are able -to construct the more powerful mutex. That might -be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. -show that things that have no time-related semantics, -only simple one-way communication, are able to construct -the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence -of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. - -In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from -must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern -within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all -you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, -in order to prove synchronization properties.. where -"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility -relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. -the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual -exclusion". - -This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that -those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence -the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, -that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical -section, cannot take actions -that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the -end of the critical section, need the same isolation. - - -Let's see.. the relation model said that something -with synchronization constraints can be created from -just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long -as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. - -What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as -the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what -a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter -how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. - -So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct -a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation -thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed -with a synchronization construct. - -I guess the question would be: if one starts with a -synchronization construct existing within a distributed -system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs -from that one.. - -For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive -thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? - -For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one -of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ -has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. -but being able to construct one from something that -is NOT one, whose individual components all have less -than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. -then it is a particular combination that brings the extra -time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. -It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings -that extra into existence that is of value. - -It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from -simpler pieces. - -So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" -synchronization construct property, construct something -that does have the synchronization property. That, -is building something more powerful from pieces that -are less powerful. - -The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot -be used by itself. It requires addition before it -can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive -at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times -M\mapsto M$.. but can't -use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. -So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, -but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't -do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't -accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide -$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside -of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. - -*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, -because it doesn't do anything. No computation is -performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of -computation, then?) - -The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior --- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a -particular set of constraints on time.. constructed -out of primitives none of which have sych nor time -behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. - -Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed -directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs -in distributed system? Does using sync constructs -do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it -add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms -of something that already has the property being constructed.. -that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that -has the property and building something else that has -it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and -building something that does. - -So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after -property of communication to derive compound communication, -of particular write to particular read, via memory -locations. - -So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the -tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the -other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between -the two timelines. - -Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. - -Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. -the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before -the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just -establishes a half tie-point, no? - -In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. - -Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point -cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". - A sync construct is a full tie-point. - - -================================================ - - -\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} -We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, -where a timeline is a type of lifeline. -We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between -lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. - -\begin{description} -\item[event:] -\(E \) represents an event, which is something that -can be initiated or observed. -\item[occurrence:] -\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated -integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) - -\item[clock:] -\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer -onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) - is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) -is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation -of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated -to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value -associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated -\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated -\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one -lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple -beats -from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, -including one initiated earlier in the sequence of -the lifeline, -and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, -each multiple times. - -\item[projection:] -Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) - is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) -\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). - This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat -of the second lifeline. - -\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting -of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do -not participate in projections, plus a set of projections -that cross the two beats in the forward direction. -Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an -ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) -|iy\ \) -\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. -The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and -ends with the end of all lifelines. - -\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. -Given two positions within different sequences, if -one or both both can be -validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to -define valid rearrangements, so they occupy - the same position in their rearranged sequences, then -they are equivalent positions. - -\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are -equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation -measurements of interest. If the observation measurement -involves sequences, then the two events must lie at -equivalent positions within their respective sequences. - -\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats -can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline -has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do -not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. -Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. - -\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that -their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent -lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines -in one run can be different from the projections in -the other run. - -\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. -\end{description} - - -Some things to note: A particular occurrence -can be associated to at most one beat from a given -lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated -to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may -be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. -Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. - -For example, the event could -be writing a value into a variable. Two separate -write events are considered equivalent occurrences if -they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location -is associated to the same particular -variable, and happen within valid partial orderings -relative to the other occurrences. This is normally -compared across re-creations of the "universe" that -provides the context for the orderings of events instances. - -========= - - Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats --- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the -distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it -through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. - -So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs -are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! - - What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. - -So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. - -The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. - -From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this -defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- -the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect - -======= - -From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. - -The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may -be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, -and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation -is on non-origin lifeline. - -But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. - In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, -they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal -state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat -that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the -same internal activity will have the behavior of a -full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves -resumed in different internal activities. - -A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. - -The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. - -For -example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired -receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. - -For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared -context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner -and resume self else place self onto end of sequence -of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner -and place the next in sequence of special beats into -lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. -in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can -form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. -? - -==== - -Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description -of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. - - - - - -\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates -to tie-points} - -To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to -specify a synchronization construct, we first state -clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. - -The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two -independent timelines, both performing reads and writes -within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The -timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any -write on Timeline A can be received by any read of -the same address on -Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, -the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} - \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines -by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each -other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} - \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} -\end{figure} - - - -To control the behavior of writes and reads to the -same addresses, a common point must be established, which -limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to -each other. A synchronization construct is used for -this. -The net effect of such a construct is to establish -a common point that both timelines agree on. This -point separates reads and writes before it from reads -and writes after it. - -For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline -before entering the critical section. Any writes performed -on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. - -The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, -any writes performed by that new -timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible -to reads performed by the old timeline before it released -the lock. - -With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct -as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has -the property that it creates -a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different -timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point -fit our definition of synchronization constructs. - - -\subsection{More on tie-points} - -Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by -a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes -behavior in the gaps; 3) resume -called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement -of instruction completion relative to resume. - -What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. - - -Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point -do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint -on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible - timeline that embodies notions such as dependency - between units of work, mutual exclusion, - partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the - primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion -of reads/writes. - -It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside -the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up -sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the -semantics of a synchronization construct. - -A workshop paper also discusses tie points -[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and -will be published in a future paper. - - - -\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} - - Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the -proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. -It acts as the hidden timeline. - - The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations -of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: - - %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. - -%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. - -%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. - -%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} - -\begin{itemize} -\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) -\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) - -\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with -parameters from application -\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution -\item end a timeline -\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered -core - -\end{itemize} - -Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, -and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that -are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the -proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. - -A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute -a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically -converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different -languages within the same program. - - -The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire -can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. - - -Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, -which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. - -The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task -or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner -portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. - - - -\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} - -To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing -acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: - -\begin{itemize} -\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, -and -provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the -mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it -continues to make progress. However, if a different thread -already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue -of waiting threads, and stops making progress. -\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and -provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread -that called the release construct.. -\end{itemize} - -This calls for a data structure that has two fields: -one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, -the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire -the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple -reads -and writes of the data structure. Hence, the - structure must be protected -from races between different threads. - -The protection -is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, -and where performance issues come into the picture. -It could be accomplished with a single global lock - that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished -with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence -mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus -quorum techniques. - -However, the implementation of the semantics is independent -of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, -and an interface can be placed between them. One side -of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of -the data structure, while the other side implements -protecting the first side from interference. - -The side that provides protection requires fields, -for its use, to be placed into the data structure used -to represent a thread. To hide those details, -the protection side should also provide -primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend -and resume them. - -This interface that separates the semantic side from -the protection -side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables -the modularization of runtime system implementations. - -The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking -about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. - That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization -behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. - - %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization -%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves -%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. - - - - - -\section{Concrete Details} -Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize -a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is -time to make the concepts concrete by showing code -segments that implement each of the concepts, and code -segments that use the concepts. We will start with -the big picture and work down. - -The first stop will be the development process, showing -how it is fractured into three separate and independent -development activities. Next, we will show examples -of how application -code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls -down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, -we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, -where we will focus on the interaction between plugin -code and proto-runtime code. - -In this last portion, we will show how the -interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside -the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will -show how providing -a consistent environment - is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion - of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is - the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline - that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs -to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. - - -\subsection{Three independent development efforts} - -To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the -three independent paths that development takes: -one for development of proto-runtime code, one for -development of language implementation, and one for -application development. Each of these produces a separate -installable artifact. -The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. - -The proto-runtime code is developed separately from -both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. - -The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. - -However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. - -The wrapper library, however, is not -installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it -is only used during development of an application, -and remains independent of hardware. - -Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. -When an application is executed, the loader binds the -dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. - In this way, a single, -unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. - -However, the success of the compile-once approach has -limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work -itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. - -\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} - -At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each -of two cores, as the core is switched between application -code and runtime code. It is too early to understand -the details, but this figure can be referred back to -as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. -Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. - -At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, -and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is -depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, -along with the animation of application code by those virtual -processors. - -? - -The application passes information to a wrapper library -call, -such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the -information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime -primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing -that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer -to the plugin function that will handle the request. -The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which -other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library -call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from -whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a -synchronization construct. - -However, there is one last step between the request -handler marking a timeline as ready to resume -and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the -assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. -The request handlers stack up work that is free to -be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which -of those to place onto an offered core. - - - - - -\begin{figure*}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] - {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} - \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple -cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls -between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the -code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated -by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core -2. The boxes -represent virtual processors, each with its associated -timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative -ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request -Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, -which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime -code module.} - \label{fig:physTimeSeq} -\end{figure*} - - - -\subsection{Using language constructs} -In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs -take the form of function calls. The reader familiar -with posix threads will have used function calls to -perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. -Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the -same way. - -We use posix threads for our example because it is -a familiar language that the reader already knows well. -It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. - -\subsubsection{Main and startup} -Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime -system must be started, and a proto-runtime process -must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the -create process was given a pointer -to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime -based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime -based languages that will be used in the application, -and must create the virtual processors and tasks that -perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. - -==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == - -\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth -function} -Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts -the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It -is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. -Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two -threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both -threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the -command that kills the virtual processor that is animating -the function. - -==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, -Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== - -Notice the signature -of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer -to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is -the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for -proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. - - -Also, notice that the standard signature includes a -pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime -defined structure, which holds the meta-information -about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed -the structure of the virtual processor that is animating -it. - -An illuminating aside is that the birth function for -a posix thread doesn't need -to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. -That is because the operating system tracks which thread -is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing -an instruction that suspends the code executing on -the core and switches -the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel -then looks up the data structure that is assigned to -the core. - -That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the -pointer to the thread that was animating the application -code that called the posix construct. But the implementation -of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't -have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, -and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data -structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. - -Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created -by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent -of mutex acquire and release to protect access to -a critical section. Notice that the signature -is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. -Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to -each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next -several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure -is used. - -==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and -release to protect a counter plus print of count value== - - -\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} - -Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls -reveals code such as in Fig X. - -==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== - -There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data -structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime -call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library -calls. The data structure is used to carry information -into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was -started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is -the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends -application code and switches to the kernel. For the -implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this -call is implemented with assembly instructions. - -This wrapper library code is placed on the machine -used during development of the application, and is -compiled into the application executable. However, -the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, -and is not part of the application executable. - -Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to -a function. This is called the handler function, and -is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime -will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled -way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment -to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. -We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the -handler function, and what such a handler function -looks like. - -First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and -switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X - -==assembly of suspend and switch== - -All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer -into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program -counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, -which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. - -\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched -to} - -The PR assembly code switches the core to executing -the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. - -==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== - -All this does is invoke the handler function named -in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. -This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point -model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, -fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens -to use a global lock for each language's environment. - However other implementations are possible. In order - to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap - instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random - backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. - - The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes - on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point - model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special - beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that - executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler - code that then establishes the causal connections - between such special beats, and so ties them together. - The causal connection is via the changes make to the - language environment. - - So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. - The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat - and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The - lock is what isolates and sequentializes - the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language - environment is the hidden state used to establish - causal connection between special beats. - - - -This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. - -Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. - - -If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. - -Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. - -This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. - -? - -Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. - -The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. - -=================== - - -\subsection{not sure} -A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. - -However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. - -As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. - -? - -The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. - -? - -The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". -The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. - -================= - -\subsection{more on tie-points} -Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. - -From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. - -However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. - -Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. - -The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. - -That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. - - -The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. - -At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. - -The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. - -=========== - -The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. - -So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. - -For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. - -============ - - -\subsection{More on eDSLs} -%====================================== - -%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - -%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. - -%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. - -%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. - - -% ============== - -%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. - -%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. - -%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. - -%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Details} -\label{subsec:Details} - - what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. - -modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. - -? - - - - overhead measurements - -implementation time measurements - - discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. - - give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. - - summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the -least, the same effort would have to be expended on -each and every language that we expended on performance -tuning our proto-runtime. - - We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to - -illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. - -Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). - -Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). - - - -? - - - - - The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints -due to data dependencies. - - a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. - -? - -The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. - - - - this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. - - implementing language logic, - -show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. - -give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, -we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. - -support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. - - discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. - -reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Measurements} -With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} - -\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} -For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. - -For runtime performance: - --- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) - --- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) - --- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci - --- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg - -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline -a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -\end{tabular} -\caption{} -\label{tab} - -As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. - - -\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} -\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} -Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. -\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} -In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk -\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} -OMPSs -\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} -VOMP - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} -Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. - -Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements -of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. - - -\begin{centering} -\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} - \cline{2-8} - \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ - \cline{2-8} - \noalign{\vskip2pt} - \hline - Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ - Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ - Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ - L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ - \hline -\end{tabular} -\caption -{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. -} -\end{centering} -\label{tabPersonHoursLang} - -%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} -%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} - -We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. - -We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. - - -\begin{center} -\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for -the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} - -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline -Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ -\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline -\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline -%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline -\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline -\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline -\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline -\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} - - - -The first two methods have poor runtime and application -performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. - -Both also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. - -For the same reason, porting is poor for these two -approaches. The DSL's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. - -Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra -effort is expended to take advantage. - -Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. - -Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Conclusions and Future Work} -The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. -%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. - - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - - -Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. - - The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. - -The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. - -Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. - -Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. - -Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: -\begin{itemize} -\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. -\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. -\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. -\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. -\end{itemize} - - -\end{document} -============================================= -== -== -== -== -== -============================================= - -\section{The Problem} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. - -To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). - -Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). - -The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). - -\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} -\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. - -A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. - -In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. - -Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. - -The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. - -In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. - -Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. - - -\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} -\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. - -DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. - -It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. - -In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. - -\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} -\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. - - -An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. - - -\begin{figure}[h!tb] -{\noindent -{\footnotesize -{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} -\begin{verbatim} -newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); -\end{verbatim} - -{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} -\begin{verbatim} -SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); -\end{verbatim} - -{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} -\begin{verbatim} -messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); -\end{verbatim} -} -} - -\caption -{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. -} -\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} -\end{figure} -An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. - -As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. - -It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. - -\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} -\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. - -For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. - -An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. - -When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. - -The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. - -The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. - -Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). - -\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. - -Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. - -In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. - - - During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. - -If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. - -For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. - -The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. - - -\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -? - -Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. - -The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. - -The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. - -For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. - -While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. - -These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. - -For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. - - -One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: -\begin{itemize} -\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. -\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. -\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. -\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. -\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. -\end{itemize} - -\subsection{Summary of Section} - [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. - -The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. - -The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Description} -\label{sec:idea} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -? - - -Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. - -The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. - -\subsection{Creating an eDSL} - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} - \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} - \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} -\end{figure} - -As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. - -As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. - -\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} - -\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} --- standardizes runtime code --- makes familiar going from one lang to another --- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs - --- show the enums, and the switch table - --- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave - -\subsubsection{The Request Handler} --- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. - --- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL - -\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } -The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. - -For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. - -Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. - -This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. - -\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} - --- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. - --- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) - --- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency - -\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} --- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) - --- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. - -\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} - --- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. --- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. --- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. --- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. - -Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. --- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, --- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. --- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption - --- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. - --- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects - --- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. - --- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. - - -\section{(outline and notes)} - --- What a plugin looks like: - --- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units - --- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. - --- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), - --- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). - - --- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. - - - - -\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. - - -\subsection{Some Definitions} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. - -In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. - -\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. - -For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. - -It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. - - -The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. - - - -======= - - I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). - Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. - Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. - -================= - -\subsection{The patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - - -Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. - -Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. - -Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. - -Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. - -By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. -We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. - - -\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The -basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. - -Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. - -Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. - -Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. - -\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. - -Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. -The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. - -Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. - -Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. - -Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. - -Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. - -\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. - -The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. - -For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} - \caption{Something to help understanding} - \label{fig:SCG_expl} -\end{figure} - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{The Details} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] -[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. - -Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. - -Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. - -\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Demonstrate reuse of language logic: -All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. - -Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. - -Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. - -? - -Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. -We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. - -? - -In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. - -The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and -other application features. - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Measurements} - -\subsection{Implementation time} - - -\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Related Work} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Conclusion and Future Work} -\label{sec:conclusion} - - - -\end{document} -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -Here is an example of netlist creation: - -The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. - - Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. - -First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: - -To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. - -The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. - - -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimNetlist * -createPingPongNetlist() - { HWSimNetlist *netlist; - HWSimElem **elems; - HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; - HWSimCommPath **commPaths; - int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); - - numElems = 2; - elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); - - numCommPaths = 2; - commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); - - numActivityTypes = 1; - activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); - - netlist->numElems = numElems; - netlist->elems = elems; - netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; - netlist->commPaths = commPaths; - netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; - netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //have to create activity types before create elements - //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability - netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist - elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. - -Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements - elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = - netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. - -This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 - commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); - setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); - commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; - commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units - - //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 - commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); - setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); - commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; - commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -done building netlist, return it -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - return netlist; - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ -do{\ - commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ - commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ - commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ - commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ - }while(0); //macro magic for namespace -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimElem * -createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) - { HWSimElem *elem; - elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); - elem->numInPorts = 1; - elem->numOutPorts = 1; - elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); - elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port - elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; - return elem; - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimActivityType * -createPingPongActivityType( ) - { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; - pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); - - pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; - pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; - return pingPongActivityType; - } -\end{verbatim} \end{small} - - -========= - -All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. - -Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -void -pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) - { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 - HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -There are four ways a behavior can end: -\begin{description} -\item end, no continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end, with continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, - HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, - HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, - HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance - HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} - - -============= - - -\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} -All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. - -Here's an example: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimTimeSpan -sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) - { - return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} - -The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. - -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimTimeSpan -commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) - { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ - -====== - -Details of VMS interface, details of its impl on multi-core, details of differences on different machines. - -wrapper-lib calls VMS-supplied primitive that suspends the virtual-processor calling the lib, and sends a request to VMS. VMS calls lang-supplied plugin to handle requests -- this is the part of the scheduler that handles constraints -- it determines which virt-processors must remain suspended, and which are free to be re-animated. - -The language is implemented as either a collection of wrapper-lib calls embedded into the base language, or as custom syntax that uses uses the VMS-supplied primitive to suspend virtual processors and send requests to VMS. - - -VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. From the application-programmer point of view, the embedded version looks like a function call, albeit the data-struc of the virtual-processor animating the code has to be passed as a parameter to the wrapper-lib call. - -Hence, VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. - -The wrapper-lib call is standard library code that is loaded along with the application executable. - -However, VMS primitives may be hardware-implemented, or loaded as OS modules, or dynamic or static libraries. Rhey are naturally custom instructions, but may be emulated by software. - -The interface between application-executable and language-runtime is the VMS-primitive that sends a request to VMS. The language-runtime receives the request under control of VMS, which calls a language-supplied request-handling function and passes the request as a parameter. This passive behavior of the request handler leaves control-flow inside VMS, which is part of hiding concurrency from the language-runtime implementation. - -The interface between the runtime and VMS is VMS's plugin API. The runtime is implemented as two functions, whose pointers are handed to VMS. VMS then controls the flow of execution. When a request is ready for the runtime, VMS cIalls the request-handler function, and when a spot on hardware is free for work, VMS calls the scheduler-assign function. Hence, the language implements its runtime as two isolated functions. By keeping control-flow inside VMS, the language-specific portion of the runtiem is simplified. - -This structure is also the reason VMS encourages reuse of scheduler code. The VMS API separates out control flow from scheduling, so scheduling code is isolated, with well-defined interfaces. Scheduling is then further sub-divided into modules: constraint-management (IE enforcing dependencies); and choosing physical location to place work. Each has its own well-defined interface, and they communicate to each other via VMS-managed shared state. - -The greatest application performance impact due to the scheduler is communication it causes. - -, management of the memory hierarchy, and the match between work-characteristics and hardware-characteristics (IE, assigning to accelerator vs CPU). Hence, significant work goes into implementing strategies and mechanisms for finding the best assignment-choices. Such implementations are only loosely coupled to language, through the shared state by which the request-handler informs the assigner of what work is ready to be animated. - -Hence, it is straight-forward to reuse the code that assigns work to physical locations. The only language-specific influence on the assigner is the shared constraint-state. - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,942 +0,0 @@ - -@inbook{PerfToolPoem, -title = {The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe, Complete edition}, -chapter = {The Blind Men and the Elephant}, -author = {John Godfrey Saxe}, -publisher = {Boston: James R. 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Reed}, - title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, - day = {16--18}, - month = {jun}, - year = 2003, - note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} -} -@Article{reeves84, - author = {A. P. Reeves}, - title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, - journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, - volume = 1, - number = {}, - year = 1984, - month = {aug}, - pages = {64--80} -} -@Article{skillicorn98, - author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, - title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = 30, - number = 2, - year = 1998, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {123--169}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA} -} -@Article{stefik86, - title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, - author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, - journal = {The AI Magazine}, - volume = 6, - number = 4, - year = 1986 -} -@Book{stirling92, - title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, - author = {Stirling, C.}, - year = 1992, - publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} -} -@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, - author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, - title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} -} -@Misc{turing38, - author = {A. Turing}, - note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, - year = 1938 -} -@Book{vonNeumann45, - title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, - author = {J. von Neumann}, - year = 1945, - publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} -} -@Book{winskel93, - title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, - author = {Winskel, G.}, - year = 1993, - publisher = {MIT Press} -} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/sigplanconf.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/sigplanconf.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1273 +0,0 @@ -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -% -% LaTeX Class/Style File -% -% Name: sigplanconf.cls -% -% Purpose: A LaTeX 2e class file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. -% This class file supercedes acm_proc_article-sp, -% sig-alternate, and sigplan-proc. -% -% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos -% Windfall Software -% 978 371-2316 -% paul [atsign] windfall.com -% -% Created: 12 September 2004 -% -% Revisions: See end of file. -% -% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. -% To view a copy of this license, visit -% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ -% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, -% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. -% -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] -\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] - -% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted -% from the ZzTeX macro package. - -% Token Hackery -% ----- ------- - - -\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} -\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter - \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} - -% This macro discards the next token. - -\def \@discardtok #1{}% token - -% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. - -{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 - -\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} - -} % \catcode - -% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. -% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark - -\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} - -% Control Sequence Names -% ------- -------- ----- - - -\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} - \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} - -\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} - \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} - -% Flags (Booleans) -% ----- ---------- - -% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with -% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. - -\def \@true {TT} -\def \@false {FL} - -\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean - -% IF and Predicates -% -- --- ---------- - -% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. -% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: -% -% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi - -% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: -% -% \@setflag \flag = {} - -% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional -% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with -% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. -% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. - -\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else - \@true \fi} -\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} - -\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@definedp #1{% - \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname - \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} - -\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% - \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname - \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} - -\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp - -\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} - \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} -\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% - \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@empargq {\@empargq} - -\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} - \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} - -\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} - -\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} - - -% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: -% -% \if \flaga \else \fi - - -% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. - -\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} - -\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \else - \@false - \fi} - -\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% - \@true - \else - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \fi} - -\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% - \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi - \else - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \fi} - -% Arithmetic -% ---------- - -\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} - -\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} - -% Options -% ------- - - -\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false -\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false -\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true -\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false -\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false -\@setflag \@natbib = \@true -\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true -\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 -\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false -\@setflag \@preprint = \@false -\@setflag \@reprint = \@false -\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false -\@setflag \@times = \@false - -% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. - -\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} - -\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} - -\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} - -\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} - -\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} - -\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} - -\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} - -\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} - -\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} - -\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} - -\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} - -%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} - -\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} - -\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - -\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} -\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false -\ProcessOptions - -\if \@onecolumn - \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% - \fi - \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} -\else - \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} -\fi -\LoadClass{article} - -\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% - \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} - -% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. - -\def \setpagenumber #1{% - \setcounter{page}{#1}} - -\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} - -% Utilities -% --------- - - -\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% - #1 = #2 - \advance #1 by -1\parskip} - -% Document Parameters -% -------- ---------- - - -% Page: - -\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} -\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} - -\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} -\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} - -\if \@onecolumn - \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} - \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} -\else - \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} - \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} -\fi - -% Text area: - -\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} -\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} - -\if \@onecolumn - \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} -\else - \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} -\fi - -\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} -\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} -\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} - -% Running foot: - -\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} - -% Paragraphs: - -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} - \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} -\else - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} - \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} -\fi - -\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} -\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} - -\frenchspacing -\pretolerance = 400 -\tolerance = \pretolerance -\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} -\clubpenalty = 10000 -\widowpenalty = 10000 -\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} - -% Standard vertical spaces: - -\newskip{\standardvspace} -\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} - -% Margin paragraphs: - -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} -\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} - - -\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} -\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} - -\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% - \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} - -\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% - \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} - -% Floats: - -\setcounter{topnumber}{4} -\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} -\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} - -\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} -\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} -\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} -\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} -\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} -\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} - -\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} - -\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} -\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} - -\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} -\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} -\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} - -\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} -\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} - -% Miscellaneous: - -\errorcontextlines = 5 - -% Fonts -% ----- - - -\if \@times - \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% - \if \@mathtime - \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% - \else -%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% - \fi -\else - \relax -\fi - -\if \@ninepoint - -\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% - \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} - -\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} - -\renewcommand{\small}{% - \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% - \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} - -\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} - -\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} - -\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} - -\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} - -\else\if \@tenpoint - -\relax - -\else - -\relax - -\fi\fi - -% Abstract -% -------- - - -\renewenvironment{abstract}{% - \section*{Abstract}% - \normalsize}{% - } - -% Bibliography -% ------------ - - -\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] - {\section*{\refname - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - \bibfont - \clubpenalty4000 - \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty - \widowpenalty4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - {\def\@noitemerr - {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% - \endlist} - -\if \@natbib - -\if \@authoryear - \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} - \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} - \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, - % eliminate comma between author and year. - \let \cite = \citep -\else - \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} - \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} -\fi -\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} - -\fi - -\def \bibfont {\small} - -% Categories -% ---------- - - -\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true - -\newcommand{\category}[3]{% - \if \@firstcategory - \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% - \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false - \else - \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% - \fi - \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} - -\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% - {\let \and = \relax - #1 [\textit{#2}]% - \if \@emptyargp{#4}% - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi - \else - :\space - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi - \textrm{#4}% - \fi}} - -% Copyright Notice -% --------- ------ - - -\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} -\def \@toappear {} -\def \@permission {} -\def \@reprintprice {} - -\def \@copyrightspace {% - \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% - \vbox to 1in{% - \vfill - \parbox[b]{20pc}{% - \scriptsize - \if \@preprint - [Copyright notice will appear here - once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par - \else - \@toappear - \fi - \if \@reprint - \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, - \@proceedings, - \@conferenceinfo, - pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par - \fi}}% - \end@float} - -\long\def \toappear #1{% - \def \@toappear {#1}} - -\toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata - \dots \@reprintprice\par} - -\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% - \gdef \@permission {#1}} - -\permission{% - Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or - part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without - fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or - commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full - citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to - post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific - permission and/or a fee.} - -% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: - -\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. - ACM acknowledges that - this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the - National Research Council of Canada (NRC). - As such, the Crown in Right of - Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting - nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, - or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution - is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} - -\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for - Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that - this contribution was authored or co-authored - by a contractor or affiliate - of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, - royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, - or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} - -\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% - \permission{% - This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States - Government and is in the public domain.}% - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% - \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} - -\reprintprice{\$10.00} - -\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% - \permission{% - Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. - It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. - Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in - #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} - -% Enunciations -% ------------ - - -\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} - \trivlist - \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% - \itshape\selectfont - \ignorespaces} - -\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} - \trivlist - \item[% - \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% - \itshape\selectfont - \ignorespaces} - -% Figures -% ------- - - -\@setflag \@caprule = \@true - -\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% - \addvspace{4pt} - \if \@caprule - \hrule width \hsize height .33pt - \vspace{4pt} - \fi - \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% - \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% - \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par - \else - \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% - \fi} - -\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% - \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} - -\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% - {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} - -% Hierarchy -% --------- - - -\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} - -\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} - -\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% -\else - \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% -\fi - -\renewcommand{\section}{% - \@startsection - {section}% - {1}% - {0pt}% - {-\@sectionaboveskip}% - {\@sectionbelowskip}% - {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} - -\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% -\else - \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% -\fi - -\renewcommand{\subsection}{% - \@startsection% - {subsection}% - {2}% - {0pt}% - {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% - {\@subsectionbelowskip}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% - \@startsection% - {subsubsection}% - {3}% - {0pt}% - {-\@subsectionaboveskip} - {\@subsectionbelowskip}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} - -\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% - \@startsection% - {paragraph}% - {4}% - {0pt}% - {\@paragraphaboveskip} - {-1em}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} - -\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% - \@startsection% - {subparagraph}% - {4}% - {0pt}% - {\@paragraphaboveskip} - {-1em}% - {\normalsize \itshape}} - -% Standard headings: - -\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} - -\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} - -\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} - -% Identification -% -------------- - - -\def \@conferencename {} -\def \@conferenceinfo {} -\def \@copyrightyear {} -\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} -\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} - - -\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% - \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% - \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} - -\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% - \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} - -\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear - -\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% - \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} - -\let \crdata = \copyrightdata - -\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% - \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} - -% Lists -% ----- - - -\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} -\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} - -\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} - \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} -\else - \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} - \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} -\fi - -\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} -\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} -\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} -\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} - -\renewcommand{\@listi}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmargini - \listparindent = 0pt} -%%% \itemsep = 1pt -%%% \parsep = 3pt} -%%% \listparindent = \parindent} - -\let \@listI = \@listi - -\renewcommand{\@listii}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginii - \topsep = 1pt - \labelwidth = \leftmarginii - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii - \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv - \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -% Mathematics -% ----------- - - -\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} - -% Miscellaneous -% ------------- - - -\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% - \vfill\eject - \global\@colht = \textheight - \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} - -\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} - -\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% - \let \\ = \@centercr - \leftskip = 0pt - \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} - -% Program Code -% ------- ---- - - -\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% - {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font - \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} - -% Running Heads and Feet -% ------- ----- --- ---- - - -\def \@preprintfooter {} - -\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% - \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} - -\if \@preprint - -\def \ps@plain {% - \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo - \let \@evenhead = \@empty - \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize - \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil - \thepage \hfil - \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% - \let \@oddhead = \@empty - \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} - -\else\if \@reprint - -\def \ps@plain {% - \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo - \let \@evenhead = \@empty - \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% - \let \@oddhead = \@empty - \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} - -\else - -\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty -\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty -\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty - -\fi\fi - -\def \@formatyear {% - \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} - -% Special Characters -% ------- ---------- - - -\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% - \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} - -% Title Page -% ----- ---- - - -\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false - -\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} -\def \@subtitletext {} - -\newcount{\@authorcount} - -\newcount{\@titlenotecount} -\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} - -\def \@titlebanner {} - -\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% - \gdef \@titletext {#1}} - -\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% - \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} - -\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} - \global\@increment \@authorcount - \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% - \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% - \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} - -\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% - \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; - use \string\authorinfo}{}} - -\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% - \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} - -\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% - \pagestyle{plain}% - \if \@onecolumn - {\hsize = \standardtextwidth - \@maketitle}% - \else - \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% - \fi - \@placetitlenotes - \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} - -\def \@maketitle {% - \begin{center} - \@settitlebanner - \let \thanks = \titlenote - {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth - \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth - \parfillskip = 0pt - \spaceskip = .7em - \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} - \vskip 6pt - \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par - \vskip 12pt - \ifcase \@authorcount - \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% - \else - \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% - \fi - \vspace{1.75pc} - \end{center}} - -\def \@settitlebanner {% - \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% - \vbox to 0pt{% - \vskip -32pt - \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par - \vss}% - \nointerlineskip - \fi} - -\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% - \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% - \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par - \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% - \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% - \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par - \else - \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% - \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% - \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par - \relax - \fi\fi - \vspace{20pt}} - -\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} - \vtop{% - \def \and {% - \hspace{16pt}} - \hsize = #1 - \normalfont - \centering - \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par - \vspace{5pt} - \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par - \vspace{2pt} - \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} - -\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% - \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% - \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% - \fi} - -\newtoks{\@fnmark} - -\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% - \global\@increment \@titlenotecount - \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or - \@fnmark = {\ast}\or - \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or - \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or - \@fnmark = {\S}\or - \@fnmark = {\P}\or - \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% - \fi - \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% - \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% - \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% - \reserved@a{#1}} - -\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% - \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} - -\newcount{\@authori} - -\iffalse -\def \additionalauthors {% - \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% - \section{Additional Authors}% - \label{@addauthors}% - \noindent - \@authori = 4 - {\let \\ = ,% - \loop - \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, - \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, - email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% - \@increment \@authori - \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% - \par - \fi - \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} -\fi - -\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors - -\def \@placetitlenotes { - \the\@titlenotetext} - -% Utilities -% --------- - - -\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% - {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% - \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) - \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ - \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 - \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} - -\newbox{\@measbox} - -\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} - \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% - #1 = \ht\@measbox} - -\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% - \insert\footins{% - \reset@font\footnotesize - \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty - \splittopskip\footnotesep - \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM - \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore -%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% -%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% - \color@begingroup - \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% - \@makefntext{% - \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% - \color@endgroup}} - -% LaTeX Modifications -% ----- ------------- - -\def \@seccntformat #1{% - \@name{\the#1}% - \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark - \quad} - -\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% - \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} - -% Revision History -% -------- ------- - - -% Date Person Ver. Change -% ---- ------ ---- ------ - -% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. - -% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. - -% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with -% \authorinfo. -% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. -% Compress article opener spacing. -% Add 'mathtime' option. -% Increase text height by 6 points. - -% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. -% Change default to Times text. - -% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot -% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. - -% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. - -% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. - -% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. - -% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', -% and it uses the full type width. - -% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. -% Allow margin paragraphs during review. - -% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. -% Remove proof and newdef environments. - -% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. -% Change footer to small italic and eliminate -% left portion if no \preprintfooter. -% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. -% Clean up and shrink copyright box. - -% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. - -% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. - -% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. -% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust -% spacing between items and paragraphs. - -% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated -% commands. - -% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. - -% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the -% 'preprint' option. - -% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. -% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure -% the natbib package. - -% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article -% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). - -% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. - -% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. -% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. - -% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by -% Stephen Chong). - -% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. -% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to -% control citation style when using natbib. -% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for -% 'authoryear' style. - -% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography -% environment. Also add to template so it will -% happen with natbib. - -% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. -% Just include in the template. - -% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. - -% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. -% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using -% 'authoryear' style. -% Add the \authorversion command. - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/url.sty --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/url.sty Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,325 +0,0 @@ -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca -% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. -% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms -% of the LaTeX Project Public License. -% -% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or -% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually -% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email -% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally -% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, -% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% See further instructions after "\endinput" -% -\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% - \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually -} -\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% - \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do - \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do - \ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% -} -\def\url@ttstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo -} -\def\url@rmstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@sfstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else - \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} - -\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} -\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} - -\def\Url{% - \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup - \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi - \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font - \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes - \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces - \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip - \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi - \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special - \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open - \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active - \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures - \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} - -\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 - \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} -\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook - \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} -\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} -\let\UrlRight\@empty -\let\UrlLeft\@empty - -\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} -\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} -\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 - \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% - \mathcode`#132768 \fi} - -\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup - \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} -\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \def#1{#2{#3}}} -\else - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} -\fi - -\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} - -% Sample (and default) configuration: -% -\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% -% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: -\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} -% -% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} - -% Process LaTeX \package options -% -\urlstyle{tt} -\let\Url@sppen\@M -\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens - -\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ - \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space - Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] - \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens - \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later - \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} - \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} - \ProcessOptions -\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared - \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft - \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} - \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} - \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} -\fi -} - -\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} -\expandafter\edef\url@moving - {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined - -\endinput -% -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca -% -% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, -% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be -% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for -% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may -% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be -% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, -% and a "\path" command is provided this way. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very -% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. -% -% Package Option: obeyspaces -% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" -% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url -% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. -% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", -% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for -% anything with "\". -% -% Package Option: hyphens -% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this -% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) -% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen -% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. -% -% Package Option: spaces -% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the -% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" -% will allow breaks at those spaces. -% -% Package Option: T1 -% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain -% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This -% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". -% -% Defining a defined-url: -% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could -% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the -% percent sign. This address can be predefined with -% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or -% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| -% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" -% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a -% defined-url is robust. -% -% Style: -% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" -% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", -% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- -% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the -% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts -% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" -% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. -% -% Alternate commands: -% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each -% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be -% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like -% commands as follows: -% -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} -% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is -% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the -% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look -% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with -% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. -% -% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual -% "\urldef" command as in this example: -% -% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} -% -% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", -% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command -% would then be robust. -% -% Defining styles: -% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to -% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although -% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required -% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. -% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for -% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. -% -% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you -% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. -% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' -% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines -% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and -% "\UrlFont". -% -% Changing font: -% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" -% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX -% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". -% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined -% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the -% standard input characters. -% -% Changing linebreaks: -% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" -% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". -% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have -% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' -% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, -% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at -% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break -% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no -% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case -% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- -% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" -% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why -% colons are `BigBreaks'. -% -% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following -% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". -% -% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them -% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) -% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font -% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those -% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which -% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing -% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each -% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include -% other definitions too. -% -% -% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need -% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for -% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can -% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". -% -% Yet more flexibility: -% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or -% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define -% -% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% -% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. -% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not -% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. -% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the -% format of the definition is special: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } -% -% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For -% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} -% -% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for -% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need -% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure -% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like -% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. -% -% Revision History: -% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: -% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. -% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: -% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". -% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: -% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. -% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 -% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error -% The End - -Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 -:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,363 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null -% \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% -% \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold -% \vskip 2ex% - {\large -% \lineskip .5ex% -% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% -% \@author -% \end{tabular}\par - }% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 0.5ex - \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 0.5ex - \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par -% \vskip 2ex -} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__Tutorial_explanation_teaching/latex/usetex-v1.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,357 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null - \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% - \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold - \vskip 2ex% - {\large - \lineskip .5ex% - \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% - \@author - \end{tabular}\par}% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par - \vskip 2ex} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2923 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - Master(runtime system)on core 1 - - - Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) - - Application Code - Seed_Fn - Work_Fn - Language Wrapper-LibCode - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - Lang Handlerfor create VP - Assigner Fn - Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) - Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) - - create VPwrapper Fn - Call to dyn lib - - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - - - - - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - - returnfromsuspend - PR primitive Fnto send request - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - returnfromsuspend - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - - - normal call - normal call - - - - - - - - - - Timeline of SeedVP - suspend - resume - end - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - PR primitive Fnto create VP - - - - VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) - - - Master Fn - - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - - start - - - - Timeline of VP 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - - Timeline of Master on core 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - Call to dyn lib - Call to dyn lib - Call to dyn lib - call to dyn lib - - - Master(runtime system)on core 2 - - - - - Master Fn - - - - Timeline of Master on core 2 - - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR primitive Fnto send request - PR primitive Fnto send request - PR primitive Fnto send request - - - end - - - - resume - resume - suspend - start - resume - Language PluginCode - Proto-RuntimeMasterCode - - - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex - - - - - - - Assigner Fn - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - return fromsuspend - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - core 1 - core 2 - - - - return fromsuspend - - - - return fromsuspend - - - PR OS thread(core1) - - - Main OS thread - - main - Lang Handlerfor create VP - Assigner Fn - - PR_start() - Call to dyn lib - - Top Level Fn - birth Fn - - - - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - - returnfromsuspend - PR__start() - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - normal call - - - - - - - - - - Timeline of SeedVP - suspend - resume - end - PR primitive Fnto create VP - Master Fn - - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - - start - - - - Timeline of Master on core 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - Call to dyn lib - call to dyn lib - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR primitive Fnto send request - resume - - - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - - core 1 - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR OS thread(core 2) - - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,254 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - Suspend(Point 2.S) - - Resume (Point 2.R) - Timeline B - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_2nd.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,545 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - Suspend(Point 2.S) - - - - Resume (Point 2.R) - - Timeline B - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - - - Tied Point - - Timeline B - - - - - Tied Point - - Timeline A - - - - - - - - - - Timeline B - - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - visible - NOT visible - - - visible - NOT visible - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_three_versions.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,754 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - Suspend(Point 2.S) - - - - Resume (Point 2.R) - - Timeline B - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - - Suspend(Point 2.S) - - Resume (Point 2.R) - Timeline B - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - - - - - - Suspend(Point 2.S) - - Resume (Point 2.R) - Timeline B - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - - - - - - - - - HiddenTimeline - comm - comm - control - control - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,366 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - Suspend(Point 2.S) - - Resume (Point 2.R) - Timeline B - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - - - - HiddenTimeline - comm - comm - control - control - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_single.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_single.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,306 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - Physical time - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - - Hiddenmeta-comm - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,498 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - Timeline B - - - - - SyncPoint - - Timeline A - - - - write - read - - - - Timeline B - - - - - SyncPoint - - Timeline A - - - - write - read - - - SyncPoint - - write - - X - - - - - - - Timeline B - - Timeline A - - write - read - read - write - - shift relative to each other - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,369 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - Tied Point - - Timeline B - - - - - Tied Point - - Timeline A - - - - - - - - - - Timeline B - - - - - Suspend(Point 1.S) - - - - Resume (Point 1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - visible - NOT visible - - - visible - NOT visible - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering_2.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering_2.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,324 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Timeline B - - - - - Suspend(Point A1.S) - - - - Resume (Point A1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - visible - NOT visible - - - visible - NOT visible - - Suspend(Point B1.S) - - - Resume (Point B1.R) - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2211 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - Master(runtime system)on core 1 - - - Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) - - Application Code - Seed_Fn - Work_Fn - Language Wrapper-LibCode - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - Lang Handlerfor create VP - Assigner Fn - Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) - Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) - - create VPwrapper Fn - Call to dyn lib - - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - - - - - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - - returnfromsuspend - PR primitive Fnto send request - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - returnfromsuspend - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - - - normal call - normal call - - - - - - - - - - Timeline of SeedVP - suspend - resume - end - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - PR primitive Fnto create VP - - - - VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) - - - Master Fn - - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - - start - - - - Timeline of VP 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - - Timeline of Master on core 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - Call to dyn lib - Call to dyn lib - Call to dyn lib - call to dyn lib - - - Master(runtime system)on core 2 - - - - - Master Fn - - - - Timeline of Master on core 2 - - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR primitive Fnto send request - PR primitive Fnto send request - PR primitive Fnto send request - - - end - - - - resume - resume - suspend - start - resume - Language PluginCode - Proto-RuntimeMasterCode - - - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex - - - - - - - Assigner Fn - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - return fromsuspend - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - core 1 - core 2 - - - - return fromsuspend - - - - return fromsuspend - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/Portability_stack_combined.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/Portability_stack_combined.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/figures/Portability_stack_combined.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2691 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lang Syntax - - - - Request Intf - - - - VMS Intf - - - - ISA - 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each problem, how does one decide the value of a proposed solution? Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. - -The problem is - -A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is - -The value of this solution is determined by - - - -2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? - What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. - What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? - How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? - -It enables - -The benefit to me is - -Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are - -The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by - - - -3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? - What makes this problem hard? - What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on -How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? - -The fundamentals are - -The hard part is - -The basic elements are - -The proposed solution - - - -4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? - What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? - How does each approach address something the others miss? - Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. - Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. - -Other approaches are - -A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is - -Categories: - -Combining: - - - -5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? - Sketch the details of each of these "things". - Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? - Did you see any really cool techniques? - -Unique main "things" are - -Drawbacks from details: - -Idea of - - - -6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? - -They have to show - - - -7) What results did they show? - Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? - Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? - Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? - -They showed - -Con.. - - - -8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? - -The work my provide value for me - - - -3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). - -1) - - \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1257 +0,0 @@ - - - -"" -@Article{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - journal = {}, - volume = {}, - number = {}, - year = {}, - pages = {} -} - - - -"" -@Book{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - publisher = {}, - year = {}, - pages = {} -} - - - -"" -@misc{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - url = {} -} - - -"Lamport paper with clock sync" -@article{Lamport78, - author = {Lamport, Leslie}, - title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, - journal = {Commun. ACM}, - volume = {21}, - issue = {7}, - year = {1978}, - pages = {558--565}, - } - -"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" -@article{Lamport87, - author = {Lamport, Leslie}, - title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = {5}, - issue = {1}, - year = {1987}, - pages = {1--11} -} - -"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" -@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, - author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, - title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, - series = {SOSP '67}, - year = {1967}, - pages = {10.1--10.6} - } - -"Original coroutine paper" -@article{Conway63, - author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, - title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, - journal = {Commun. ACM}, - volume = {6}, - issue = {7}, - year = {1963}, - pages = {396--408} -} - -"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" -@Book{ComponentModel00, - author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, - title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = {2000} -} - - -"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" -@misc{Hewitt10, - author = {Carl Hewitt}, - title = {Actor Model of Computation}, - year = {2010}, - note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} -} - -"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" -@article{Actors97, -author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, -title = {A foundation for actor computation}, -journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, -volume = {7}, -number = {01}, -pages = {1-72}, -year = {1997}, -} - -"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" -@article{SchedActivations, - author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, - title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = {10}, - issue = {1}, - month = {February}, - year = {1992}, - pages = {53--79} -} - -"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" -@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, - author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, - title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, - series = {DAMP '07}, - year = {2007}, - pages = {37--44}, - numpages = {8} -} - - -//===================================== -"Gain from Chaos tech report" -@techreport - {Halle92, - Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, - Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, - Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, - Year = {1992}, - URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, - Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} -} - - -Reprinted in: -Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. -"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" -K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova -pgs 290-308 - - -"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" -Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. -cited by 232 - - -"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" -Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. - - -//========================================== - -"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" -@inproceedings - {BLISInHotPar, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {June}, - title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, - year = {2010} - } - -"2011 HotPar: " -@inproceedings - {HotPar11, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {May}, - title = {}, - year = {2011} - } - -"VMS in LCPC 2011" -@article{VMSLCPC, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, - journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, - year = {2011} -} - - -"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, - Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, - Year = 2010 -} - -"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" -@misc{DKUTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, - Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"An Extensible Parallel Language" -@misc{EQNLangTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, - Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" -@misc{CTOSTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, - Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" -@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, - Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, - Year = 2009 -} - - -"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" -@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, - Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" -@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, - Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" -@misc{CTRTTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, - Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, - Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, - Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" -@misc{CIPTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, - Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, - Year = 2005 -} - -//========================================== - - -"OMP Hompe page" -@misc{OMPHome, - Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, - Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, -} - -"The OMP infrastructure site" -@misc{Halle2008, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, - Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} -} - - - -"The DKU sourceforge site" -@misc{DKUSourceForge, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Month = {November}, - Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{DKU} website}, - Year = {2008} -} - - -"The BLIS sourceforge site" -@misc{BLISHome, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Month = {November}, - Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{BLIS} website}, - Year = {2008} -} - - -"The VMS Home page" -@misc{VMSHome, - Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, - Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, - Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, - Year = {2010} -} - - -"The PStack Home page" -@misc{PStackHome, - Author = {Sean Halle}, - Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, - Year = {2012} -} - - -"Deblocking code in SVN" -@misc{DeblockingCode, - Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, - Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} -} - - - -"Sample code on BLIS site" -@misc{SampleBLISCode, - Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, - Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} -} - -"Framework Technical Report" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, - Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} -} - -"Map reduce" -@misc{MapReduceHome, - Author = {Google Corp.}, - Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, - Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, -} - - -"TBB Thread Building Blocks" -@misc{TBBHome, - Author = {Intel Corp.}, - Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, - Title = {{TBB} Home page}, -} - - -"HPF Wikipedia entry" -@misc{HPFWikipedia, - Author = {Wikipedia}, - Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, - Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, -} - - -"OpenMP Home page" -@misc{OpenMPHome, - Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, - Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, - Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} -} - - - -"Open MPI Home page" -@misc{MPIHome, - Author = {open-mpi organization}, - Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, - Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} -} - -"OpenCL Home page" -@misc{OpenCLHome, - Author = {Kronos Group}, - Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, - Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} -} - - -"CILK Hompe page" -@misc{CILKHome, - Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, - Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, - Title = {{CILK} homepage}, -} - -@InProceedings{Fri98, - author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, - title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, - booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, - pages = {212--223}, - year = 1998, - address = {Montreal, Quebec}, - month = jun -} - - -"Titanium Hompe page" -@misc{TitaniumHome, - Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, - Title = {{Titanium} homepage} -} - - -"CnC in HotPar" -@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, - author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {March}, - title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, - year = {2009} -} - - -"CnC Hompe page" -@misc{CnCHome, - Author = {Intel Corp.}, - Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, - Title = {{CnC} homepage}, -} - -"Spiral Home page" -@misc{SpiralHome, - Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, - Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, - Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, -} - - -"Scala Hompe page" -@misc{ScalaHome, - Author = {Scala organization}, - Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, - Title = {{Scala} homepage}, -} - - - - -"UPC Hompe page" -@misc{UPCHome, - Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, - Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, - Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, -} - - -"Suif Hompe page" -@misc{SuifHome, - Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, - Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, -} - - - -"SEJITS" -@article{SEJITS, - author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, - title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, - journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, - year = {2009} -} - - -"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" -@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, - author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, - title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, - booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, - year = {2009}, - pages = {404--418} - } - - -"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" -@article{NarayananGPUSched, - author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, - title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, - journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, - year = {2009}, - pages = {1-12}, -} - -"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" -@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, - author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, - title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, - booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, - year = {2008}, - pages = {225--234}, - } - -"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" -@inproceedings{Loulou08, - author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, - title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, - booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, - year = {2008}, - pages = {90--100}, - } - - -"Merge in HotPar" -@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, - author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {March}, - title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, - year = {2009} -} - - -"Galois system for irregular problems" -@inproceedings{GaloisRef, - author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, - title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, - booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, - year = {2007}, - pages = {211--222} -} - -"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" -@book{Allen2002, - author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, - title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, - year = {2002}, - publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} - } - - -"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" -@MISC{Stephens95, - author = {R. Stephens}, - title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, - year = {1995} -} - - -"Capsule" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, - author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, - title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, - booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, - year = {2006}, - pages = {247--258} -} - -"Sequioa" -@inproceedings{Sequioa06, - author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, - title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, - booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, - year = {2006}, - pages = {83} - } - - - - -"Cole meta skeletons book" -@Book{Cole89, - author = {M Cole}, - title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, - publisher = {Pitman}, - year = {1989} -} - - -"Meta programming skeletons example" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, - author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, - title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, - booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, - year = {1998}, - pages = {468--471} -} - - -"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" -@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, - author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, - title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, - booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, - year = {2008}, - pages = {154--163} - } - - -"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, - author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, - title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, - booktitle = {}, - year = {1993}, - pages = {146--160}, - publisher = {Springer-Verlag} -} - - -"View from Berkeley paper" -@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, - title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, - author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, - journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, - volume={18}, - number={2006-183}, - pages={19}, - year={2006}, -} - - - - -"Berkeley Pattern Language" -@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, - Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, - Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} -} - - -"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" -@book{Mattson04Patterns, - title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, - author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, - year={2004}, - publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} -} - - -"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" -@article{Skillicorn98, - title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, - author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, - journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, - volume={30}, - number={2}, - pages={123--169}, - year={1998} -} - - - -"NESL language" -@conference{Blelloch93NESL, - title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, - author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, - booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, - pages={102--111}, - year={1993}, - organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} -} - - -"Sisal" -@article{McgrawSisal, - title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, - author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, - journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, - volume={1} -} - - -"Linda" -@article{Gelernter85Linda, - title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, - author={Gelernter, D.}, - journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, - volume={7}, - number={1}, - pages={80--112}, - year={1985} -} - - -"ZPL" -@article{Lin94ZPL, - title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, - author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, - journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, - volume={768}, - pages={96--114}, - year={1994} -} - - - - -// Visual programming -@article - { baecker97, - author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, - title = {Software visualization for debugging}, - journal = {Communications of the ACM}, - volume = {40}, - number = {4}, - year = {1997}, - issn = {0001-0782}, - pages = {44--54}, - publisher = {ACM Press} - } - - -// Visual programming -@article - { ball96, - author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, - title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, - journal ={IEEE Computer}, - volume = {29}, - number = {4}, - year = {1996}, - month = {apr}, - pages = {33--43} - } - - -// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine -@book - {berry89, - title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, - author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, - year={1989}, - publisher={ACM Press} -} - - -// Cilk reference -@article - {blumofe95, - author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, - title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, - journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, - volume = {30}, - number = {8}, - year = {1995}, - pages = {207--216} - } - - -// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. -// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness -@article - {burch90, - title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, - author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, - journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, - pages={428--439}, - year={1990} -} - -@article - {chamberlain98, -author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, -title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, -journal = {hips}, -volume = {00}, -year = {1998}, -isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, -pages = {50} -} - - - -// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 -@article{church41, - author={A. Church}, - title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, - journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, - number={6}, - year={1941}, - publisher={Princeton University} -} - - -@misc - { CodeTimeSite, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - - -@misc - { CodeTimePlatform, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeVS, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeOS, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeSem, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh1, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh2, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeRT, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeWebSite - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeBaCTiL, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} - } - -@misc - { CodeTimeCert, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} - } - - -// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS -@inproceedings{ducournau94, - author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, - title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, - booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, - year = {1994}, - pages = {164--175}, - publisher = {ACM Press} -} - - -// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, -// so cited as foundation a lot -@article{emerson91, - title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, - author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, - journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, - pages={368--377}, - year={1991} -} - - -// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as -@article{fortune78, - title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, - author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, - journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, - pages={114--118}, - year={1978}, - publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} -} - - - -// Smalltalk reference -@book{goldberg83, - title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, - author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, - year={1983}, - publisher={Addison-Wesley} -} - - -// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently -@inproceedings{goldschlager78, - author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, - title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, - booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, - year = {1978}, - pages = {89--94}, - location = {San Diego, California, United States}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, -} - - -// Java spec -@book - { gosling96, - author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, - title = {The Java Language Specification}, - publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, - year = {1996} - } - - -// Survey of prototyping parallel apps -@article{hasselbring00, - author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, - title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {32}, - number = {1}, - year = {2000}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {43--79}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA}, - } - - -// Original CSP paper -@article{hoare78, - author={C. A. R. Hoare}, - title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, - journal={Communications of the ACM}, - year={1978}, - volume={21}, - number={8}, - pages={666-677} -} - - -// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. -// This paper does a beautiful job.. -@article{huth, - title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, - author={Huth, M.}, - journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, - pages={369--380}, - publisher={Springer-Verlag} -} - - -// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow -@article - { johnston04, - author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, - title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {36}, - number = {1}, - year = {2004}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {1--34}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA} - } - - -@book - { koelbel93, - author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, - title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, - year = {1993}, - publisher = {MIT Press} - } - - -// mu calculus paper with 430 citations -@article{kozen83, - title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, - author={Kozen, D.}, - journal={TCS}, - volume={27}, - pages={333--354}, - year={1983} -} - - -// original kripke structure paper -@article{kripke63, - title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, - author={Kripke, S.}, - journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, - volume={9}, - pages={67--96}, - year={1963} -} - - -@book - { mcGraw85, - author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, - title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, - note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, - publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, - year = {1985} - } - - -// Milner's own citation to development of CCS -@book{milner80, - title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, - author={Milner, R.}, - year={1980}, - publisher={Springer-Verlag} -} - - -// Milner's own pi-calculus reference -@article{milner92, - title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, - author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, - journal={Information and Computation}, - volume={100}, - number={1}, - pages={1--40 and 41--77}, - year={1992}, - publisher={Academic Press} -} - - -// more recent Pi calculus reference -@book - { milner99, - author = {Robin Milner}, - title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = {1999} - } - - -// MPI reference -@book - { MPIForum94, - author = {M. P. I. Forum}, - title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, - year = {1994} - } - - -// Petri nets original citation -@article{petri62, - title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, - author={Petri, C.A.}, - journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, - volume={62}, - pages={386--390}, - year={1962} -} - - -// Pierce Type system book -@book{pierce02, - title={Types and Programming Languages}, - author={Pierce, B. C.}, - year={2002}, - publisher={MIT Press} -} - - -// Survey of Visual programming -@Article - { price, - author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, - title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, - journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, - volume = {4}, - number = {3}, - pages = {211--266} - } - - - -@misc - { pythonWebSite, - key = {Python}, - title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} - } - - -// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing -@unpublished - { reed03, - editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, - title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, - day = {16--18}, - month = {jun}, - year = {2003}, - note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} - } - - -// Parallel Pascal -@Article - { reeves84, - author = {A. P. Reeves}, - title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, - journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, - volume = {1}, - number = {}, - year = {1984}, - month = {aug}, - pages = {64--80} - } - - -// Survey of parallel langs and models -@article{skillicorn98, - author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, - title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {30}, - number = {2}, - year = {1998}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {123--169}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA}, - } - - -// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues -@article{stefik86, - title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, - author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, - journal={The AI Magazine}, - volume={6}, - number={4}, - year={1986} -} - - -// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset -// of temporal logics -@book{stirling92, - title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, - author={Stirling, C.}, - year={1992}, - publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} -} - - -// Titanium website -@misc - { TitaniumWebSite, - author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, - title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} - } - - -// website with scans of original work by Turing -@misc{turing38, - author={A. Turing}, - note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and -http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and -http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, - year={1938} -} - - -// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas -@book{vonNeumann45, - title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, - author={J. von Neumann}, - year={1945}, - publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} -} - - -// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics -@book{winskel93, - title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, - author={Winskel, G.}, - year={1993}, - publisher={MIT Press} -} - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/plain.bst --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/plain.bst Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1098 +0,0 @@ -% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' - % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. - % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved. - % Copying of this file is authorized only if either - % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or - % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than - % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst. - % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical. - % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style. - -ENTRY - { address - author - booktitle - chapter - edition - editor - howpublished - institution - journal - key - month - note - number - organization - pages - publisher - school - series - title - type - volume - year - } - {} - { label } - -INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } - -FUNCTION {init.state.consts} -{ #0 'before.all := - #1 'mid.sentence := - #2 'after.sentence := - #3 'after.block := -} - -STRINGS { s t } - -FUNCTION {output.nonnull} -{ 's := - output.state mid.sentence = - { ", " * write$ } - { output.state after.block = - { add.period$ write$ - 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if$ - } - { "In " key * } - if$ - } - { "In " format.crossref.editor * } - if$ - " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * -} - -FUNCTION {article} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { journal emphasize "journal" output.check - format.vol.num.pages output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { format.article.crossref output.nonnull - format.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {book} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } - { format.authors output.nonnull - crossref missing$ - { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - crossref missing$ - { format.bvolume output - new.block - format.number.series output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - } - { new.block - format.book.crossref output.nonnull - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {booklet} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors output - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - howpublished address new.block.checkb - howpublished output - address output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {inbook} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } - { format.authors output.nonnull - crossref missing$ - { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - crossref missing$ - { format.bvolume output - format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check - new.block - format.number.series output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - } - { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check - new.block - format.book.crossref output.nonnull - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {incollection} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - format.chapter.pages output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull - format.chapter.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {inproceedings} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - format.pages output - address empty$ - { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb - organization output - publisher output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { address output.nonnull - format.date "year" output.check - new.sentence - organization output - publisher output - } - if$ - } - { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull - format.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } - -FUNCTION {manual} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { organization empty$ - 'skip$ - { organization output.nonnull - address output - } - if$ - } - { format.authors output.nonnull } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - author empty$ - { organization empty$ - { address new.block.checka - address output - } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - { organization address new.block.checkb - organization output - address output - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {mastersthesis} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull - school "school" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {misc} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors output - title howpublished new.block.checkb - format.title output - howpublished new.block.checka - howpublished output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry - empty.misc.check -} - -FUNCTION {phdthesis} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - new.block - "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull - school "school" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {proceedings} -{ output.bibitem - editor empty$ - { organization output } - { format.editors output.nonnull } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - address empty$ - { editor empty$ - { publisher new.sentence.checka } - { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb - organization output - } - if$ - publisher output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { address output.nonnull - format.date "year" output.check - new.sentence - editor empty$ - 'skip$ - { organization output } - if$ - publisher output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {techreport} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - format.tr.number output.nonnull - institution "institution" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {unpublished} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - note "note" output.check - format.date output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } - -MACRO {jan} {"January"} - -MACRO {feb} {"February"} - -MACRO {mar} {"March"} - -MACRO {apr} {"April"} - -MACRO {may} {"May"} - -MACRO {jun} {"June"} - -MACRO {jul} {"July"} - -MACRO {aug} {"August"} - -MACRO {sep} {"September"} - -MACRO {oct} {"October"} - -MACRO {nov} {"November"} - -MACRO {dec} {"December"} - -MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} - -MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} - -MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} - -MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} - -MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} - -MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} - -MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} - -MACRO {ieeetcad} - {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} - -MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} - -MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} - -MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} - -MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} - -MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} - -MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} - -MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} - -MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} - -MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} - -MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} - -MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} - -MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} - -READ - -FUNCTION {sortify} -{ purify$ - "l" change.case$ -} - -INTEGERS { len } - -FUNCTION {chop.word} -{ 's := - 'len := - s #1 len substring$ = - { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } - 's - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {sort.format.names} -{ 's := - #1 'nameptr := - "" - s num.names$ 'numnames := - numnames 'namesleft := - { namesleft #0 > } - { nameptr #1 > - { " " * } - 'skip$ - if$ - s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := - nameptr numnames = t "others" = and - { "et al" * } - { t sortify * } - if$ - nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := - namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := - } - while$ -} - -FUNCTION {sort.format.title} -{ 't := - "A " #2 - "An " #3 - "The " #4 t chop.word - chop.word - chop.word - sortify - #1 global.max$ substring$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.sort} -{ author empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} -{ author empty$ - { editor empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { editor sort.format.names } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} -{ author empty$ - { organization empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} -{ editor empty$ - { organization empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } - if$ - } - { editor sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {presort} -{ type$ "book" = - type$ "inbook" = - or - 'author.editor.sort - { type$ "proceedings" = - 'editor.organization.sort - { type$ "manual" = - 'author.organization.sort - 'author.sort - if$ - } - if$ - } - if$ - " " - * - year field.or.null sortify - * - " " - * - title field.or.null - sort.format.title - * - #1 entry.max$ substring$ - 'sort.key$ := -} - -ITERATE {presort} - -SORT - -STRINGS { longest.label } - -INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } - -FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} -{ "" 'longest.label := - #1 'number.label := - #0 'longest.label.width := -} - -FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} -{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := - number.label #1 + 'number.label := - label width$ longest.label.width > - { label 'longest.label := - label width$ 'longest.label.width := - } - 'skip$ - if$ -} - -EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} - -ITERATE {longest.label.pass} - -FUNCTION {begin.bib} -{ preamble$ empty$ - 'skip$ - { preamble$ write$ newline$ } - if$ - "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ -} - -EXECUTE {begin.bib} - -EXECUTE {init.state.consts} - -ITERATE {call.type$} - -FUNCTION {end.bib} -{ newline$ - "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ -} - -EXECUTE {end.bib} - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/url.sty --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/url.sty Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,325 +0,0 @@ -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca -% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. -% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms -% of the LaTeX Project Public License. -% -% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or -% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually -% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email -% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally -% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, -% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% See further instructions after "\endinput" -% -\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% - \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually -} -\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% - \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do - \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do - \ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% -} -\def\url@ttstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo -} -\def\url@rmstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@sfstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else - \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} - -\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} -\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} - -\def\Url{% - \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup - \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi - \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font - \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes - \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces - \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip - \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi - \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special - \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open - \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active - \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures - \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} - -\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 - \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} -\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook - \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} -\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} -\let\UrlRight\@empty -\let\UrlLeft\@empty - -\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} -\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} -\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 - \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% - \mathcode`#132768 \fi} - -\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup - \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} -\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \def#1{#2{#3}}} -\else - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} -\fi - -\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} - -% Sample (and default) configuration: -% -\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% -% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: -\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} -% -% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} - -% Process LaTeX \package options -% -\urlstyle{tt} -\let\Url@sppen\@M -\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens - -\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ - \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space - Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] - \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens - \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later - \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} - \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} - \ProcessOptions -\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared - \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft - \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} - \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} - \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} -\fi -} - -\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} -\expandafter\edef\url@moving - {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined - -\endinput -% -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca -% -% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, -% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be -% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for -% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may -% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be -% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, -% and a "\path" command is provided this way. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very -% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. -% -% Package Option: obeyspaces -% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" -% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url -% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. -% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", -% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for -% anything with "\". -% -% Package Option: hyphens -% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this -% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) -% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen -% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. -% -% Package Option: spaces -% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the -% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" -% will allow breaks at those spaces. -% -% Package Option: T1 -% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain -% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This -% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". -% -% Defining a defined-url: -% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could -% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the -% percent sign. This address can be predefined with -% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or -% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| -% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" -% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a -% defined-url is robust. -% -% Style: -% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" -% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", -% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- -% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the -% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts -% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" -% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. -% -% Alternate commands: -% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each -% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be -% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like -% commands as follows: -% -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} -% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is -% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the -% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look -% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with -% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. -% -% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual -% "\urldef" command as in this example: -% -% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} -% -% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", -% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command -% would then be robust. -% -% Defining styles: -% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to -% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although -% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required -% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. -% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for -% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. -% -% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you -% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. -% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' -% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines -% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and -% "\UrlFont". -% -% Changing font: -% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" -% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX -% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". -% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined -% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the -% standard input characters. -% -% Changing linebreaks: -% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" -% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". -% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have -% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' -% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, -% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at -% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break -% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no -% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case -% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- -% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" -% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why -% colons are `BigBreaks'. -% -% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following -% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". -% -% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them -% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) -% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font -% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those -% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which -% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing -% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each -% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include -% other definitions too. -% -% -% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need -% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for -% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can -% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". -% -% Yet more flexibility: -% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or -% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define -% -% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% -% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. -% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not -% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. -% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the -% format of the definition is special: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } -% -% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For -% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} -% -% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for -% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need -% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure -% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like -% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. -% -% Revision History: -% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: -% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. -% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: -% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". -% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: -% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. -% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 -% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error -% The End - -Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 -:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,363 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null -% \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% -% \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold -% \vskip 2ex% - {\large -% \lineskip .5ex% -% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% -% \@author -% \end{tabular}\par - }% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 0.5ex - \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 0.5ex - \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par -% \vskip 2ex -} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,357 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null - \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% - \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold - \vskip 2ex% - {\large - \lineskip .5ex% - \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% - \@author - \end{tabular}\par}% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par - \vskip 2ex} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/.pdf --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/.pdf Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 -%%Creator: PDF2EPS - 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Can't find image\n) print flush -%%EndDocument diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/PRT__formal_short.tex --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/PRT__formal_short.tex Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,452 +0,0 @@ -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -% -% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class -% -% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex -% -% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class -% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. -% -% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," -% sigplanconf-guide.pdf -% -% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos -% Windfall Software -% 978 371-2316 -% paul@windfall.com -% -% Created: 15 February 2005 -% -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} - -% The following \documentclass options may be useful: -% -% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. -% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. -% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. -\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} - - -% correct bad hyphenation here -\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} - -\usepackage{wasysym} - -\begin{document} - -\bibliographystyle{plain} -% - -\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} -\copyrightyear{2005} -\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} - -\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless -\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. - - -\title{A Proto-Runtime Approach to Domain Specific Languages} - - -\authorinfo{Sean Halle} - {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, - and TU Berlin} - {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} -\authorinfo{Merten Sach} - {TU Berlin} - {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} -\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} - {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} - {albert.cohen@inria.fr} - -\maketitle - - -\begin{abstract} - -? -replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging - -? - -Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. -To solve this, we introduce a proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port domain specific languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by separating the language-construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. -As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, and languages can be mixed within -the same program. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. -We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of proto-runtime based implementations going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. -\end{abstract} - - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background and Motivation} -\label{sec:intro} - -[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] - -Programming in the past has been overwhelmingly sequential, with the applications being run on sequential hardware. But the laws of physics have forced the hardware to become parallel, which will force nearly all future programming to become parallel programming. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. - -The difficulties with parallel programming fall into three main categories: 1) difficult mental model, 2) extra effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in design practices. - -Many believe that these can be overcome with the use of Domain-Specific Languages []. But such languages have been slow to adopt, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. - -We propose that a method that makes Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) low cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise, and we introduce what we call a proto-runtime to help towards this goal. - -The proto-runtime approach is a normal, full, runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The remaining proto-runtime piece handles the low-level hardware details of the runtime. - -The decomposition into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. - -We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: - -\begin{itemize} - -\item The proto-runtime approach should reliably apply to future languages and hardware. because the patterns underlying it appear to be fundamental and so should hold for future languages and architectures (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}). - -\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - -%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). - -\item The modularization cleanly separates runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal} ). - -\item The modularization gives the language control -over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - -\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - -\begin{itemize} - - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing a centralized location for services for all languages to use, so the language doesn't have to provide them separately. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on (\S\ ). - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to encapsulation of hardware aspects inside the hardware-oriented module (\S \ref{sec:intro}). - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to reuse of the performance-tuning effort for runtime internals (\S\ ). - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ ). - - -\end{itemize} - -\item - -The modularization also selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work, giving the language control over placement of work onto the hardware. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). - -\begin{itemize} - -\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ ). - -\end{itemize} - -\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ ). - -\end{itemize} - -The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style DSLs (eDSL), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of eDSLs \S, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S ), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S ), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. -We then show overhead measurements (\S ) and implementation time measurements (\S ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. -With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S ), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S ). - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background: The eDSL Hypothesis} - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - -Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. - -In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical phenomena, bio-informatics, cosmology, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. - - -\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} - -A style of domain language, which we feel has good applicability to parallel software development, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. - - -For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, and mix-in custom syntax for constructs from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal C (or Java) compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a dynamic (or shared) library that becomes linked, at run time, to a runtime implementation that has been tuned to the hardware it is running on. - - -\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} -DSLs are generally quick to learn because the domain experts are already familiar with the concepts expressed by the custom syntax, especially for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they have relatively few constructs, and require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these should meet the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. - -Productivity can be enhanced by a well designed syntax, which can simplify the application code, modularize it, and encapsulate performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. - -Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the custom DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. - -Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. This means that the elements of the problem that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, which isolates the application code from hardware performance concerns. Only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware in order to get high performance. Although such isolation cannot always be fully achieved, Domain Languages hold promise for making significant strides towards it. - -\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} - -Using an eDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - Constructs from the eDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices.\subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} - -What appears to be holding eDSLs back from addressing the challenges of parallel programming would be mainly the time, expertise, and cost needed to develop an eDSL. Because the number of users is small, the economic model of the past doesn't apply. For sequential languages, the potential user-base is in the millions, but for a parallel Domain Language, the user base may be only a few hundred developers who will use the language. - -As such, the effort to create a usable eDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for that size of user base. - -The effort to be reduced falls into three categories: - -\begin{enumerate} -\item effort to explore the design and create the eDSL syntax -\item effort to create the runtime that embodies the eDSL behavior -\item effort to performance tune the eDSL on particular hardware -\end{itemize} - - -\subsection{Critical areas of effort in the big picture} - -Across the industry as a whole, when eDSLs become successful, there will be hundreds of Domain Languages, and likewise hundreds of different hardware platforms that each language must run efficiently on. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the eDSL approach economically viable. - -The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. - -The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation, which includes hardware-specific low-level tuning, and the tuning of the domain construct implementation. - -Luckily, hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. This opens the door to an approach that can present a common abstraction for all platforms in a cluster. Examples of clusters include: - -\begin{itemize} -\item shared coherent memory multi-core single-chip machine -\item shared coherent memory multi-core multi-chip machine -\item independent address space coprocessor (GPU) -\item a network of nodes of the above categories -\item a machine with a hierarchy of sub-networks -\end{itemize} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} - -We propose addressing the runtime effort by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig X. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface. The language supplies -the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module presents the same interface -for all platforms sharing similar performance related features. This module only has to be implement once for a given platform, then reused by the languages. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -Thus, a given language doesn't have to re-implement its runtime for every platform. Instead, it has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing for each category. - -The language effort is further reduced because the language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. This is a higher level of abstraction, which simplifies the task for the language implementer. - -One additional benefit is giving control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. -This feature simplifies implementation of languages -that have features related to scheduling behavior. -It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated -methods for choosing placement of virtual processors -(threads) and tasks, which can significantly impact -application performance. - -In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent -shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical -heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. - -\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} - -The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig -X. One is a thin wrapper library that -invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of the runtime. - - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation - is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper - that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic - library that plugs into the runtime.} - \label{fig:langBreakdown} -\end{figure} - -The runtime itself consists of three modules connected via -an interface, as was seen back in Fig X. One encapsulates the low-level hardware details, and presents an interface to the language modules. We call -this the \textit{proto-runtime}. -It's job is to enforce the interface that the language modules see. - - -The language has two modules, both of which are collected in what we call the \textit{language plugin}. One module encodes the behavior of language -constructs, the other module provides logic for choosing which work to execute on -which hardware resource. - -The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library that is implemented, compiled, and distributed separately from any application executables. This is how a non-changing application executable is able to invoke plugin code that can change between machines. The executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are linked to specific functions' implementations. - -In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon something we call a tie-point as the primitive upon which synchronization constructs are built. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs such as a mutex. Instead, a mutex is implemented on top of tie-points. This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching -channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime. - - - - - -\subsection{The origin of tie-points.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} - - -A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the primitive in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it establishes a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. - -For example, take a thread library. It provides a command to create a thread, and that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it causes the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops -making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. - -To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on -a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. We see the timeline shown in Fig X. Thread 1, which is timeline 1, tries to acquire the mutex, M, -by executing the acquire command. Timeline 1 stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} - \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes - at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} - \label{fig:langBreakdown} -\end{figure} - - -Now, a tie-point is seen as the linkage between such collapsed points on -two timelines. In Fig X, timeline A is still there, suspends still at 1.S and resumes at 1.R. However, now there is a second timeline, timeline 2B. It executes the release command at point 2.S, which suspends timeline B, performs the behavior of the release command -inside the gap, then resumes timeline B at 2.R. The behavior of the release -command causes the end of suspend in the first timeline. That causality ties the two collapsed points in the two timelines together. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.35in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} - \caption{Two timelines with a causal relationship. -Activity that takes place during the gap in timeline -B causes resume of timeline A. This ties point 2 on -timeline B to point 1 on timeline A.} - \label{fig:langBreakdown} -\end{figure} - - - -We call this connection between the collapsed suspensions a tie point. What it provides is a guarantee about visibility of events between the tied timelines. The -guarantee makes both agree on the order of events,\textit{ -relative to the mutual tied point}. Any operation that executes before the point in the second timeline, 2.S, is visible immediately after the point in the first timeline, 1.R. In addition, nothing -in the first timeline happening after the tie-point is visible in the second -timeline before the tie-point. - -Just that guarantee defines it as a half tie-point. A full tie-point adds the dual guarantee from timeline -B to A. Namely, for a full tie-point, anything before the tie-point in timeline A is visible in timeline B after the tie-point, -and nothing in timeline B after the tie-point is visible in A before the tie-point. - -A tie-point is the primitive mechanism that the proto-runtime implements. It does not involve any notion of dependency nor constraint semantics. All it provides is the notion that the tied points are the same "instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. - -It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside -the gaps. This behavior is what decides which timelines get tied together. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the -semantics of a synchronization construct. - -A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and -will be published in a future paper. - - - -\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} - - In Fig X we didn't say what entity executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps in the timelines. This is what the proto-runtime does. It provides -primitives that suspend a timeline and then cause behavior supplied by the language -plugin to execute in the gap. This plugin behavior chooses which timelines remain suspended versus which resume execution, or start execution. - -As such, the plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline -suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That -choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, -and thus creates the tie between the two collapsed timeline points. The proto-runtime -code module provides the suspend and resume primitives, while the running proto-runtime instance -executes the plugin behavior. - -The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines -are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. - -\subsection{Formal definition of Tie-Point} - - - -\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} - -The proto-runtime provides the following primitives, for use by language -plugins: -\begin{itemize} -\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) -\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) -\item automatically convert a task to a virtual processor, as needed -\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered -core -\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler executes in the Master, with supplied parameters -\item end a timeline - -\end{itemize} - -Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, -and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that -are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the -proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. - -A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute -a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically -converts that task to a virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different -languages within the same program. - -The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task -or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the plugin, which responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. - -The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire -can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. - - -Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive that informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. - - - - - - -\subsection{What happens at different times within the -big picture} - -To get a handle on the big picture, we describe three different paths through time: -one for development of proto-runtime code, one for -development of language implementation, and one for -application development. - -The proto-runtime code is developed separately from -both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. - -The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. - -However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. - -The wrapper library, however, is not -installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it -is only used during development of an application, -and remains independent of hardware. - -The application, ideally, is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. -When an application is executed, the loader binds the -dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. - In this way, a single, -unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. - -However, the success of the compile-once approach has -limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, overhead in the runtime system required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work -itself. When units become too large, not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is large enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the code. - -\end{document} - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Farhad_derived_formal_def.tex --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Farhad_derived_formal_def.tex Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2151 +0,0 @@ -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -% -% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class -% -% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex -% -% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class -% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. -% -% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," -% sigplanconf-guide.pdf -% -% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos -% Windfall Software -% 978 371-2316 -% paul@windfall.com -% -% Created: 15 February 2005 -% -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} - -% The following \documentclass options may be useful: -% -% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. -% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. -% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. -\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} - - -% correct bad hyphenation here -\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} - -\usepackage{wasysym} -\usepackage{amstext} - -\begin{document} - -\bibliographystyle{plain} -% - -\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} -\copyrightyear{2005} -\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} - -\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless -\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. - - -\title{A Proto-Runtime Approach to Domain Specific Languages} - - -\authorinfo{Sean Halle} - {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, - and TU Berlin} - {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} -\authorinfo{Merten Sach} - {TU Berlin} - {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} -\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} - {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} - {albert.cohen@inria.fr} - -\maketitle - - -\begin{abstract} - -? -replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging - -? - -Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. -To solve this, we introduce a proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port domain specific languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by separating the language-construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. -As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, and multiple languages can be mixed within -the same program. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. -We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of proto-runtime based implementations going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. -\end{abstract} - - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background and Motivation} -\label{sec:intro} - -[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] - -Programming in the past has been overwhelmingly sequential, with the applications being run on sequential hardware. But the laws of physics have forced the hardware to become parallel, which will force nearly all future programming to become parallel programming. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. - -The difficulties with parallel programming fall into three main categories: 1) difficult mental model, 2) extra effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in design practices. - -Many believe that these can be overcome with the use of Domain-Specific Languages []. But such languages have been slow to adopt, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. - -We propose that a method that makes Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) low cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise, and we introduce what we call a proto-runtime to help towards this goal. - -The proto-runtime approach is a normal, full, runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The remaining proto-runtime piece handles the low-level hardware details of the runtime. - -The decomposition into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. - -We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: - -\begin{itemize} - -\item The proto-runtime approach should reliably apply to future languages and hardware. because the patterns underlying it appear to be fundamental and so should hold for future languages and architectures (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, -\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - -\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - -%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). - -\item The modularization cleanly separates runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, -\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - -\item The modularization gives the language control -over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - -\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, -\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). - -\begin{itemize} - - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing a centralized location for services for all languages to use, so the language doesn't have to provide them separately. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on (\S\ ). - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to encapsulation of hardware aspects inside the hardware-oriented module (\S \ref{sec:intro}). - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to reuse of the performance-tuning effort for runtime internals (\S ). - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - - -\end{itemize} - -\item - -The modularization also selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work, giving the language control over placement of work onto the hardware. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). - -\begin{itemize} - -\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). - -\end{itemize} - -\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). - -\end{itemize} - -The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style DSLs (eDSL), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of eDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. -We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. -With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background: The eDSL Hypothesis} - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - -Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. - -In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical phenomena, bio-informatics, cosmology, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. - - -\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} - -A style of domain language, which we feel has good applicability to parallel software development, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. - - -For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, and mix-in custom syntax for constructs from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal C (or Java) compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a dynamic (or shared) library that becomes linked, at run time, to a runtime implementation that has been tuned to the hardware it is running on. - - -\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} -DSLs are generally quick to learn because the domain experts are already familiar with the concepts expressed by the custom syntax, especially for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they have relatively few constructs, and require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these should meet the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. - -Productivity can be enhanced by a well designed syntax, which can simplify the application code, modularize it, and encapsulate performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. - -Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the custom DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. - -Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. This means that the elements of the problem that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, which isolates the application code from hardware performance concerns. Only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware in order to get high performance. Although such isolation cannot always be fully achieved, Domain Languages hold promise for making significant strides towards it. - -\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} - -Using an eDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - Constructs from the eDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. - - \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} - -What appears to be holding eDSLs back from addressing the challenges of parallel programming would be mainly the time, expertise, and cost needed to develop an eDSL. Because the number of users is small, the economic model of the past doesn't apply. For sequential languages, the potential user-base is in the millions, but for a parallel Domain Language, the user base may be only a few hundred developers who will use the language. - -As such, the effort to create a usable eDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for that size of user base. - -The effort to be reduced falls into three categories: - -\begin{enumerate} -\item effort to explore language design and create the eDSL syntax -\item effort to create the runtime that produces the eDSL behavior -\item effort to performance tune the eDSL on particular hardware -\end{itemize} - - -\subsection{Critical areas of effort in the big picture} - -Across the industry as a whole, when eDSLs become successful, there will be hundreds of Domain Languages, and likewise hundreds of different hardware platforms that each language must run efficiently on. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the eDSL approach economically viable. - -The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. - -The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation, which includes hardware-specific low-level tuning, and the tuning of the domain construct implementation. - -Luckily, hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. This opens the door to an approach that can present a common abstraction for all platforms in a cluster. Examples of clusters include: - -\begin{itemize} -\item shared coherent memory multi-core single-chip machine -\item shared coherent memory multi-core multi-chip machine -\item independent address space coprocessor (GPU) -\item a network of nodes of the above categories -\item a machine with a hierarchy of sub-networks -\end{itemize} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} - -We propose addressing the runtime effort by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig X. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface. The language supplies -the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module presents the same interface -for all platforms sharing similar performance related features. This module only has to be implement once for a given platform, then reused by the languages. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -Thus, a given language doesn't have to re-implement its runtime for every platform. Instead, it has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing for each category. - -The language effort is further reduced because the language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. This is a higher level of abstraction, which simplifies the task for the language implementer. - -One additional benefit is giving control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. -This feature simplifies implementation of languages -that have features related to scheduling behavior. -It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated -methods for choosing placement of virtual processors -(threads) and tasks, which can significantly impact -application performance. - -In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent -shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical -heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. - -\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} - -The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig -X. One is a thin wrapper library that -invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of the runtime. - - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation - is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper - that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic - library that plugs into the runtime.} - \label{fig:langBreakdown} -\end{figure} - -The runtime itself consists of three modules connected via -an interface, as was seen back in Fig X. One encapsulates the low-level hardware details, and presents an interface to the language modules. We call -this the \textit{proto-runtime}. -It's job is to enforce the interface that the language modules see. - - -The language has two modules, both of which are collected in what we call the \textit{language plugin}. One module encodes the behavior of language -constructs, the other module provides logic for choosing which work to execute on -which hardware resource. - -The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library that is implemented, compiled, and distributed separately from any application executables. This is how a non-changing application executable is able to invoke plugin code that can change between machines. The executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are linked to specific functions' implementations. - -In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs such as a mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms -of the primitives in the tie-point model. The proto-runtime -then implements the primitives of the tie-point model. - - This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching -channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime. - -We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either -start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. - - - -\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} - - -\subsection{timelines} -A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the primitive in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. - -For example, take a thread library, which we consider -a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops -making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. - -To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on -a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. We see the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, -by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} - \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes - at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} - \label{fig:singleTimeline} -\end{figure} - - -Now, a tie-point is seen as the linkage between such collapsed points on -two timelines. In Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline}, timeline A is still there, suspends still at 1.S and resumes at 1.R. However, now there is a second timeline, timeline B. It executes the release command at point 2.S, which suspends timeline B, performs the behavior of the release command -inside the gap, then resumes timeline B at 2.R. The behavior of the release -command causes the end of suspend in the first timeline. That causality ties the two collapsed points in the two timelines together. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.35in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} - \caption{Two timelines with a causal relationship. -Activity that takes place during the gap in timeline -B causes resume of timeline A. This ties point 2 on -timeline B to point 1 on timeline A.} - \label{fig:dualTimeline} -\end{figure} - - - -We call this connection between the collapsed suspensions a tie-point. What it provides is a guarantee about visibility of events between the tied timelines. The -guarantee makes both agree on the order of events,\textit{ -relative to the mutual tied point}. -The guarantees are what defines a tie-point. - -Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering guarantees in terms of visibility of operations between -the timelines. If these visibility constraints are -satisfied, then the timelines share a tie-point. Note that the ordering - guarantees are equivalent to the constraints on visibility of operations. Operations that execute in -the first timeline before the tie-point must be visible -in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point must not be visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. - - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} - \caption{The -guarantees that a tie-point enforces. Shows which - operations performed on one timeline are visible to the other -timeline. These visibilities must be true for a tie-point. -Note that all events are divided into two groups, those -before the tied points versus those after the tied -points. Both timelines see the same before group and -the same after group. } - \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} -\end{figure} - - -\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} -In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs -can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting -there, we provide a formal definition of tie-point, -which we will then use in showing that all synchronization -constructs can be implemented in terms of tie-points. - -In our formalization, we treat a tie-point as something -that exists in the code, and causes what we call an \textit{ordering-point} to -arise in every run of the code. We define ordering-point -formally, and use that to state the constraints that -a tie-point code-instance must enforce. - - -\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} -We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, -where a timeline is a type of lifeline. -We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between -lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. - -\begin{description} -\item[event:] -\(E \) represents an event, which is something that -can be initiated or observed. -\item[occurrence:] -\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated -integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) - -\item[clock:] -\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer -onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) - is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) -is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation -of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated -to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value -associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated -\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated -\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one -lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple -beats -from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, -including one initiated earlier in the sequence of -the lifeline, -and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, -each multiple times. - -\item[projection:] -Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) - is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) -\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). - This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat -of the second lifeline. - -\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting -of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do -not participate in projections, plus a set of projections -that cross the two beats in the forward direction. -Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an -ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) -|iy\ \) -\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. -The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and -ends with the end of all lifelines. - -\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. -Given two positions within different sequences, if -one or both both can be -validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to -define valid rearrangements, so they occupy - the same position in their rearranged sequences, then -they are equivalent positions. - -\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are -equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation -measurements of interest. If the observation measurement -involves sequences, then the two events must lie at -equivalent positions within their respective sequences. - -\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats -can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline -has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do -not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. -Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. - -\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that -their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent -lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines -in one run can be different from the projections in -the other run. - -\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. -\end{description} - - -Some things to note: A particular occurrence -can be associated to at most one beat from a given -lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated -to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may -be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. -Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. - -For example, the event could -be writing a value into a variable. Two separate -write events are considered equivalent occurrences if -they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location -is associated to the same particular -variable, and happen within valid partial orderings -relative to the other occurrences. This is normally -compared across re-creations of the "universe" that -provides the context for the orderings of events instances. - -========= - - Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats --- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the -distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it -through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. - -So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs -are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! - - What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. - -So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. - -The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. - -From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this -defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- -the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect - -======= - -From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. - -The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may -be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, -and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation -is on non-origin lifeline. - -But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. - In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, -they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal -state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat -that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the -same internal activity will have the behavior of a -full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves -resumed in different internal activities. - -A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. - -The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. - -For -example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired -receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. - -For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared -context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner -and resume self else place self onto end of sequence -of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner -and place the next in sequence of special beats into -lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. -in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can -form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. -? - -==== - -Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description -of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. - - - - - -\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates -to tie-points} - -To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to -specify a synchronization construct, we first state -clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. - -The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two -independent timelines, both performing reads and writes -within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The -timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any -write on Timeline A can be received by any read of -the same address on -Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, -the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} - \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines -by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each -other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} - \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} -\end{figure} - - - -To control the behavior of writes and reads to the -same addresses, a common point must be established, which -limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to -each other. A synchronization construct is used for -this. -The net effect of such a construct is to establish -a common point that both timelines agree on. This -point separates reads and writes before it from reads -and writes after it. - -For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline -before entering the critical section. Any writes performed -on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. - -The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, -any writes performed by that new -timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible -to reads performed by the old timeline before it released -the lock. - -With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct -as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has -the property that it creates -a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different -timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point -fit our definition of synchronization constructs. - - -\subsection{More on tie-points} - -Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by -a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes -behavior in the gaps; 3) resume -called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement -of instruction completion relative to resume. - -What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. - - -Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point -do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint -on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible - timeline that embodies notions such as dependency - between units of work, mutual exclusion, - partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the - primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion -of reads/writes. - -It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside -the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up -sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the -semantics of a synchronization construct. - -A workshop paper also discusses tie points -[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and -will be published in a future paper. - - - -\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} - - Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the -proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. -It acts as the hidden timeline. - - The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations -of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: - - %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. - -%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. - -%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. - -%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} - -\begin{itemize} -\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) -\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) - -\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with -parameters from application -\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution -\item end a timeline -\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered -core - -\end{itemize} - -Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, -and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that -are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the -proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. - -A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute -a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically -converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different -languages within the same program. - - -The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire -can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. - - -Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, -which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. - -The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task -or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner -portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. - - - -\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} - -To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing -acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: - -\begin{itemize} -\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, -and -provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the -mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it -continues to make progress. However, if a different thread -already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue -of waiting threads, and stops making progress. -\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and -provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread -that called the release construct.. -\end{itemize} - -This calls for a data structure that has two fields: -one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, -the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire -the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple -reads -and writes of the data structure. Hence, the - structure must be protected -from races between different threads. - -The protection -is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, -and where performance issues come into the picture. -It could be accomplished with a single global lock - that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished -with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence -mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus -quorum techniques. - -However, the implementation of the semantics is independent -of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, -and an interface can be placed between them. One side -of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of -the data structure, while the other side implements -protecting the first side from interference. - -The side that provides protection requires fields, -for its use, to be placed into the data structure used -to represent a thread. To hide those details, -the protection side should also provide -primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend -and resume them. - -This interface that separates the semantic side from -the protection -side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables -the modularization of runtime system implementations. - -The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking -about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. - That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization -behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. - - %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization -%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves -%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. - - - - - -\section{Concrete Details} -Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize -a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is -time to make the concepts concrete by showing code -segments that implement each of the concepts, and code -segments that use the concepts. We will start with -the big picture and work down. - -The first stop will be the development process, showing -how it is fractured into three separate and independent -development activities. Next, we will show examples -of how application -code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls -down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, -we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, -where we will focus on the interaction between plugin -code and proto-runtime code. - -In this last portion, we will show how the -interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside -the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will -show how providing -a consistent environment - is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion - of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is - the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline - that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs -to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. - - -\subsection{Three independent development efforts} - -To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the -three independent paths that development takes: -one for development of proto-runtime code, one for -development of language implementation, and one for -application development. Each of these produces a separate -installable artifact. -The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. - -The proto-runtime code is developed separately from -both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. - -The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. - -However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. - -The wrapper library, however, is not -installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it -is only used during development of an application, -and remains independent of hardware. - -Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. -When an application is executed, the loader binds the -dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. - In this way, a single, -unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. - -However, the success of the compile-once approach has -limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work -itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. - -\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} - -At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each -of two cores, as the core is switched between application -code and runtime code. It is too early to understand -the details, but this figure can be referred back to -as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. -Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. - -At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, -and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is -depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, -along with the animation of application code by those virtual -processors. - -? - -The application passes information to a wrapper library -call, -such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the -information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime -primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing -that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer -to the plugin function that will handle the request. -The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which -other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library -call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from -whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a -synchronization construct. - -However, there is one last step between the request -handler marking a timeline as ready to resume -and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the -assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. -The request handlers stack up work that is free to -be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which -of those to place onto an offered core. - - - - - -\begin{figure*}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] - {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} - \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple -cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls -between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the -code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated -by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core -2. The boxes -represent virtual processors, each with its associated -timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative -ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request -Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, -which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime -code module.} - \label{fig:langBreakdown} -\end{figure*} - - - -\subsection{Using language constructs} -In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs -take the form of function calls. The reader familiar -with posix threads will have used function calls to -perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. -Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the -same way. - -We use posix threads for our example because it is -a familiar language that the reader already knows well. -It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. - -\subsubsection{Main and startup} -Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime -system must be started, and a proto-runtime process -must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the -create process was given a pointer -to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime -based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime -based languages that will be used in the application, -and must create the virtual processors and tasks that -perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. - -==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == - -\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth -function} -Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts -the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It -is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. -Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two -threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both -threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the -command that kills the virtual processor that is animating -the function. - -==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, -Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== - -Notice the signature -of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer -to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is -the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for -proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. - - -Also, notice that the standard signature includes a -pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime -defined structure, which holds the meta-information -about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed -the structure of the virtual processor that is animating -it. - -An illuminating aside is that the birth function for -a posix thread doesn't need -to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. -That is because the operating system tracks which thread -is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing -an instruction that suspends the code executing on -the core and switches -the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel -then looks up the data structure that is assigned to -the core. - -That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the -pointer to the thread that was animating the application -code that called the posix construct. But the implementation -of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't -have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, -and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data -structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. - -Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created -by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent -of mutex acquire and release to protect access to -a critical section. Notice that the signature -is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. -Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to -each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next -several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure -is used. - -==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and -release to protect a counter plus print of count value== - - -\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} - -Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls -reveals code such as in Fig X. - -==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== - -There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data -structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime -call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library -calls. The data structure is used to carry information -into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was -started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is -the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends -application code and switches to the kernel. For the -implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this -call is implemented with assembly instructions. - -This wrapper library code is placed on the machine -used during development of the application, and is -compiled into the application executable. However, -the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, -and is not part of the application executable. - -Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to -a function. This is called the handler function, and -is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime -will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled -way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment -to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. -We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the -handler function, and what such a handler function -looks like. - -First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and -switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X - -==assembly of suspend and switch== - -All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer -into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program -counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, -which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. - -\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched -to} - -The PR assembly code switches the core to executing -the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. - -==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== - -All this does is invoke the handler function named -in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. -This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point -model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, -fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens -to use a global lock for each language's environment. - However other implementations are possible. In order - to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap - instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random - backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. - - The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes - on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point - model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special - beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that - executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler - code that then establishes the causal connections - between such special beats, and so ties them together. - The causal connection is via the changes make to the - language environment. - - So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. - The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat - and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The - lock is what isolates and sequentializes - the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language - environment is the hidden state used to establish - causal connection between special beats. - - - -This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. - -Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. - - -If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. - -Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. - -This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. - -? - -Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. - -The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. - -=================== - - -\subsection{not sure} -A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. - -However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. - -As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. - -? - -The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. - -? - -The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". -The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. - -================= - -\subsection{more on tie-points} -Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. - -From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. - -However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. - -Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. - -The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. - -That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. - - -The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. - -At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. - -The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. - -=========== - -The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. - -So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. - -For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. - -============ - - -\subsection{More on eDSLs} -%====================================== - -%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - -%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. - -%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. - -%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. - - -% ============== - -%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. - -%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. - -%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. - -%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Details} -\label{subsec:Details} - - what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. - -modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. - -? - - - - overhead measurements - -implementation time measurements - - discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. - - give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. - - summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the -least, the same effort would have to be expended on -each and every language that we expended on performance -tuning our proto-runtime. - - We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to - -illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. - -Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). - -Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). - - - -? - - - - - The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints -due to data dependencies. - - a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. - -? - -The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. - - - - this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. - - implementing language logic, - -show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. - -give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, -we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. - -support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. - - discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. - -reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Measurements} -With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} - -\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} -For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. - -For runtime performance: - --- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) - --- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) - --- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci - --- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg - -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline -a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -\end{tabular} -\caption{} -\label{tab} - -As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. - - -\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} - -Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. -\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} -In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk -\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} -OMPSs -\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} -VOMP - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} -Here we summarize the time to develop each of the eDSLs and copy-cat languages created so far. As a control, we estimate how long the equivalent functionality required, using the traditional approach, based on anecdotal evidence. - -Summarized in Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, we measured the time we spent to design, code, and get an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. Not shown is the 7 hours required to take the send-receive code from SSR and adapt it to work with tasks in VSs. In addition, 11 hours was spent importing the DKU constructs into VSs. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. - - -\begin{centering} -\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} - \cline{2-7} - \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs\\ - \cline{2-7} - \noalign{\vskip2pt} - \hline - Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6\\ - Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12\\ - Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5\\ - L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780\\ - \hline -\end{tabular} -\caption -{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. -} -\end{centering} -\label{tabPersonHoursLang} - -\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} -We give the bigger picture of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations, discussing OpenMP versus VOMP, Cilk 5.4 vs VCilk, pthread vs Vthread, and OMPSs vs VSs. These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the language features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} - -With the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to other approaches for implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. - -We first talk about each of these approaches, then summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. - -The first three methods involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads, user threads, or TBB, all of which are languages in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the runtime for that lower-level language. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor. - -All three also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using language primitives such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. - -For the same reason, for these three, the runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform for each language, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. - -Many language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance. - -Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. - -Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all the mesures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. - -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline -Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ -\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline -\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline -\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline -\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline -\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline -\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline -\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -\caption{The table shows how well each approach scores in each measure important to the implementor of a runtime for a DSL. On the left are the approaches that can be used to write the runtime. At the top are the measures an implementor may care about. For all measures, one plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The scores are based on reasons discussed in the text. } -\label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Conclusions and Future Work} -The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. -%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. - - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - - -Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. - - The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. - -The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. - -Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. - -Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. - -Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: -\begin{itemize} -\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. -\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. -\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. -\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. -\end{itemize} - - -============================================= -== -== -== -== -== -============================================= - -\section{The Problem} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. - -To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). - -Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). - -The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). - -\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} -\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. - -A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. - -In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. - -Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. - -The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. - -In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. - -Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. - - -\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} -\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. - -DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. - -It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. - -In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. - -\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} -\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. - - -An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. - - -\begin{figure}[h!tb] -{\noindent -{\footnotesize -{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} -\begin{verbatim} -newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); -\end{verbatim} - -{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} -\begin{verbatim} -SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); -\end{verbatim} - -{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} -\begin{verbatim} -messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); -\end{verbatim} -} -} - -\caption -{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. -} -\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} -\end{figure} -An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. - -As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. - -It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. - -\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} -\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. - -For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. - -An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. - -When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. - -The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. - -The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. - -Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). - -\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. - -Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. - -In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. - - - During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. - -If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. - -For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. - -The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. - - -\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -? - -Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. - -The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. - -The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. - -For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. - -While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. - -These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. - -For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. - - -One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: -\begin{itemize} -\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. -\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. -\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. -\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. -\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. -\end{itemize} - -\subsection{Summary of Section} - [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. - -The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. - -The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Description} -\label{sec:idea} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -? - - -Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. - -The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. - -\subsection{Creating an eDSL} - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} - \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} - \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} -\end{figure} - -As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. - -As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. - -\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} - -\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} --- standardizes runtime code --- makes familiar going from one lang to another --- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs - --- show the enums, and the switch table - --- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave - -\subsubsection{The Request Handler} --- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. - --- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL - -\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } -The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. - -For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. - -Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. - -This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. - -\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} - --- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. - --- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) - --- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency - -\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} --- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) - --- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. - -\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} - --- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. --- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. --- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. --- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. - -Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. --- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, --- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. --- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption - --- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. - --- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects - --- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. - --- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. - - -\section{(outline and notes)} - --- What a plugin looks like: - --- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units - --- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. - --- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), - --- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). - - --- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. - - - - -\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. - - -\subsection{Some Definitions} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. - -In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. - -\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. - -For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. - -It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. - - -The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. - - - -======= - - I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). - Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. - Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. - -================= - -\subsection{The patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - - -Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. - -Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. - -Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. - -Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. - -By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. -We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. - - -\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The -basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. - -Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. - -Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. - -Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. - -\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. - -Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. -The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. - -Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. - -Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. - -Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. - -Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. - -\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. - -The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. - -For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} - \caption{Something to help understanding} - \label{fig:SCG_expl} -\end{figure} - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{The Details} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] -[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. - -Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. - -Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. - -\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Demonstrate reuse of language logic: -All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. - -Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. - -Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. - -? - -Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. -We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. - -? - -In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. - -The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and -other application features. - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Measurements} - -\subsection{Implementation time} - - -\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Related Work} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Conclusion and Future Work} -\label{sec:conclusion} - - - -\end{document} -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -Here is an example of netlist creation: - -The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. - - Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. - -First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: - -To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. - -The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. - - -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimNetlist * -createPingPongNetlist() - { HWSimNetlist *netlist; - HWSimElem **elems; - HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; - HWSimCommPath **commPaths; - int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); - - numElems = 2; - elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); - - numCommPaths = 2; - commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); - - numActivityTypes = 1; - activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); - - netlist->numElems = numElems; - netlist->elems = elems; - netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; - netlist->commPaths = commPaths; - netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; - netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //have to create activity types before create elements - //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability - netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist - elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. - -Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements - elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = - netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. - -This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 - commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); - setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); - commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; - commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units - - //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 - commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); - setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); - commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; - commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -done building netlist, return it -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - return netlist; - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ -do{\ - commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ - commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ - commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ - commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ - }while(0); //macro magic for namespace -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimElem * -createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) - { HWSimElem *elem; - elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); - elem->numInPorts = 1; - elem->numOutPorts = 1; - elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); - elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port - elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; - return elem; - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimActivityType * -createPingPongActivityType( ) - { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; - pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); - - pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; - pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; - return pingPongActivityType; - } -\end{verbatim} \end{small} - - -========= - -All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. - -Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -void -pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) - { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 - HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -There are four ways a behavior can end: -\begin{description} -\item end, no continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end, with continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, - HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, - HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, - HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance - HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} - - -============= - - -\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} -All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. - -Here's an example: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimTimeSpan -sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) - { - return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} - -The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. - -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimTimeSpan -commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) - { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Henning_derived_formal_def.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Henning_derived_formal_def.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Henning_derived_formal_def.tex --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/PRT__full_w_Henning_derived_formal_def.tex Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2578 +0,0 @@ -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -% -% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class -% -% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex -% -% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class -% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. -% -% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," -% sigplanconf-guide.pdf -% -% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos -% Windfall Software -% 978 371-2316 -% paul@windfall.com -% -% Created: 15 February 2005 -% -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} - -% The following \documentclass options may be useful: -% -% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. -% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. -% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. -\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} - - -% correct bad hyphenation here -\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} - -\usepackage{wasysym} -\usepackage{amstext} - -\begin{document} - -\bibliographystyle{plain} -% - -\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} -\copyrightyear{2005} -\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} - -\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless -\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. - - -\title{ The Proto-Runtime Abstraction for Construction -of Parallel Language Runtime Systems\\ or\\ The Proto-Runtime -Abstraction Applied to the Implementation of Runtime -Systems for Parallel Domain Specific Languages} - - -\authorinfo{Sean Halle} - {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, - and TU Berlin} - {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} -\authorinfo{Merten Sach} - {TU Berlin} - {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} -\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} - {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} - {albert.cohen@inria.fr} - -\maketitle - - -\begin{abstract} - - - -Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. -As one step to ameliorate this, we apply the proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port the runtime systems of parallel languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by providing an interface -that separates the language construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. -As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, multiple languages can be mixed within -the same program, and reusable services such as performance -tuning and debugging -support are available. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. -We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement for existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of implementations -based on proto-runtime, going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. - -? - - -replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging\end{abstract} - - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background and Motivation} -\label{sec:intro} - -[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] - -The degree of parallelism in hardware steadily increases, but programming has not kept pace, instead relying -upon band-aid measures to make use of relatively coarse -grained multi-cores. Pressure continues to mount to -integrate parallelism into every aspect of programming. -However, the transition has been slow due to difficulties -with the traditional parallel programming methods. - -The main difficulties with those parallel programming methods are: 1) difficult mental model, which reduces productivity, 2) additional effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in work practices. - -New languages and tools are being investigated to mitigate -these problems. Many believe that one promising approach -is embedded-style parallel Domain-Specific Languages (epDSLs) []. epDSL language -constructs match the mental model of the domain, while -they internally imply parallelism. For example, a simulation -epDSL called HWSim[] has only 10 constructs, which match -the actions taken during simulation -of interacting objects. They are mixed into sequential C code and take -only a couple of hours to learn. Yet they encapsulate subtle -and complex dependencies that relate simulated time -to the physical time in the machine. They encapsulate the parallelism -present, while simultaneously making the implementation -simpler to think about than a purely sequential implementation. - - - - Despite this, the adoption of such languages has been slow, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. - -We propose that a method that makes epDSLs lower cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise. We discuss -the proto-runtime approach and show -how to apply it to help towards this goal. - -In this approach, a language's runtime system is built -as a plugin that is plugged into to a proto-runtime instance that was separately installed on the given hardware. Together, the plugin -plus proto-runtime instance form the runtime system -of the language. The proto-runtime instance itself acts as the infrastructure of a runtime system, and -encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, -while providing a number of services for use by the -plugged in language module. - -A proto-runtime instance is essentially a full runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The proto-runtime instance then supplies -the rest of the runtime system. - -The decomposition, into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors, modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. - -We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: - -\begin{itemize} - -\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - -%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). - -\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware -related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, -\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - -\item The modularization gives the language control -over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - - -\item - -The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). - -\begin{itemize} - -\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). - -\end{itemize} - - -\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, -\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). - -\begin{itemize} - - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing common services for all languages to (re)use. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). - -\item Part is due to hiding the low -level hardware aspects inside the proto-runtime module, -independent from language (\S \ref{sec:intro}). - -\item Part is due to reuse of the effort of performance-tuning the runtime internals (\S ). - -\item Part is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - - -\end{itemize} - -\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). - - -\item The proto-runtime approach appears to future-proof language -runtime -construction, because the patterns underlying proto-runtime appear to be fundamental (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, -\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and so should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused on those, although performance related updates to the -plugins may be desired. - -\end{itemize} - -The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style parallel DSLs (epDSLs), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of epDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. -We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. -With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background: The epDSL Hypothesis} - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - -Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. - -In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical systems, bio-informatics, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. - - -The custom syntax can capture parallelism information while simultaneously being natural to think about. In practice, multiple aspects of domains provide opportunities for parallelism. For example, the custom data structures seen by the coder can be internally implemented with distributed algorithms; common operations in the domain can be internally implemented with parallel algorithms; and, the domain constructs often imply dependencies. All of these are gained without the programmer being aware of this implied parallelism; they just follow simple language usage rules. - - - -\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} - -A style of domain language, which we feel has good adoption potential, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base sequential language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. - - -For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, then mix-in custom syntax from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a runtime library that becomes linked, at run time, to an implementation that has been tuned to the hardware. - -As with HWSim, the number of such embedded -constructs tends to be low, easy to learn, and significantly -reduce the complexity of the code written. All while -implicitly specifying parallelism. - -Additionally, parallel versions, or epDSLs have more than just a syntactic advantage over libraries. The language has a toolchain that provides build-time optimization and can take advantage of relationships among distinct constructs within the code. The relationship information allows derivation of communication patterns that inform the choice of placement of work, which is critical to performance on parallel hardware. -\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} - eDSLs tend to have low learning curve because domain experts are already familiar with the concepts behind the language constructs, and there are relatively few constructs -for an embedded DSL. This is especially valuable for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these address the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. - -Productivity has been shown to be enhanced by a well designed DSL, with studies measuring -10x reduction in development time [][][]. Factors -behind this include simplifying the application code, modularizing it, and encapsulating performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. - -Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familiar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. - -Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. The aspects that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, so only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware. Although fully achieving such isolation isn't always possible, epDSLs hold promise for making significant strides towards it. - -\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} - -Using an epDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - Constructs from the epDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. - - \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} - -What appears to be holding epDSLs back from widespread -adoption is mainly the time, expertise, and cost to develop an epDSL. The effort to create a usable epDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for a user base of only a few hundred. - -The effort falls into three categories: - -\begin{enumerate} -\item effort to explore language design and create the epDSL syntax -\item effort to create the runtime that produces the epDSL behavior -\item effort to performance tune the epDSL on particular hardware -\end{itemize} - - -\subsection{The big picture} - -Across the industry as a whole, when epDSLs become successful, there may be thousands of epDSLs, that -each must be mapped onto hundreds of different hardware platforms. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the epDSL approach economically viable. - -The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. - -The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation and toolchain optimizations. -Runtime implementation includes hardware-specific low-level tuning and modification of mapping of work onto cores. - -This is where leveraging the proto-runtime approach -pays off. Hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. Proto-runtime -presents a common abstraction for all hardware -platforms, but a portion of the interface supplies performance related -information specific to the hardware. This portion is specialized for each -cluster. Examples of clusters include: - -\begin{itemize} -\item single chip shared coherent memory -\item multi-chip shared coherent memory (NUMA) -\item coprocessor with independent address space (GPGPU) -\item a network among nodes of the above categories -(Distributed) \item a hierarchy of sub-networks -\end{itemize} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} - -We propose addressing the runtime effort portion of creating -an epDSL by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface, called the \textit{proto-runtime -instance}. The language supplies -the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module (proto-runtime instance) presents the same interface -for all platforms, with a specialization for each category -of platform sharing similar performance related features. The proto-runtime module only has to be implement once for a given platform, and is then reused by all the languages. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -Because of the modularization, a language has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing just for each category. - -The higher level of abstraction simplifies the task for the language implementer. -The language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. - -One additional benefit is that the assignment module -gives control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. -This simplifies implementation of language features related to scheduling behavior. -It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated -methods for choosing placement of work, which can significantly impact -application performance. - -In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent -shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical -heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. - -\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} - -The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig. -\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. One is a thin wrapper library that -invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of that invoked runtime. These are called -the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation - is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper - that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic - library that plugs into the runtime.} - \label{fig:langBreakdown} -\end{figure} - - - -Thus, a non-changing application executable is able to invoke hardware specific plugin code, which changes between machines. The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library. The library is implemented, compiled, distributed and installed separately from applications. The application executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. - - -In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs, -even a simple mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms -of the primitives in the tie-point model. In turn, -the tie-point primitives are implemented -by proto-runtime. - - This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching -channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime instance. - -We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either -start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. - - - -\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} - - -\subsection{timelines} -A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. - -For example, take a thread library, which we consider -a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops -making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. - -To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on -a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, -by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} - \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes - at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} - \label{fig:singleTimeline} -\end{figure} - - - Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but -it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. -The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact -of the release on one timeline has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes -the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} - \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' -points. -Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point -2 on timeline B. -It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that -establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} - \label{fig:dualTimeline} -\end{figure} - -Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about -how the release goes about causing the end of the block -on the acquire. It reveals -a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the -acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts -with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication -sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then -checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't -and leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline -B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication -to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline -A is waiting for the release and performs a special -control action that resumes timeline A, followed by -doing the control action again to resume timeline B. - It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire -gets linked to the release, tying the constructs together. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} - \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' -points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that -performs the behavior that ties the points together. -Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent -as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows -represent special control that causes resume of the -target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and -B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which -calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then -exercises control to make resume happen.} - \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} -\end{figure} - - - -We show in \S\ref{sec:FormalTiePoint} that the pattern -of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes -an ordering relationship between events before and -after the tied points. That implies a relation on -the visibility of events. - -Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between -the timelines. Operations that execute in -the first timeline before the tie-point are visible -in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies -the requirements -of a synchronization construct. - - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} - \caption{The -visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. Shows which - operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other -timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing -an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied -points. Both timelines agree on what events are before -versus after the tied point. } - \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} -\end{figure} - - -\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} -In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs -can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting -there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization -construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point -and use it to show that a tie point -satisfies the conditions of any -such synchronization -construct. - -Our formalism defines timelines, communication between -timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. -We conclude by showing a few classical definitions -of synchronization and show that those definitions -are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. - -\subsubsection{} - -\begin{description} -\item[timeline:] -\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered -sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the -subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, -and vice versa. - Any and all memory locations in a system are part - of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that -timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that -is separate -from any timeline that code executes in). - -\item[event:] -\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} -\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event -that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, -which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a -send of a communication which pushes out contents from -the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication -which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, -a synchronization -construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way -as to establish a relation between events on this timeline -versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted -$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma -,t}$ where $s$ -and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position -on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes -the synchronization construct. -\item[communication:] -\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of -one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events -from different timelines, with the send -event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto -r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication -set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the -timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication -orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. -However, the ordering is only between two points. In -particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline -2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on -timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position -of the ordering integer represents a wild -card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ -followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} -< s_{2,\_,2}$ - implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. - -\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not -seen by application code. It has an additional -kind of event available, which ends a synchronization -event on a different timeline. - We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, - standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position - on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the -event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application -visible timeline implies a send from that timeline -to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow -s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ - -\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more -synchronization points from different timelines which -are related by a particular pattern of communications. -As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, -as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. - -\end{description} - -We now show that from these definitions it follows: -[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. - -We take the event immediately preceding and the event -immediately following two synchronization events on -two timelines. The synchronization events begin with -a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. -The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to -a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, -and later in its sequence it has a receive for the -synchronization event from the second timeline. The -hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. - -From that, we get the following relations: - -Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. - -This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. - -\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} -Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing -a synchronization construct this way any different -from how they're currently implemented?" The answer -is that currently, synchronization constructs are -implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, -where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction -to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the -hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled -from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements -according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. - -What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that -has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. -For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, -the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the -instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive -access is the part that provides the ordering relations. -So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point -portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in -semantics portion associated with the tie point. - -In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply -say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization -construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather -has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must -create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization -can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed -for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization -construct. For example, any asynchronous communication -establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can -be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining -memory consistency models. - -The key here is the elements of the model within which -tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not -exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline -have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, -ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves -(or be suspended by a different timeline), -and be resumed by a different timeline. - -Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization -can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually -one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point -is derived, versus synchronization is given. - -True, the two are equally powerful. - -More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and -more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own -scheduler, have no control over where and when work -happens. - -It is different because it only directly provides half -the behavior, the time half. in the sense that - -The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point -is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement -synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can -implement other sync constructs.. - -But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs -nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed -memory things that sync constructs cannot. - -The sync constructs can be used together with shared -memory-based communication in order to make more complex -sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed -memory system to make distributed memory things. - -Unless use communication to implement shared memory -on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's -a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- -proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, -which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose -that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application -code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code -running in an application timeline.. so.. need to -get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" -timeline, versus function call.. - -What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from -equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want -that notion of animator in there.. and want to get -at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched -over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from -just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator -just by entering the code that implements the mutex? -Say, place that code in-line in the application code -everywhere it's used.. - -Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the -pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, -which is how the more-primitive operations are able -to construct the more powerful mutex. That might -be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. -show that things that have no time-related semantics, -only simple one-way communication, are able to construct -the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence -of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. - -In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from -must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern -within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all -you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, -in order to prove synchronization properties.. where -"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility -relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. -the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual -exclusion". - -This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that -those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence -the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, -that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical -section, cannot take actions -that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the -end of the critical section, need the same isolation. - - -Let's see.. the relation model said that something -with synchronization constraints can be created from -just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long -as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. - -What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as -the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what -a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter -how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. - -So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct -a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation -thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed -with a synchronization construct. - -I guess the question would be: if one starts with a -synchronization construct existing within a distributed -system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs -from that one.. - -For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive -thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? - -For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one -of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ -has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. -but being able to construct one from something that -is NOT one, whose individual components all have less -than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. -then it is a particular combination that brings the extra -time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. -It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings -that extra into existence that is of value. - -It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from -simpler pieces. - -So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" -synchronization construct property, construct something -that does have the synchronization property. That, -is building something more powerful from pieces that -are less powerful. - -The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot -be used by itself. It requires addition before it -can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive -at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times -M\mapsto M$.. but can't -use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. -So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, -but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't -do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't -accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide -$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside -of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. - -*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, -because it doesn't do anything. No computation is -performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of -computation, then?) - -The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior --- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a -particular set of constraints on time.. constructed -out of primitives none of which have sych nor time -behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. - -Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed -directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs -in distributed system? Does using sync constructs -do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it -add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms -of something that already has the property being constructed.. -that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that -has the property and building something else that has -it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and -building something that does. - -So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after -property of communication to derive compound communication, -of particular write to particular read, via memory -locations. - -So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the -tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the -other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between -the two timelines. - -Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. - -Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. -the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before -the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just -establishes a half tie-point, no? - -In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. - -Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point -cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". - A sync construct is a full tie-point. - - -================================================ - - -\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} -We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, -where a timeline is a type of lifeline. -We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between -lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. - -\begin{description} -\item[event:] -\(E \) represents an event, which is something that -can be initiated or observed. -\item[occurrence:] -\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated -integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) - -\item[clock:] -\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer -onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) - is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) -is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation -of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated -to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value -associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated -\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated -\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one -lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple -beats -from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, -including one initiated earlier in the sequence of -the lifeline, -and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, -each multiple times. - -\item[projection:] -Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) - is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) -\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). - This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat -of the second lifeline. - -\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting -of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do -not participate in projections, plus a set of projections -that cross the two beats in the forward direction. -Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an -ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) -|iy\ \) -\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. -The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and -ends with the end of all lifelines. - -\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. -Given two positions within different sequences, if -one or both both can be -validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to -define valid rearrangements, so they occupy - the same position in their rearranged sequences, then -they are equivalent positions. - -\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are -equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation -measurements of interest. If the observation measurement -involves sequences, then the two events must lie at -equivalent positions within their respective sequences. - -\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats -can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline -has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do -not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. -Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. - -\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that -their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent -lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines -in one run can be different from the projections in -the other run. - -\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. -\end{description} - - -Some things to note: A particular occurrence -can be associated to at most one beat from a given -lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated -to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may -be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. -Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. - -For example, the event could -be writing a value into a variable. Two separate -write events are considered equivalent occurrences if -they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location -is associated to the same particular -variable, and happen within valid partial orderings -relative to the other occurrences. This is normally -compared across re-creations of the "universe" that -provides the context for the orderings of events instances. - -========= - - Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats --- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the -distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it -through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. - -So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs -are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! - - What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. - -So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. - -The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. - -From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this -defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- -the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect - -======= - -From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. - -The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may -be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, -and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation -is on non-origin lifeline. - -But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. - In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, -they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal -state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat -that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the -same internal activity will have the behavior of a -full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves -resumed in different internal activities. - -A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. - -The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. - -For -example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired -receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. - -For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared -context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner -and resume self else place self onto end of sequence -of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner -and place the next in sequence of special beats into -lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. -in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can -form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. -? - -==== - -Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description -of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. - - - - - -\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates -to tie-points} - -To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to -specify a synchronization construct, we first state -clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. - -The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two -independent timelines, both performing reads and writes -within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The -timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any -write on Timeline A can be received by any read of -the same address on -Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, -the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} - \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines -by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each -other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} - \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} -\end{figure} - - - -To control the behavior of writes and reads to the -same addresses, a common point must be established, which -limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to -each other. A synchronization construct is used for -this. -The net effect of such a construct is to establish -a common point that both timelines agree on. This -point separates reads and writes before it from reads -and writes after it. - -For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline -before entering the critical section. Any writes performed -on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. - -The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, -any writes performed by that new -timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible -to reads performed by the old timeline before it released -the lock. - -With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct -as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has -the property that it creates -a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different -timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point -fit our definition of synchronization constructs. - - -\subsection{More on tie-points} - -Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by -a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes -behavior in the gaps; 3) resume -called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement -of instruction completion relative to resume. - -What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. - - -Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point -do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint -on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible - timeline that embodies notions such as dependency - between units of work, mutual exclusion, - partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the - primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion -of reads/writes. - -It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside -the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up -sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the -semantics of a synchronization construct. - -A workshop paper also discusses tie points -[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and -will be published in a future paper. - - - -\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} - - Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the -proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. -It acts as the hidden timeline. - - The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations -of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: - - %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. - -%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. - -%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. - -%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} - -\begin{itemize} -\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) -\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) - -\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with -parameters from application -\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution -\item end a timeline -\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered -core - -\end{itemize} - -Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, -and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that -are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the -proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. - -A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute -a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically -converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different -languages within the same program. - - -The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire -can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. - - -Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, -which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. - -The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task -or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner -portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. - - - -\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} - -To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing -acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: - -\begin{itemize} -\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, -and -provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the -mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it -continues to make progress. However, if a different thread -already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue -of waiting threads, and stops making progress. -\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and -provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread -that called the release construct.. -\end{itemize} - -This calls for a data structure that has two fields: -one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, -the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire -the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple -reads -and writes of the data structure. Hence, the - structure must be protected -from races between different threads. - -The protection -is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, -and where performance issues come into the picture. -It could be accomplished with a single global lock - that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished -with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence -mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus -quorum techniques. - -However, the implementation of the semantics is independent -of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, -and an interface can be placed between them. One side -of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of -the data structure, while the other side implements -protecting the first side from interference. - -The side that provides protection requires fields, -for its use, to be placed into the data structure used -to represent a thread. To hide those details, -the protection side should also provide -primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend -and resume them. - -This interface that separates the semantic side from -the protection -side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables -the modularization of runtime system implementations. - -The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking -about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. - That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization -behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. - - %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization -%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves -%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. - - - - - -\section{Concrete Details} -Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize -a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is -time to make the concepts concrete by showing code -segments that implement each of the concepts, and code -segments that use the concepts. We will start with -the big picture and work down. - -The first stop will be the development process, showing -how it is fractured into three separate and independent -development activities. Next, we will show examples -of how application -code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls -down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, -we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, -where we will focus on the interaction between plugin -code and proto-runtime code. - -In this last portion, we will show how the -interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside -the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will -show how providing -a consistent environment - is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion - of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is - the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline - that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs -to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. - - -\subsection{Three independent development efforts} - -To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the -three independent paths that development takes: -one for development of proto-runtime code, one for -development of language implementation, and one for -application development. Each of these produces a separate -installable artifact. -The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. - -The proto-runtime code is developed separately from -both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. - -The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. - -However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. - -The wrapper library, however, is not -installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it -is only used during development of an application, -and remains independent of hardware. - -Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. -When an application is executed, the loader binds the -dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. - In this way, a single, -unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. - -However, the success of the compile-once approach has -limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work -itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. - -\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} - -At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each -of two cores, as the core is switched between application -code and runtime code. It is too early to understand -the details, but this figure can be referred back to -as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. -Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. - -At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, -and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is -depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, -along with the animation of application code by those virtual -processors. - -? - -The application passes information to a wrapper library -call, -such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the -information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime -primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing -that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer -to the plugin function that will handle the request. -The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which -other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library -call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from -whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a -synchronization construct. - -However, there is one last step between the request -handler marking a timeline as ready to resume -and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the -assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. -The request handlers stack up work that is free to -be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which -of those to place onto an offered core. - - - - - -\begin{figure*}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] - {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} - \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple -cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls -between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the -code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated -by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core -2. The boxes -represent virtual processors, each with its associated -timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative -ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request -Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, -which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime -code module.} - \label{fig:physTimeSeq} -\end{figure*} - - - -\subsection{Using language constructs} -In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs -take the form of function calls. The reader familiar -with posix threads will have used function calls to -perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. -Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the -same way. - -We use posix threads for our example because it is -a familiar language that the reader already knows well. -It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. - -\subsubsection{Main and startup} -Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime -system must be started, and a proto-runtime process -must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the -create process was given a pointer -to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime -based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime -based languages that will be used in the application, -and must create the virtual processors and tasks that -perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. - -==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == - -\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth -function} -Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts -the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It -is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. -Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two -threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both -threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the -command that kills the virtual processor that is animating -the function. - -==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, -Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== - -Notice the signature -of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer -to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is -the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for -proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. - - -Also, notice that the standard signature includes a -pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime -defined structure, which holds the meta-information -about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed -the structure of the virtual processor that is animating -it. - -An illuminating aside is that the birth function for -a posix thread doesn't need -to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. -That is because the operating system tracks which thread -is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing -an instruction that suspends the code executing on -the core and switches -the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel -then looks up the data structure that is assigned to -the core. - -That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the -pointer to the thread that was animating the application -code that called the posix construct. But the implementation -of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't -have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, -and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data -structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. - -Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created -by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent -of mutex acquire and release to protect access to -a critical section. Notice that the signature -is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. -Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to -each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next -several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure -is used. - -==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and -release to protect a counter plus print of count value== - - -\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} - -Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls -reveals code such as in Fig X. - -==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== - -There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data -structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime -call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library -calls. The data structure is used to carry information -into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was -started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is -the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends -application code and switches to the kernel. For the -implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this -call is implemented with assembly instructions. - -This wrapper library code is placed on the machine -used during development of the application, and is -compiled into the application executable. However, -the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, -and is not part of the application executable. - -Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to -a function. This is called the handler function, and -is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime -will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled -way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment -to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. -We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the -handler function, and what such a handler function -looks like. - -First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and -switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X - -==assembly of suspend and switch== - -All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer -into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program -counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, -which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. - -\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched -to} - -The PR assembly code switches the core to executing -the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. - -==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== - -All this does is invoke the handler function named -in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. -This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point -model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, -fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens -to use a global lock for each language's environment. - However other implementations are possible. In order - to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap - instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random - backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. - - The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes - on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point - model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special - beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that - executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler - code that then establishes the causal connections - between such special beats, and so ties them together. - The causal connection is via the changes make to the - language environment. - - So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. - The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat - and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The - lock is what isolates and sequentializes - the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language - environment is the hidden state used to establish - causal connection between special beats. - - - -This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. - -Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. - - -If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. - -Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. - -This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. - -? - -Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. - -The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. - -=================== - - -\subsection{not sure} -A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. - -However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. - -As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. - -? - -The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. - -? - -The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". -The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. - -================= - -\subsection{more on tie-points} -Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. - -From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. - -However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. - -Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. - -The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. - -That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. - - -The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. - -At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. - -The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. - -=========== - -The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. - -So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. - -For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. - -============ - - -\subsection{More on eDSLs} -%====================================== - -%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - -%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. - -%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. - -%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. - - -% ============== - -%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. - -%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. - -%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. - -%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Details} -\label{subsec:Details} - - what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. - -modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. - -? - - - - overhead measurements - -implementation time measurements - - discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. - - give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. - - summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the -least, the same effort would have to be expended on -each and every language that we expended on performance -tuning our proto-runtime. - - We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to - -illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. - -Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). - -Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). - - - -? - - - - - The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints -due to data dependencies. - - a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. - -? - -The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. - - - - this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. - - implementing language logic, - -show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. - -give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, -we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. - -support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. - - discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. - -reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Measurements} -With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} - -\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} -For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. - -For runtime performance: - --- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) - --- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) - --- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci - --- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg - -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline -a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -\end{tabular} -\caption{} -\label{tab} - -As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. - - -\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} -\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} -Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. -\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} -In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk -\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} -OMPSs -\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} -VOMP - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} -Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. - -Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements -of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. - - -\begin{centering} -\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} - \cline{2-8} - \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ - \cline{2-8} - \noalign{\vskip2pt} - \hline - Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ - Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ - Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ - L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ - \hline -\end{tabular} -\caption -{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. -} -\end{centering} -\label{tabPersonHoursLang} - -%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} -%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} - -We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. - -We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. - - -\begin{center} -\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for -the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} - -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline -Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ -\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline -\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline -%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline -\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline -\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline -\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline -\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} - - - -The first two methods have poor runtime and application -performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. - -Both also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. - -For the same reason, porting is poor for these two -approaches. The DSL's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. - -Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra -effort is expended to take advantage. - -Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. - -Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Conclusions and Future Work} -The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. -%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. - - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - - -Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. - - The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. - -The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. - -Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. - -Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. - -Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: -\begin{itemize} -\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. -\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. -\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. -\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. -\end{itemize} - - -\end{document} -============================================= -== -== -== -== -== -============================================= - -\section{The Problem} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. - -To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). - -Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). - -The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). - -\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} -\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. - -A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. - -In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. - -Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. - -The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. - -In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. - -Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. - - -\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} -\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. - -DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. - -It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. - -In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. - -\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} -\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. - - -An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. - - -\begin{figure}[h!tb] -{\noindent -{\footnotesize -{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} -\begin{verbatim} -newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); -\end{verbatim} - -{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} -\begin{verbatim} -SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); -\end{verbatim} - -{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} -\begin{verbatim} -messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); -\end{verbatim} -} -} - -\caption -{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. -} -\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} -\end{figure} -An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. - -As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. - -It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. - -\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} -\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. - -For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. - -An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. - -When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. - -The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. - -The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. - -Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). - -\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. - -Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. - -In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. - - - During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. - -If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. - -For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. - -The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. - - -\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -? - -Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. - -The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. - -The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. - -For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. - -While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. - -These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. - -For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. - - -One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: -\begin{itemize} -\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. -\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. -\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. -\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. -\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. -\end{itemize} - -\subsection{Summary of Section} - [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. - -The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. - -The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Description} -\label{sec:idea} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -? - - -Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. - -The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. - -\subsection{Creating an eDSL} - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} - \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} - \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} -\end{figure} - -As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. - -As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. - -\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} - -\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} --- standardizes runtime code --- makes familiar going from one lang to another --- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs - --- show the enums, and the switch table - --- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave - -\subsubsection{The Request Handler} --- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. - --- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL - -\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } -The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. - -For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. - -Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. - -This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. - -\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} - --- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. - --- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) - --- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency - -\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} --- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) - --- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. - -\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} - --- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. --- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. --- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. --- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. - -Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. --- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, --- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. --- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption - --- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. - --- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects - --- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. - --- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. - - -\section{(outline and notes)} - --- What a plugin looks like: - --- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units - --- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. - --- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), - --- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). - - --- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. - - - - -\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. - - -\subsection{Some Definitions} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. - -In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. - -\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. - -For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. - -It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. - - -The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. - - - -======= - - I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). - Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. - Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. - -================= - -\subsection{The patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - - -Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. - -Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. - -Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. - -Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. - -By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. -We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. - - -\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The -basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. - -Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. - -Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. - -Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. - -\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. - -Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. -The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. - -Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. - -Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. - -Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. - -Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. - -\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. - -The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. - -For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} - \caption{Something to help understanding} - \label{fig:SCG_expl} -\end{figure} - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{The Details} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] -[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. - -Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. - -Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. - -\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Demonstrate reuse of language logic: -All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. - -Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. - -Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. - -? - -Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. -We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. - -? - -In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. - -The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and -other application features. - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Measurements} - -\subsection{Implementation time} - - -\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Related Work} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Conclusion and Future Work} -\label{sec:conclusion} - - - -\end{document} -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -Here is an example of netlist creation: - -The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. - - Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. - -First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: - -To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. - -The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. - - -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimNetlist * -createPingPongNetlist() - { HWSimNetlist *netlist; - HWSimElem **elems; - HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; - HWSimCommPath **commPaths; - int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); - - numElems = 2; - elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); - - numCommPaths = 2; - commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); - - numActivityTypes = 1; - activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); - - netlist->numElems = numElems; - netlist->elems = elems; - netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; - netlist->commPaths = commPaths; - netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; - netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //have to create activity types before create elements - //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability - netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist - elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. - -Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements - elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = - netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. - -This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 - commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); - setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); - commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; - commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units - - //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 - commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); - setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); - commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; - commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -done building netlist, return it -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - return netlist; - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ -do{\ - commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ - commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ - commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ - commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ - }while(0); //macro magic for namespace -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimElem * -createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) - { HWSimElem *elem; - elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); - elem->numInPorts = 1; - elem->numOutPorts = 1; - elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); - elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port - elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; - return elem; - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimActivityType * -createPingPongActivityType( ) - { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; - pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); - - pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; - pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; - return pingPongActivityType; - } -\end{verbatim} \end{small} - - -========= - -All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. - -Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -void -pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) - { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 - HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -There are four ways a behavior can end: -\begin{description} -\item end, no continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end, with continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, - HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, - HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, - HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance - HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} - - -============= - - -\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} -All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. - -Here's an example: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimTimeSpan -sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) - { - return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} - -The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. - -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimTimeSpan -commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) - { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ - -====== - -Details of VMS interface, details of its impl on multi-core, details of differences on different machines. - -wrapper-lib calls VMS-supplied primitive that suspends the virtual-processor calling the lib, and sends a request to VMS. VMS calls lang-supplied plugin to handle requests -- this is the part of the scheduler that handles constraints -- it determines which virt-processors must remain suspended, and which are free to be re-animated. - -The language is implemented as either a collection of wrapper-lib calls embedded into the base language, or as custom syntax that uses uses the VMS-supplied primitive to suspend virtual processors and send requests to VMS. - - -VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. From the application-programmer point of view, the embedded version looks like a function call, albeit the data-struc of the virtual-processor animating the code has to be passed as a parameter to the wrapper-lib call. - -Hence, VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. - -The wrapper-lib call is standard library code that is loaded along with the application executable. - -However, VMS primitives may be hardware-implemented, or loaded as OS modules, or dynamic or static libraries. Rhey are naturally custom instructions, but may be emulated by software. - -The interface between application-executable and language-runtime is the VMS-primitive that sends a request to VMS. The language-runtime receives the request under control of VMS, which calls a language-supplied request-handling function and passes the request as a parameter. This passive behavior of the request handler leaves control-flow inside VMS, which is part of hiding concurrency from the language-runtime implementation. - -The interface between the runtime and VMS is VMS's plugin API. The runtime is implemented as two functions, whose pointers are handed to VMS. VMS then controls the flow of execution. When a request is ready for the runtime, VMS cIalls the request-handler function, and when a spot on hardware is free for work, VMS calls the scheduler-assign function. Hence, the language implements its runtime as two isolated functions. By keeping control-flow inside VMS, the language-specific portion of the runtiem is simplified. - -This structure is also the reason VMS encourages reuse of scheduler code. The VMS API separates out control flow from scheduling, so scheduling code is isolated, with well-defined interfaces. Scheduling is then further sub-divided into modules: constraint-management (IE enforcing dependencies); and choosing physical location to place work. Each has its own well-defined interface, and they communicate to each other via VMS-managed shared state. - -The greatest application performance impact due to the scheduler is communication it causes. - -, management of the memory hierarchy, and the match between work-characteristics and hardware-characteristics (IE, assigning to accelerator vs CPU). Hence, significant work goes into implementing strategies and mechanisms for finding the best assignment-choices. Such implementations are only loosely coupled to language, through the shared state by which the request-handler informs the assigner of what work is ready to be animated. - -Hence, it is straight-forward to reuse the code that assigns work to physical locations. 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Wu}, - title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, - booktitle = {}, - year = 1993, - pages = {146--160}, - publisher = {Springer-Verlag} -} -@Article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, - title = {{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, - author = {Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, - journal = {Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, - volume = 18, - number = {2006-183}, - pages = 19, - year = 2006 -} -@Misc{BerkeleyPattLang, - note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, - title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} -} -@Book{Mattson04Patterns, - title = {{Patterns for parallel programming}}, - author = {Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, - year = 2004, - publisher = {Addison-Wesley Professional} -} -@Article{Skillicorn98, - title = {{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, - author = {Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, - journal = {ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, - volume = 30, - number = 2, - pages = {123--169}, - year = 1998 -} -@Conference{Blelloch93NESL, - title = {{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, - author = {Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, - pages = {102--111}, - year = 1993, - organization = {ACM New York, NY, USA} -} -@Article{McgrawSisal, - title = {{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, - author = {McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, - journal = {Manual M-146, Rev}, - volume = 1 -} -@Article{Gelernter85Linda, - title = {{Generative communication in Linda}}, - author = {Gelernter, D.}, - journal = {ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, - volume = 7, - number = 1, - pages = {80--112}, - year = 1985 -} -@Article{Lin94ZPL, - title = {{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, - author = {Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, - journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, - volume = 768, - pages = {96--114}, - year = 1994 -} -@Article{baecker97, - author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, - title = {Software visualization for debugging}, - journal = {Communications of the ACM}, - volume = 40, - number = 4, - year = 1997, - issn = {0001-0782}, - pages = {44--54}, - publisher = {ACM Press} -} -@Article{ball96, - author = {T. 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Reed}, - title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, - day = {16--18}, - month = {jun}, - year = 2003, - note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} -} -@Article{reeves84, - author = {A. P. Reeves}, - title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, - journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, - volume = 1, - number = {}, - year = 1984, - month = {aug}, - pages = {64--80} -} -@Article{skillicorn98, - author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, - title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = 30, - number = 2, - year = 1998, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {123--169}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA} -} -@Article{stefik86, - title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, - author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. 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Anagnostopoulos -% Windfall Software -% 978 371-2316 -% paul [atsign] windfall.com -% -% Created: 12 September 2004 -% -% Revisions: See end of file. -% -% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. -% To view a copy of this license, visit -% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ -% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, -% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. -% -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] -\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] - -% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted -% from the ZzTeX macro package. - -% Token Hackery -% ----- ------- - - -\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} -\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter - \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} - -% This macro discards the next token. - -\def \@discardtok #1{}% token - -% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. - -{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 - -\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} - -} % \catcode - -% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. -% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark - -\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} - -% Control Sequence Names -% ------- -------- ----- - - -\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} - \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} - -\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} - \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} - -% Flags (Booleans) -% ----- ---------- - -% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with -% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. - -\def \@true {TT} -\def \@false {FL} - -\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean - -% IF and Predicates -% -- --- ---------- - -% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. -% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: -% -% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi - -% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: -% -% \@setflag \flag = {} - -% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional -% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with -% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. -% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. - -\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else - \@true \fi} -\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} - -\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@definedp #1{% - \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname - \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} - -\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% - \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname - \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} - -\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp - -\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} - \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} -\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% - \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@empargq {\@empargq} - -\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} - \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} - -\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} - -\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} - - -% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: -% -% \if \flaga \else \fi - - -% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. - -\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} - -\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \else - \@false - \fi} - -\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% - \@true - \else - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \fi} - -\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% - \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi - \else - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \fi} - -% Arithmetic -% ---------- - -\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} - -\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} - -% Options -% ------- - - -\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false -\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false -\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true -\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false -\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false -\@setflag \@natbib = \@true -\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true -\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 -\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false -\@setflag \@preprint = \@false -\@setflag \@reprint = \@false -\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false -\@setflag \@times = \@false - -% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. - -\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} - -\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} - -\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} - -\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} - -\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} - -\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} - -\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} - -\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} - -\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} - -\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} - -\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} - -%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} - -\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} - -\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - -\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} -\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false -\ProcessOptions - -\if \@onecolumn - \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% - \fi - \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} -\else - \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} -\fi -\LoadClass{article} - -\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% - \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} - -% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. - -\def \setpagenumber #1{% - \setcounter{page}{#1}} - -\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} - -% Utilities -% --------- - - -\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% - #1 = #2 - \advance #1 by -1\parskip} - -% Document Parameters -% -------- ---------- - - -% Page: - -\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} -\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} - -\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} -\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} - -\if \@onecolumn - \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} - \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} -\else - \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} - \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} -\fi - -% Text area: - -\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} -\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} - -\if \@onecolumn - \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} -\else - \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} -\fi - -\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} -\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} -\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} - -% Running foot: - -\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} - -% Paragraphs: - -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} - \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} -\else - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} - \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} -\fi - -\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} -\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} - -\frenchspacing -\pretolerance = 400 -\tolerance = \pretolerance -\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} -\clubpenalty = 10000 -\widowpenalty = 10000 -\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} - -% Standard vertical spaces: - -\newskip{\standardvspace} -\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} - -% Margin paragraphs: - -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} -\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} - - -\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} -\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} - -\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% - \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} - -\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% - \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} - -% Floats: - -\setcounter{topnumber}{4} -\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} -\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} - -\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} -\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} -\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} -\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} -\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} -\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} - -\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} - -\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} -\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} - -\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} -\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} -\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} - -\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} -\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} - -% Miscellaneous: - -\errorcontextlines = 5 - -% Fonts -% ----- - - -\if \@times - \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% - \if \@mathtime - \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% - \else -%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% - \fi -\else - \relax -\fi - -\if \@ninepoint - -\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% - \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} - -\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} - -\renewcommand{\small}{% - \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% - \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} - -\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} - -\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} - -\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} - -\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} - -\else\if \@tenpoint - -\relax - -\else - -\relax - -\fi\fi - -% Abstract -% -------- - - -\renewenvironment{abstract}{% - \section*{Abstract}% - \normalsize}{% - } - -% Bibliography -% ------------ - - -\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] - {\section*{\refname - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - \bibfont - \clubpenalty4000 - \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty - \widowpenalty4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - {\def\@noitemerr - {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% - \endlist} - -\if \@natbib - -\if \@authoryear - \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} - \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} - \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, - % eliminate comma between author and year. - \let \cite = \citep -\else - \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} - \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} -\fi -\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} - -\fi - -\def \bibfont {\small} - -% Categories -% ---------- - - -\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true - -\newcommand{\category}[3]{% - \if \@firstcategory - \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% - \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false - \else - \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% - \fi - \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} - -\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% - {\let \and = \relax - #1 [\textit{#2}]% - \if \@emptyargp{#4}% - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi - \else - :\space - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi - \textrm{#4}% - \fi}} - -% Copyright Notice -% --------- ------ - - -\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} -\def \@toappear {} -\def \@permission {} -\def \@reprintprice {} - -\def \@copyrightspace {% - \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% - \vbox to 1in{% - \vfill - \parbox[b]{20pc}{% - \scriptsize - \if \@preprint - [Copyright notice will appear here - once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par - \else - \@toappear - \fi - \if \@reprint - \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, - \@proceedings, - \@conferenceinfo, - pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par - \fi}}% - \end@float} - -\long\def \toappear #1{% - \def \@toappear {#1}} - -\toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata - \dots \@reprintprice\par} - -\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% - \gdef \@permission {#1}} - -\permission{% - Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or - part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without - fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or - commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full - citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to - post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific - permission and/or a fee.} - -% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: - -\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. - ACM acknowledges that - this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the - National Research Council of Canada (NRC). - As such, the Crown in Right of - Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting - nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, - or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution - is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} - -\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for - Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that - this contribution was authored or co-authored - by a contractor or affiliate - of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, - royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, - or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} - -\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% - \permission{% - This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States - Government and is in the public domain.}% - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% - \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} - -\reprintprice{\$10.00} - -\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% - \permission{% - Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. - It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. - Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in - #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} - -% Enunciations -% ------------ - - -\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} - \trivlist - \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% - \itshape\selectfont - \ignorespaces} - -\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} - \trivlist - \item[% - \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% - \itshape\selectfont - \ignorespaces} - -% Figures -% ------- - - -\@setflag \@caprule = \@true - -\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% - \addvspace{4pt} - \if \@caprule - \hrule width \hsize height .33pt - \vspace{4pt} - \fi - \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% - \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% - \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par - \else - \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% - \fi} - -\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% - \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} - -\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% - {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} - -% Hierarchy -% --------- - - -\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} - -\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} - -\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% -\else - \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% -\fi - -\renewcommand{\section}{% - \@startsection - {section}% - {1}% - {0pt}% - {-\@sectionaboveskip}% - {\@sectionbelowskip}% - {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} - -\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% -\else - \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% -\fi - -\renewcommand{\subsection}{% - \@startsection% - {subsection}% - {2}% - {0pt}% - {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% - {\@subsectionbelowskip}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% - \@startsection% - {subsubsection}% - {3}% - {0pt}% - {-\@subsectionaboveskip} - {\@subsectionbelowskip}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} - -\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% - \@startsection% - {paragraph}% - {4}% - {0pt}% - {\@paragraphaboveskip} - {-1em}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} - -\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% - \@startsection% - {subparagraph}% - {4}% - {0pt}% - {\@paragraphaboveskip} - {-1em}% - {\normalsize \itshape}} - -% Standard headings: - -\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} - -\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} - -\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} - -% Identification -% -------------- - - -\def \@conferencename {} -\def \@conferenceinfo {} -\def \@copyrightyear {} -\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} -\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} - - -\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% - \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% - \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} - -\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% - \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} - -\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear - -\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% - \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} - -\let \crdata = \copyrightdata - -\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% - \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} - -% Lists -% ----- - - -\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} -\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} - -\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} - \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} -\else - \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} - \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} -\fi - -\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} -\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} -\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} -\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} - -\renewcommand{\@listi}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmargini - \listparindent = 0pt} -%%% \itemsep = 1pt -%%% \parsep = 3pt} -%%% \listparindent = \parindent} - -\let \@listI = \@listi - -\renewcommand{\@listii}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginii - \topsep = 1pt - \labelwidth = \leftmarginii - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii - \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv - \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -% Mathematics -% ----------- - - -\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} - -% Miscellaneous -% ------------- - - -\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% - \vfill\eject - \global\@colht = \textheight - \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} - -\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} - -\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% - \let \\ = \@centercr - \leftskip = 0pt - \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} - -% Program Code -% ------- ---- - - -\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% - {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font - \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} - -% Running Heads and Feet -% ------- ----- --- ---- - - -\def \@preprintfooter {} - -\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% - \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} - -\if \@preprint - -\def \ps@plain {% - \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo - \let \@evenhead = \@empty - \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize - \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil - \thepage \hfil - \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% - \let \@oddhead = \@empty - \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} - -\else\if \@reprint - -\def \ps@plain {% - \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo - \let \@evenhead = \@empty - \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% - \let \@oddhead = \@empty - \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} - -\else - -\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty -\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty -\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty - -\fi\fi - -\def \@formatyear {% - \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} - -% Special Characters -% ------- ---------- - - -\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% - \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} - -% Title Page -% ----- ---- - - -\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false - -\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} -\def \@subtitletext {} - -\newcount{\@authorcount} - -\newcount{\@titlenotecount} -\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} - -\def \@titlebanner {} - -\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% - \gdef \@titletext {#1}} - -\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% - \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} - -\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} - \global\@increment \@authorcount - \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% - \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% - \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} - -\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% - \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; - use \string\authorinfo}{}} - -\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% - \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} - -\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% - \pagestyle{plain}% - \if \@onecolumn - {\hsize = \standardtextwidth - \@maketitle}% - \else - \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% - \fi - \@placetitlenotes - \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} - -\def \@maketitle {% - \begin{center} - \@settitlebanner - \let \thanks = \titlenote - {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth - \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth - \parfillskip = 0pt - \spaceskip = .7em - \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} - \vskip 6pt - \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par - \vskip 12pt - \ifcase \@authorcount - \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% - \else - \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% - \fi - \vspace{1.75pc} - \end{center}} - -\def \@settitlebanner {% - \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% - \vbox to 0pt{% - \vskip -32pt - \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par - \vss}% - \nointerlineskip - \fi} - -\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% - \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% - \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par - \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% - \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% - \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par - \else - \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% - \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% - \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par - \relax - \fi\fi - \vspace{20pt}} - -\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} - \vtop{% - \def \and {% - \hspace{16pt}} - \hsize = #1 - \normalfont - \centering - \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par - \vspace{5pt} - \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par - \vspace{2pt} - \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} - -\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% - \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% - \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% - \fi} - -\newtoks{\@fnmark} - -\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% - \global\@increment \@titlenotecount - \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or - \@fnmark = {\ast}\or - \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or - \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or - \@fnmark = {\S}\or - \@fnmark = {\P}\or - \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% - \fi - \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% - \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% - \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% - \reserved@a{#1}} - -\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% - \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} - -\newcount{\@authori} - -\iffalse -\def \additionalauthors {% - \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% - \section{Additional Authors}% - \label{@addauthors}% - \noindent - \@authori = 4 - {\let \\ = ,% - \loop - \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, - \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, - email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% - \@increment \@authori - \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% - \par - \fi - \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} -\fi - -\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors - -\def \@placetitlenotes { - \the\@titlenotetext} - -% Utilities -% --------- - - -\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% - {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% - \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) - \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ - \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 - \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} - -\newbox{\@measbox} - -\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} - \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% - #1 = \ht\@measbox} - -\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% - \insert\footins{% - \reset@font\footnotesize - \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty - \splittopskip\footnotesep - \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM - \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore -%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% -%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% - \color@begingroup - \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% - \@makefntext{% - \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% - \color@endgroup}} - -% LaTeX Modifications -% ----- ------------- - -\def \@seccntformat #1{% - \@name{\the#1}% - \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark - \quad} - -\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% - \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} - -% Revision History -% -------- ------- - - -% Date Person Ver. Change -% ---- ------ ---- ------ - -% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. - -% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. - -% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with -% \authorinfo. -% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. -% Compress article opener spacing. -% Add 'mathtime' option. -% Increase text height by 6 points. - -% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. -% Change default to Times text. - -% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot -% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. - -% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. - -% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. - -% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. - -% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', -% and it uses the full type width. - -% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. -% Allow margin paragraphs during review. - -% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. -% Remove proof and newdef environments. - -% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. -% Change footer to small italic and eliminate -% left portion if no \preprintfooter. -% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. -% Clean up and shrink copyright box. - -% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. - -% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. - -% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. -% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust -% spacing between items and paragraphs. - -% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated -% commands. - -% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. - -% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the -% 'preprint' option. - -% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. -% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure -% the natbib package. - -% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article -% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). - -% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. - -% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. -% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. - -% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by -% Stephen Chong). - -% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. -% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to -% control citation style when using natbib. -% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for -% 'authoryear' style. - -% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography -% environment. Also add to template so it will -% happen with natbib. - -% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. -% Just include in the template. - -% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. - -% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. -% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using -% 'authoryear' style. -% Add the \authorversion command. - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/url.sty --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/url.sty Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,325 +0,0 @@ -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca -% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. -% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms -% of the LaTeX Project Public License. -% -% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or -% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually -% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email -% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally -% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, -% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% See further instructions after "\endinput" -% -\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% - \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually -} -\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% - \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do - \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do - \ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% -} -\def\url@ttstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo -} -\def\url@rmstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@sfstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else - \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} - -\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} -\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} - -\def\Url{% - \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup - \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi - \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font - \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes - \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces - \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip - \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi - \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special - \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open - \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active - \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures - \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} - -\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 - \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} -\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook - \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} -\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} -\let\UrlRight\@empty -\let\UrlLeft\@empty - -\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} -\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} -\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 - \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% - \mathcode`#132768 \fi} - -\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup - \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} -\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \def#1{#2{#3}}} -\else - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} -\fi - -\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} - -% Sample (and default) configuration: -% -\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% -% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: -\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} -% -% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} - -% Process LaTeX \package options -% -\urlstyle{tt} -\let\Url@sppen\@M -\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens - -\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ - \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space - Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] - \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens - \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later - \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} - \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} - \ProcessOptions -\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared - \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft - \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} - \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} - \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} -\fi -} - -\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} -\expandafter\edef\url@moving - {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined - -\endinput -% -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca -% -% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, -% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be -% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for -% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may -% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be -% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, -% and a "\path" command is provided this way. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very -% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. -% -% Package Option: obeyspaces -% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" -% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url -% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. -% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", -% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for -% anything with "\". -% -% Package Option: hyphens -% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this -% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) -% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen -% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. -% -% Package Option: spaces -% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the -% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" -% will allow breaks at those spaces. -% -% Package Option: T1 -% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain -% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This -% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". -% -% Defining a defined-url: -% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could -% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the -% percent sign. This address can be predefined with -% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or -% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| -% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" -% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a -% defined-url is robust. -% -% Style: -% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" -% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", -% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- -% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the -% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts -% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" -% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. -% -% Alternate commands: -% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each -% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be -% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like -% commands as follows: -% -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} -% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is -% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the -% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look -% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with -% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. -% -% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual -% "\urldef" command as in this example: -% -% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} -% -% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", -% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command -% would then be robust. -% -% Defining styles: -% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to -% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although -% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required -% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. -% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for -% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. -% -% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you -% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. -% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' -% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines -% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and -% "\UrlFont". -% -% Changing font: -% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" -% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX -% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". -% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined -% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the -% standard input characters. -% -% Changing linebreaks: -% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" -% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". -% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have -% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' -% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, -% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at -% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break -% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no -% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case -% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- -% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" -% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why -% colons are `BigBreaks'. -% -% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following -% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". -% -% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them -% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) -% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font -% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those -% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which -% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing -% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each -% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include -% other definitions too. -% -% -% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need -% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for -% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can -% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". -% -% Yet more flexibility: -% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or -% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define -% -% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% -% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. -% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not -% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. -% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the -% format of the definition is special: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } -% -% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For -% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} -% -% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for -% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need -% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure -% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like -% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. -% -% Revision History: -% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: -% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. -% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: -% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". -% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: -% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. -% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 -% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error -% The End - -Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 -:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,363 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null -% \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% -% \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold -% \vskip 2ex% - {\large -% \lineskip .5ex% -% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% -% \@author -% \end{tabular}\par - }% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 0.5ex - \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 0.5ex - \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par -% \vskip 2ex -} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__formal_def/latex/usetex-v1.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,357 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null - \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% - \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold - \vskip 2ex% - {\large - \lineskip .5ex% - \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% - \@author - \end{tabular}\par}% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par - \vskip 2ex} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2923 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - Master(runtime system)on core 1 - - - Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) - - Application Code - Seed_Fn - Work_Fn - Language Wrapper-LibCode - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - Lang Handlerfor create VP - Assigner Fn - Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) - Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) - - create VPwrapper Fn - Call to dyn lib - - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - - - - - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - - returnfromsuspend - PR primitive Fnto send request - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - returnfromsuspend - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - - - normal call - normal call - - - - - - - - - - Timeline of SeedVP - suspend - resume - end - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - PR primitive Fnto create VP - - - - VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) - - - Master Fn - - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - - start - - - - Timeline of VP 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - - Timeline of Master on core 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - Call to dyn lib - Call to dyn lib - Call to dyn lib - call to dyn lib - - - Master(runtime system)on core 2 - - - - - Master Fn - - - - Timeline of Master on core 2 - - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR primitive Fnto send request - PR primitive Fnto send request - PR primitive Fnto send request - - - end - - - - resume - resume - suspend - start - resume - Language PluginCode - Proto-RuntimeMasterCode - - - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex - - - - - - - Assigner Fn - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - return fromsuspend - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - core 1 - core 2 - - - - return fromsuspend - - - - return fromsuspend - - - PR OS thread(core1) - - - Main OS thread - - main - Lang Handlerfor create VP - Assigner Fn - - PR_start() - Call to dyn lib - - Top Level Fn - birth Fn - - - - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - - - - - - - - suspendand switchto runtime - - returnfromsuspend - PR__start() - normal call - - suspendand switchto runtime - normal call - - - - - - - - - - Timeline of SeedVP - suspend - resume - end - PR primitive Fnto create VP - Master Fn - - - - - - suspendand switchto app VP - - - - start - - - - Timeline of Master on core 1 - suspend - resume - - start - - - Call to dyn lib - call to dyn lib - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR primitive Fnto send request - resume - - - - - - - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn - - - core 1 - - - - return fromsuspend - - PR OS thread(core 2) - - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,254 +0,0 @@ - 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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Timeline B - - - - - Suspend(Point A1.S) - - - - Resume (Point A1.R) - - Timeline A - - - - visible - NOT visible - - - visible - NOT visible - - Suspend(Point B1.S) - - - Resume (Point B1.R) - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/PR__what_runtime_does.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2211 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - Master(runtime system)on core 1 - - - Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) - - Application Code - Seed_Fn - Work_Fn - Language Wrapper-LibCode - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - Lang Handlerfor create VP - Assigner Fn - Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) - Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) - - create VPwrapper Fn - Call to dyn lib - - Top Level Fn - 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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lang Syntax - - - - Request Intf - - - - VMS Intf - - - - ISA - - - - - - - - - Interface - Layer - - - - - - - Toolchain - - - - Specializer - - - - - Specializer - - - - - - - - - Toolchain - - - - Specializer - - - - - Specializer - - - - - - - - - Toolchain - - - - Specializer - - - - - Specializer - - - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.svg --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules.svg Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,219 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - ParallelismConstructModule - - Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) - Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule - Hardware Abstraction Interface - - - - Code Stack for Runtime System - 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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - image/svg+xml - - - - - - - - Master(runtime system)on core 1 - ConstructSemanticsModule - - Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) - Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule - Language Plug-in - Hardware Abstraction Interface - - - - - - Seed VP - - - - VP createdby Application1 - - - - VP createdby Application2 - - Application Code - Seed_Fn - Work_Fn - Language Wrapper-LibCode - Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode - Language PluginCode - Proto-RuntimeCode - Handlerfor create VP - Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 - Master Fn - Assigner Fn - Instances of runtime system - Instances ofVirtual Processors - - create VPwrapper Fn - - - - - Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - Call via Ptr - - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - Top Level Fn - - - - - - Top Level Fn - Work_Fn - - - end VPwrapper Fn - - End VPPrimitive Fn - - - - - - - - - normal call - - - suspendand switchto runtime - - returnfromsuspend - create VPprimitive Fn - normal call - - - suspendand switchto runtime - 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stroke} def -/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke - Pnt} def -/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def -/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M - 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V - hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def -/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def -/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke - Pnt} def -/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def -/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M - hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V - hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def -/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave - translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat - closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def -/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave - translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat - closepath fill grestore} def -/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy - hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def -/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def -/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def -/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc - 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc} bind def -/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill - 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill - 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill - 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto - 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc} bind def -/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill - vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def -/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto - neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def -/Square {dup Rec} bind def -/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def -/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def -/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def -/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill - exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def -/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill - 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def -/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill - Bsquare} bind def -/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill - Bsquare} bind def -/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def -/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill - 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill - 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def -/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def -/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def -/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def -/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def -/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def -/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def -/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def -/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def -/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def -/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def -/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def -/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def -/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def -/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def -/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def -/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def -/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def -/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M - hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V - hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def -/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M - 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V - hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def -/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def -/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def -/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave - translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat - closepath stroke grestore} def -/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash - hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def -/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def -/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M - hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V - hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def -/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M - 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V - hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def -/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def -/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M - hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V - hpt 2 mul 0 V - hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def -/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave - translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat - Opaque stroke grestore} def -/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash - hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def -/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def -/Density { - /Fillden exch def - currentrgbcolor - /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def - /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def - /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def - /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def - ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def -/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def -/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def -/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def -% -% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles -% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill -% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled -% w,h = width and height of box -% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis -% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch -% -/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def - PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate - PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec - gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip - currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth - /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def - 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate - 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi - {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for - 0 PFa 6 get ne { - 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi - {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for - } if - stroke grestore} def -% -/languagelevel where - {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse - 2 lt - {/InterpretLevel1 true def} - {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} - ifelse -% -% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions -% -/Level2PatternFill { -/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} - bind def -/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat1 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke - 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat2 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L - 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat3 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L - 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat4 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L - 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat5 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L - 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat6 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L - 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat7 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L - 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat8 exch def -<< Tile8x8 - /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L - -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} ->> matrix makepattern -/Pat9 exch def -/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def -/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def -/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def -/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def -/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def -/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def -/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def -} def -% -% -%End of PostScript Level 2 code -% -/PatternBgnd { - TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse -} def -% -% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with -% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. -% -/Level1PatternFill { -/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def -/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def -/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def -/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def -/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def -/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def -/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def -} def -% -% Now test for support of Level 2 code -% -Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse -% -/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont -dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall -currentdict end definefont pop -/MFshow { - { dup 5 get 3 ge - { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } - {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont - [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 - get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq - {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 - get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div - dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get - show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop - pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } - ifelse } - forall} def -/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def -/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } - {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont - 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def -/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M - 0 exch R - Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def -/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M - exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R - Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def -/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M - exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R - Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def -/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def -/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def -end -%%EndProlog -%%Page: 1 1 -gnudict begin -gsave -doclip -50 50 translate -0.100 0.100 scale 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0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ - - -1) What are the problems the authors are trying to solve? - When done, for each problem, how does one decide the value of a proposed solution? Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. - -The problem is - -A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is - -The value of this solution is determined by - - - -2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? - What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. - What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? - How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? - -It enables - -The benefit to me is - -Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are - -The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by - - - -3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? - What makes this problem hard? - What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on -How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? - -The fundamentals are - -The hard part is - -The basic elements are - -The proposed solution - - - -4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? - What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? - How does each approach address something the others miss? - Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. - Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. - -Other approaches are - -A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is - -Categories: - -Combining: - - - -5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? - Sketch the details of each of these "things". - Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? - Did you see any really cool techniques? - -Unique main "things" are - -Drawbacks from details: - -Idea of - - - -6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? - -They have to show - - - -7) What results did they show? - Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? - Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? - Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? - -They showed - -Con.. - - - -8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? - -The work my provide value for me - - - -3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). - -1) - - \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1257 +0,0 @@ - - - -"" -@Article{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - journal = {}, - volume = {}, - number = {}, - year = {}, - pages = {} -} - - - -"" -@Book{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - publisher = {}, - year = {}, - pages = {} -} - - - -"" -@misc{, - author = {}, - title = {}, - url = {} -} - - -"Lamport paper with clock sync" -@article{Lamport78, - author = {Lamport, Leslie}, - title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, - journal = {Commun. ACM}, - volume = {21}, - issue = {7}, - year = {1978}, - pages = {558--565}, - } - -"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" -@article{Lamport87, - author = {Lamport, Leslie}, - title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = {5}, - issue = {1}, - year = {1987}, - pages = {1--11} -} - -"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" -@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, - author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, - title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, - series = {SOSP '67}, - year = {1967}, - pages = {10.1--10.6} - } - -"Original coroutine paper" -@article{Conway63, - author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, - title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, - journal = {Commun. ACM}, - volume = {6}, - issue = {7}, - year = {1963}, - pages = {396--408} -} - -"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" -@Book{ComponentModel00, - author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, - title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = {2000} -} - - -"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" -@misc{Hewitt10, - author = {Carl Hewitt}, - title = {Actor Model of Computation}, - year = {2010}, - note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} -} - -"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" -@article{Actors97, -author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, -title = {A foundation for actor computation}, -journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, -volume = {7}, -number = {01}, -pages = {1-72}, -year = {1997}, -} - -"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" -@article{SchedActivations, - author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, - title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = {10}, - issue = {1}, - month = {February}, - year = {1992}, - pages = {53--79} -} - -"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" -@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, - author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, - title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, - series = {DAMP '07}, - year = {2007}, - pages = {37--44}, - numpages = {8} -} - - -//===================================== -"Gain from Chaos tech report" -@techreport - {Halle92, - Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, - Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, - Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, - Year = {1992}, - URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, - Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} -} - - -Reprinted in: -Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. -"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" -K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova -pgs 290-308 - - -"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" -Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. -cited by 232 - - -"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" -Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. - - -//========================================== - -"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" -@inproceedings - {BLISInHotPar, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {June}, - title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, - year = {2010} - } - -"2011 HotPar: " -@inproceedings - {HotPar11, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {May}, - title = {}, - year = {2011} - } - -"VMS in LCPC 2011" -@article{VMSLCPC, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, - journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, - year = {2011} -} - - -"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, - Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, - Year = 2010 -} - -"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" -@misc{DKUTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, - Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"An Extensible Parallel Language" -@misc{EQNLangTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, - Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" -@misc{CTOSTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, - Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, - Year = 2009 -} - -"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" -@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, - Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, - Year = 2009 -} - - -"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" -@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, - Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" -@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, - Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" -@misc{CTRTTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, - Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, - Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, - Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, - Year = 2006 -} - - -"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" -@misc{CIPTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, - Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, - Year = 2005 -} - -//========================================== - - -"OMP Hompe page" -@misc{OMPHome, - Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, - Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, -} - -"The OMP infrastructure site" -@misc{Halle2008, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, - Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} -} - - - -"The DKU sourceforge site" -@misc{DKUSourceForge, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Month = {November}, - Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{DKU} website}, - Year = {2008} -} - - -"The BLIS sourceforge site" -@misc{BLISHome, - Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - Month = {November}, - Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{BLIS} website}, - Year = {2008} -} - - -"The VMS Home page" -@misc{VMSHome, - Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, - Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, - Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, - Year = {2010} -} - - -"The PStack Home page" -@misc{PStackHome, - Author = {Sean Halle}, - Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, - Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, - Year = {2012} -} - - -"Deblocking code in SVN" -@misc{DeblockingCode, - Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, - Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} -} - - - -"Sample code on BLIS site" -@misc{SampleBLISCode, - Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, - Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} -} - -"Framework Technical Report" -@misc{FrameworkTechRep, - Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, - Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, - Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} -} - -"Map reduce" -@misc{MapReduceHome, - Author = {Google Corp.}, - Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, - Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, -} - - -"TBB Thread Building Blocks" -@misc{TBBHome, - Author = {Intel Corp.}, - Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, - Title = {{TBB} Home page}, -} - - -"HPF Wikipedia entry" -@misc{HPFWikipedia, - Author = {Wikipedia}, - Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, - Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, -} - - -"OpenMP Home page" -@misc{OpenMPHome, - Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, - Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, - Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} -} - - - -"Open MPI Home page" -@misc{MPIHome, - Author = {open-mpi organization}, - Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, - Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} -} - -"OpenCL Home page" -@misc{OpenCLHome, - Author = {Kronos Group}, - Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, - Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} -} - - -"CILK Hompe page" -@misc{CILKHome, - Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, - Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, - Title = {{CILK} homepage}, -} - -@InProceedings{Fri98, - author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, - title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, - booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, - pages = {212--223}, - year = 1998, - address = {Montreal, Quebec}, - month = jun -} - - -"Titanium Hompe page" -@misc{TitaniumHome, - Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, - Title = {{Titanium} homepage} -} - - -"CnC in HotPar" -@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, - author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {March}, - title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, - year = {2009} -} - - -"CnC Hompe page" -@misc{CnCHome, - Author = {Intel Corp.}, - Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, - Title = {{CnC} homepage}, -} - -"Spiral Home page" -@misc{SpiralHome, - Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, - Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, - Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, -} - - -"Scala Hompe page" -@misc{ScalaHome, - Author = {Scala organization}, - Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, - Title = {{Scala} homepage}, -} - - - - -"UPC Hompe page" -@misc{UPCHome, - Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, - Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, - Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, -} - - -"Suif Hompe page" -@misc{SuifHome, - Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, - Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, -} - - - -"SEJITS" -@article{SEJITS, - author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, - title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, - journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, - year = {2009} -} - - -"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" -@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, - author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, - title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, - booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, - year = {2009}, - pages = {404--418} - } - - -"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" -@article{NarayananGPUSched, - author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, - title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, - journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, - year = {2009}, - pages = {1-12}, -} - -"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" -@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, - author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, - title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, - booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, - year = {2008}, - pages = {225--234}, - } - -"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" -@inproceedings{Loulou08, - author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, - title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, - booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, - year = {2008}, - pages = {90--100}, - } - - -"Merge in HotPar" -@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, - author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {March}, - title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, - year = {2009} -} - - -"Galois system for irregular problems" -@inproceedings{GaloisRef, - author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, - title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, - booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, - year = {2007}, - pages = {211--222} -} - -"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" -@book{Allen2002, - author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, - title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, - year = {2002}, - publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} - } - - -"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" -@MISC{Stephens95, - author = {R. Stephens}, - title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, - year = {1995} -} - - -"Capsule" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, - author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, - title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, - booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, - year = {2006}, - pages = {247--258} -} - -"Sequioa" -@inproceedings{Sequioa06, - author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, - title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, - booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, - year = {2006}, - pages = {83} - } - - - - -"Cole meta skeletons book" -@Book{Cole89, - author = {M Cole}, - title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, - publisher = {Pitman}, - year = {1989} -} - - -"Meta programming skeletons example" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, - author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, - title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, - booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, - year = {1998}, - pages = {468--471} -} - - -"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" -@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, - author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, - title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, - booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, - year = {2008}, - pages = {154--163} - } - - -"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" -@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, - author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, - title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, - booktitle = {}, - year = {1993}, - pages = {146--160}, - publisher = {Springer-Verlag} -} - - -"View from Berkeley paper" -@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, - title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, - author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, - journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, - volume={18}, - number={2006-183}, - pages={19}, - year={2006}, -} - - - - -"Berkeley Pattern Language" -@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, - Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, - Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} -} - - -"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" -@book{Mattson04Patterns, - title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, - author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, - year={2004}, - publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} -} - - -"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" -@article{Skillicorn98, - title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, - author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, - journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, - volume={30}, - number={2}, - pages={123--169}, - year={1998} -} - - - -"NESL language" -@conference{Blelloch93NESL, - title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, - author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, - booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, - pages={102--111}, - year={1993}, - organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} -} - - -"Sisal" -@article{McgrawSisal, - title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, - author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, - journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, - volume={1} -} - - -"Linda" -@article{Gelernter85Linda, - title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, - author={Gelernter, D.}, - journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, - volume={7}, - number={1}, - pages={80--112}, - year={1985} -} - - -"ZPL" -@article{Lin94ZPL, - title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, - author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, - journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, - volume={768}, - pages={96--114}, - year={1994} -} - - - - -// Visual programming -@article - { baecker97, - author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, - title = {Software visualization for debugging}, - journal = {Communications of the ACM}, - volume = {40}, - number = {4}, - year = {1997}, - issn = {0001-0782}, - pages = {44--54}, - publisher = {ACM Press} - } - - -// Visual programming -@article - { ball96, - author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, - title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, - journal ={IEEE Computer}, - volume = {29}, - number = {4}, - year = {1996}, - month = {apr}, - pages = {33--43} - } - - -// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine -@book - {berry89, - title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, - author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, - year={1989}, - publisher={ACM Press} -} - - -// Cilk reference -@article - {blumofe95, - author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, - title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, - journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, - volume = {30}, - number = {8}, - year = {1995}, - pages = {207--216} - } - - -// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. -// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness -@article - {burch90, - title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, - author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, - journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, - pages={428--439}, - year={1990} -} - -@article - {chamberlain98, -author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, -title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, -journal = {hips}, -volume = {00}, -year = {1998}, -isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, -pages = {50} -} - - - -// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 -@article{church41, - author={A. Church}, - title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, - journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, - number={6}, - year={1941}, - publisher={Princeton University} -} - - -@misc - { CodeTimeSite, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - - -@misc - { CodeTimePlatform, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeVS, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeOS, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeSem, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh1, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeTh2, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeRT, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeWebSite - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} - } - - -@misc - { CodeTimeBaCTiL, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} - } - -@misc - { CodeTimeCert, - author = {Sean Halle}, - key = {CodeTime}, - title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} - } - - -// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS -@inproceedings{ducournau94, - author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, - title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, - booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, - year = {1994}, - pages = {164--175}, - publisher = {ACM Press} -} - - -// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, -// so cited as foundation a lot -@article{emerson91, - title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, - author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, - journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, - pages={368--377}, - year={1991} -} - - -// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as -@article{fortune78, - title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, - author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, - journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, - pages={114--118}, - year={1978}, - publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} -} - - - -// Smalltalk reference -@book{goldberg83, - title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, - author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, - year={1983}, - publisher={Addison-Wesley} -} - - -// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently -@inproceedings{goldschlager78, - author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, - title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, - booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, - year = {1978}, - pages = {89--94}, - location = {San Diego, California, United States}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, -} - - -// Java spec -@book - { gosling96, - author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, - title = {The Java Language Specification}, - publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, - year = {1996} - } - - -// Survey of prototyping parallel apps -@article{hasselbring00, - author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, - title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {32}, - number = {1}, - year = {2000}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {43--79}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA}, - } - - -// Original CSP paper -@article{hoare78, - author={C. A. R. Hoare}, - title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, - journal={Communications of the ACM}, - year={1978}, - volume={21}, - number={8}, - pages={666-677} -} - - -// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. -// This paper does a beautiful job.. -@article{huth, - title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, - author={Huth, M.}, - journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, - pages={369--380}, - publisher={Springer-Verlag} -} - - -// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow -@article - { johnston04, - author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, - title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {36}, - number = {1}, - year = {2004}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {1--34}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA} - } - - -@book - { koelbel93, - author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, - title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, - year = {1993}, - publisher = {MIT Press} - } - - -// mu calculus paper with 430 citations -@article{kozen83, - title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, - author={Kozen, D.}, - journal={TCS}, - volume={27}, - pages={333--354}, - year={1983} -} - - -// original kripke structure paper -@article{kripke63, - title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, - author={Kripke, S.}, - journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, - volume={9}, - pages={67--96}, - year={1963} -} - - -@book - { mcGraw85, - author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, - title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, - note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, - publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, - year = {1985} - } - - -// Milner's own citation to development of CCS -@book{milner80, - title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, - author={Milner, R.}, - year={1980}, - publisher={Springer-Verlag} -} - - -// Milner's own pi-calculus reference -@article{milner92, - title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, - author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, - journal={Information and Computation}, - volume={100}, - number={1}, - pages={1--40 and 41--77}, - year={1992}, - publisher={Academic Press} -} - - -// more recent Pi calculus reference -@book - { milner99, - author = {Robin Milner}, - title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = {1999} - } - - -// MPI reference -@book - { MPIForum94, - author = {M. P. I. Forum}, - title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, - year = {1994} - } - - -// Petri nets original citation -@article{petri62, - title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, - author={Petri, C.A.}, - journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, - volume={62}, - pages={386--390}, - year={1962} -} - - -// Pierce Type system book -@book{pierce02, - title={Types and Programming Languages}, - author={Pierce, B. C.}, - year={2002}, - publisher={MIT Press} -} - - -// Survey of Visual programming -@Article - { price, - author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, - title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, - journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, - volume = {4}, - number = {3}, - pages = {211--266} - } - - - -@misc - { pythonWebSite, - key = {Python}, - title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} - } - - -// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing -@unpublished - { reed03, - editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, - title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, - day = {16--18}, - month = {jun}, - year = {2003}, - note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} - } - - -// Parallel Pascal -@Article - { reeves84, - author = {A. P. Reeves}, - title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, - journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, - volume = {1}, - number = {}, - year = {1984}, - month = {aug}, - pages = {64--80} - } - - -// Survey of parallel langs and models -@article{skillicorn98, - author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, - title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = {30}, - number = {2}, - year = {1998}, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {123--169}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA}, - } - - -// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues -@article{stefik86, - title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, - author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, - journal={The AI Magazine}, - volume={6}, - number={4}, - year={1986} -} - - -// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset -// of temporal logics -@book{stirling92, - title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, - author={Stirling, C.}, - year={1992}, - publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} -} - - -// Titanium website -@misc - { TitaniumWebSite, - author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, - title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} - } - - -// website with scans of original work by Turing -@misc{turing38, - author={A. Turing}, - note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and -http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and -http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, - year={1938} -} - - -// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas -@book{vonNeumann45, - title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, - author={J. von Neumann}, - year={1945}, - publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} -} - - -// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics -@book{winskel93, - title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, - author={Winskel, G.}, - year={1993}, - publisher={MIT Press} -} - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/plain.bst --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/plain.bst Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1098 +0,0 @@ -% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' - % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. - % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved. - % Copying of this file is authorized only if either - % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or - % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than - % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst. - % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical. - % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style. - -ENTRY - { address - author - booktitle - chapter - edition - editor - howpublished - institution - journal - key - month - note - number - organization - pages - publisher - school - series - title - type - volume - year - } - {} - { label } - -INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } - -FUNCTION {init.state.consts} -{ #0 'before.all := - #1 'mid.sentence := - #2 'after.sentence := - #3 'after.block := -} - -STRINGS { s t } - -FUNCTION {output.nonnull} -{ 's := - output.state mid.sentence = - { ", " * write$ } - { output.state after.block = - { add.period$ write$ - newline$ - "\newblock " write$ - } - { output.state before.all = - 'write$ - { add.period$ " " * write$ } - if$ - } - if$ - mid.sentence 'output.state := - } - if$ - s -} - -FUNCTION {output} -{ duplicate$ empty$ - 'pop$ - 'output.nonnull - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {output.check} -{ 't := - duplicate$ empty$ - { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } - 'output.nonnull - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {output.bibitem} -{ newline$ - "\bibitem{" write$ - cite$ write$ - "}" write$ - newline$ - "" - before.all 'output.state := -} - -FUNCTION {fin.entry} -{ add.period$ - write$ - newline$ -} - -FUNCTION {new.block} -{ output.state before.all = - 'skip$ - { after.block 'output.state := } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {new.sentence} -{ output.state after.block = - 'skip$ - { output.state before.all = - 'skip$ - { after.sentence 'output.state := } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {not} -{ { #0 } - { #1 } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {and} -{ 'skip$ - { pop$ #0 } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {or} -{ { pop$ #1 } - 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} - while$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.authors} -{ author empty$ - { "" } - { author format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.editors} -{ editor empty$ - { "" } - { editor format.names - editor num.names$ #1 > - { ", editors" * } - { ", editor" * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.title} -{ title empty$ - { "" } - { title "t" change.case$ } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {n.dashify} -{ 't := - "" - { t empty$ not } - { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = - { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not - { "--" * - t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := - } - { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } - { "-" * - t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := - } - while$ - } - if$ - } - { t #1 #1 substring$ * - t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := - } - if$ - } - while$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.date} -{ year empty$ - { month empty$ - { "" } - { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ - month - } - if$ - } - { month empty$ - 'year - { month " " * year * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.btitle} -{ title emphasize -} - -FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} -{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < - { "~" } - { " " } - if$ - swap$ * * -} - -FUNCTION {either.or.check} -{ empty$ - 'pop$ - { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.bvolume} -{ volume empty$ - { "" } - { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect - series empty$ - 'skip$ - { " of " * series emphasize * } - if$ - "volume and number" number either.or.check - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.number.series} -{ volume empty$ - { number empty$ - { series field.or.null } - { output.state mid.sentence = - { "number" } - { "Number" } - if$ - number tie.or.space.connect - series empty$ - { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } - { " in " * series * } - if$ - } - if$ - } - { "" } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.edition} -{ edition empty$ - { "" } - { output.state mid.sentence = - { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * } - { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -INTEGERS { multiresult } - -FUNCTION {multi.page.check} -{ 't := - #0 'multiresult := - { multiresult not - t empty$ not - and - } - { t #1 #1 substring$ - duplicate$ "-" = - swap$ duplicate$ "," = - swap$ "+" = - or or - { #1 'multiresult := } - { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } - if$ - } - while$ - multiresult -} - -FUNCTION {format.pages} -{ pages empty$ - { "" } - { pages multi.page.check - { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } - { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} -{ volume field.or.null - number empty$ - 'skip$ - { "(" number * ")" * * - volume empty$ - { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - if$ - pages empty$ - 'skip$ - { duplicate$ empty$ - { pop$ format.pages } - { ":" * pages n.dashify * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} -{ chapter empty$ - 'format.pages - { type empty$ - { "chapter" } - { type "l" change.case$ } - if$ - chapter tie.or.space.connect - pages empty$ - 'skip$ - { ", " * format.pages * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} -{ booktitle empty$ - { "" } - { editor empty$ - { "In " booktitle emphasize * } - { "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} -{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ - month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ - and and and and and - key empty$ not and - { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ } - 'skip$ - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} -{ type empty$ - 'skip$ - { pop$ - type "t" change.case$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.tr.number} -{ type empty$ - { "Technical Report" } - 'type - if$ - number empty$ - { "t" change.case$ } - { number tie.or.space.connect } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} -{ key empty$ - { journal empty$ - { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * - warning$ - "" - } - { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * } - if$ - } - { "In " key * } - if$ - " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * -} - -FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} -{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ - editor num.names$ duplicate$ - #2 > - { pop$ " et~al." * } - { #2 < - 'skip$ - { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = - { " et~al." * } - { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } - if$ - } - if$ - } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} -{ volume empty$ - { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ - "In " - } - { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect - " of " * - } - if$ - editor empty$ - editor field.or.null author field.or.null = - or - { key empty$ - { series empty$ - { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * - crossref * warning$ - "" * - } - { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * } - if$ - } - { key * } - if$ - } - { format.crossref.editor * } - if$ - " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * -} - -FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} -{ editor empty$ - editor field.or.null author field.or.null = - or - { key empty$ - { booktitle empty$ - { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * - crossref * warning$ - "" - } - { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } - if$ - } - { "In " key * } - if$ - } - { "In " format.crossref.editor * } - if$ - " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * -} - -FUNCTION {article} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { journal emphasize "journal" output.check - format.vol.num.pages output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { format.article.crossref output.nonnull - format.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {book} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } - { format.authors output.nonnull - crossref missing$ - { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - crossref missing$ - { format.bvolume output - new.block - format.number.series output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - } - { new.block - format.book.crossref output.nonnull - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {booklet} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors output - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - howpublished address new.block.checkb - howpublished output - address output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {inbook} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } - { format.authors output.nonnull - crossref missing$ - { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - crossref missing$ - { format.bvolume output - format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check - new.block - format.number.series output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - } - { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check - new.block - format.book.crossref output.nonnull - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {incollection} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - format.chapter.pages output - new.sentence - publisher "publisher" output.check - address output - format.edition output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull - format.chapter.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {inproceedings} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - crossref missing$ - { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - format.pages output - address empty$ - { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb - organization output - publisher output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { address output.nonnull - format.date "year" output.check - new.sentence - organization output - publisher output - } - if$ - } - { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull - format.pages output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } - -FUNCTION {manual} -{ output.bibitem - author empty$ - { organization empty$ - 'skip$ - { organization output.nonnull - address output - } - if$ - } - { format.authors output.nonnull } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - author empty$ - { organization empty$ - { address new.block.checka - address output - } - 'skip$ - if$ - } - { organization address new.block.checkb - organization output - address output - } - if$ - format.edition output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {mastersthesis} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull - school "school" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {misc} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors output - title howpublished new.block.checkb - format.title output - howpublished new.block.checka - howpublished output - format.date output - new.block - note output - fin.entry - empty.misc.check -} - -FUNCTION {phdthesis} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - new.block - "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull - school "school" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {proceedings} -{ output.bibitem - editor empty$ - { organization output } - { format.editors output.nonnull } - if$ - new.block - format.btitle "title" output.check - format.bvolume output - format.number.series output - address empty$ - { editor empty$ - { publisher new.sentence.checka } - { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb - organization output - } - if$ - publisher output - format.date "year" output.check - } - { address output.nonnull - format.date "year" output.check - new.sentence - editor empty$ - 'skip$ - { organization output } - if$ - publisher output - } - if$ - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {techreport} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - format.tr.number output.nonnull - institution "institution" output.check - address output - format.date "year" output.check - new.block - note output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {unpublished} -{ output.bibitem - format.authors "author" output.check - new.block - format.title "title" output.check - new.block - note "note" output.check - format.date output - fin.entry -} - -FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } - -MACRO {jan} {"January"} - -MACRO {feb} {"February"} - -MACRO {mar} {"March"} - -MACRO {apr} {"April"} - -MACRO {may} {"May"} - -MACRO {jun} {"June"} - -MACRO {jul} {"July"} - -MACRO {aug} {"August"} - -MACRO {sep} {"September"} - -MACRO {oct} {"October"} - -MACRO {nov} {"November"} - -MACRO {dec} {"December"} - -MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} - -MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} - -MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} - -MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} - -MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} - -MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} - -MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} - -MACRO {ieeetcad} - {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} - -MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} - -MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} - -MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} - -MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} - -MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} - -MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} - -MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} - -MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} - -MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} - -MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} - -MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} - -MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} - -READ - -FUNCTION {sortify} -{ purify$ - "l" change.case$ -} - -INTEGERS { len } - -FUNCTION {chop.word} -{ 's := - 'len := - s #1 len substring$ = - { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } - 's - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {sort.format.names} -{ 's := - #1 'nameptr := - "" - s num.names$ 'numnames := - numnames 'namesleft := - { namesleft #0 > } - { nameptr #1 > - { " " * } - 'skip$ - if$ - s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := - nameptr numnames = t "others" = and - { "et al" * } - { t sortify * } - if$ - nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := - namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := - } - while$ -} - -FUNCTION {sort.format.title} -{ 't := - "A " #2 - "An " #3 - "The " #4 t chop.word - chop.word - chop.word - sortify - #1 global.max$ substring$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.sort} -{ author empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} -{ author empty$ - { editor empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { editor sort.format.names } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} -{ author empty$ - { organization empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } - if$ - } - { author sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} -{ editor empty$ - { organization empty$ - { key empty$ - { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ - "" - } - { key sortify } - if$ - } - { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } - if$ - } - { editor sort.format.names } - if$ -} - -FUNCTION {presort} -{ type$ "book" = - type$ "inbook" = - or - 'author.editor.sort - { type$ "proceedings" = - 'editor.organization.sort - { type$ "manual" = - 'author.organization.sort - 'author.sort - if$ - } - if$ - } - if$ - " " - * - year field.or.null sortify - * - " " - * - title field.or.null - sort.format.title - * - #1 entry.max$ substring$ - 'sort.key$ := -} - -ITERATE {presort} - -SORT - -STRINGS { longest.label } - -INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } - -FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} -{ "" 'longest.label := - #1 'number.label := - #0 'longest.label.width := -} - -FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} -{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := - number.label #1 + 'number.label := - label width$ longest.label.width > - { label 'longest.label := - label width$ 'longest.label.width := - } - 'skip$ - if$ -} - -EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} - -ITERATE {longest.label.pass} - -FUNCTION {begin.bib} -{ preamble$ empty$ - 'skip$ - { preamble$ write$ newline$ } - if$ - "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ -} - -EXECUTE {begin.bib} - -EXECUTE {init.state.consts} - -ITERATE {call.type$} - -FUNCTION {end.bib} -{ newline$ - "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ -} - -EXECUTE {end.bib} - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/url.sty --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/url.sty Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,325 +0,0 @@ -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca -% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. -% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms -% of the LaTeX Project Public License. -% -% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or -% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually -% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email -% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally -% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, -% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% See further instructions after "\endinput" -% -\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% - \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually -} -\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% - \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do - \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do - \ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% -} -\def\url@ttstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo -} -\def\url@rmstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@sfstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else - \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} - -\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} -\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} - -\def\Url{% - \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup - \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi - \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font - \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes - \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces - \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip - \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi - \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special - \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open - \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active - \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures - \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} - -\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 - \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} -\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook - \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} -\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} -\let\UrlRight\@empty -\let\UrlLeft\@empty - -\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} -\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} -\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 - \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% - \mathcode`#132768 \fi} - -\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup - \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} -\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \def#1{#2{#3}}} -\else - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} -\fi - -\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} - -% Sample (and default) configuration: -% -\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% -% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: -\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} -% -% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} - -% Process LaTeX \package options -% -\urlstyle{tt} -\let\Url@sppen\@M -\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens - -\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ - \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space - Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] - \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens - \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later - \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} - \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} - \ProcessOptions -\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared - \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft - \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} - \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} - \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} -\fi -} - -\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} -\expandafter\edef\url@moving - {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined - -\endinput -% -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca -% -% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, -% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be -% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for -% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may -% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be -% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, -% and a "\path" command is provided this way. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very -% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. -% -% Package Option: obeyspaces -% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" -% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url -% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. -% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", -% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for -% anything with "\". -% -% Package Option: hyphens -% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this -% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) -% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen -% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. -% -% Package Option: spaces -% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the -% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" -% will allow breaks at those spaces. -% -% Package Option: T1 -% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain -% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This -% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". -% -% Defining a defined-url: -% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could -% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the -% percent sign. This address can be predefined with -% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or -% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| -% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" -% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a -% defined-url is robust. -% -% Style: -% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" -% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", -% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- -% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the -% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts -% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" -% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. -% -% Alternate commands: -% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each -% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be -% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like -% commands as follows: -% -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} -% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is -% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the -% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look -% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with -% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. -% -% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual -% "\urldef" command as in this example: -% -% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} -% -% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", -% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command -% would then be robust. -% -% Defining styles: -% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to -% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although -% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required -% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. -% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for -% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. -% -% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you -% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. -% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' -% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines -% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and -% "\UrlFont". -% -% Changing font: -% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" -% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX -% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". -% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined -% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the -% standard input characters. -% -% Changing linebreaks: -% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" -% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". -% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have -% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' -% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, -% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at -% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break -% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no -% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case -% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- -% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" -% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why -% colons are `BigBreaks'. -% -% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following -% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". -% -% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them -% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) -% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font -% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those -% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which -% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing -% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each -% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include -% other definitions too. -% -% -% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need -% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for -% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can -% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". -% -% Yet more flexibility: -% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or -% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define -% -% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% -% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. -% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not -% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. -% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the -% format of the definition is special: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } -% -% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For -% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} -% -% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for -% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need -% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure -% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like -% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. -% -% Revision History: -% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: -% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. -% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: -% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". -% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: -% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. -% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 -% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error -% The End - -Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 -:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,363 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null -% \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% -% \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold -% \vskip 2ex% - {\large -% \lineskip .5ex% -% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% -% \@author -% \end{tabular}\par - }% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 0.5ex - \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 0.5ex - \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par -% \vskip 2ex -} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,357 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null - \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% - \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold - \vskip 2ex% - {\large - \lineskip .5ex% - \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% - \@author - \end{tabular}\par}% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par - \vskip 2ex} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. 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Can't find image\n) print flush -%%EndDocument diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/PRT__intro_plus_eco_syst_and_contrast.tex --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/PRT__intro_plus_eco_syst_and_contrast.tex Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,2644 +0,0 @@ -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -% -% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class -% -% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex -% -% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class -% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. -% -% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," -% sigplanconf-guide.pdf -% -% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos -% Windfall Software -% 978 371-2316 -% paul@windfall.com -% -% Created: 15 February 2005 -% -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} - -% The following \documentclass options may be useful: -% -% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. -% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. -% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. -\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} - - -% correct bad hyphenation here -\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} - -\usepackage{wasysym} -\usepackage{amstext} - -\begin{document} - -\bibliographystyle{plain} -% - -\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} -\copyrightyear{2005} -\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} - -\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless -\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. - - -\title{ The Proto-Runtime Infrastructure for Fast, Modular -Implementation of High Performance Parallel Runtime -Systems} - - -\authorinfo{Sean Halle} - {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, - and TU Berlin} - {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} -\authorinfo{Merten Sach} - {TU Berlin} - {msach@mailbox.tu-berlin.de} -\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} - {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} - {albert.cohen@inria.fr} - -\maketitle - - -\begin{abstract} - - - -The proto-runtime approach has been used to implement -the runtime behavior of several parallel languages, including Reo[], PRDSL[], and HWSim[]. As detailed -in other papers, each language's -runtime system is high performance on multiple hardware platforms, including multi-core, NUMA, Adapteva, and -Kalray. The proto-runtime infrastructure made the implementations -fast, and the porting nearly effortless, while adding debugging -and performance monitoring features to the languages. In general, the proto-runtime approach provides advantages -for fast implementation of the runtime system, portability of the runtime -code across hardware, and adds elusive debugging facilities. -Despite the successes, no publications covering the approach -have yet been accepted to a conference or journal. Here we address this shortcoming by describing the -theory of the approach and the core architecture of its implementation, which is roughly the same on all -hardware platforms. - - -? - -Why no pthreads -- those are portable, so is RPC - -Why not CAS custom -- that's high performance - -Why not MPI -- that's high performance and portable - -What extra does it buy, using PRT? - -Who is going to use it? - -? - -The proto-runtime abstraction has the potential to replace the Thread -abstraction, along with its primitives such as -semaphores, locks, critical sections, atomic -instructions like CAS and similar low-level building blocks, -as the basis upon which the runtime systems for parallel -languages and -operating systems are built. The proto-runtime abstraction - better balances many competing -factors, to provide value in the big picture. It has -better direct hardware implementations, while its extensible -approach - places complex parallel language constructs on the -same intimate hardware level as the current OS kernel's implementation of Thread constructs. It simultaneously makes those -complex language constructs easier to implement than -they are when using Thread constructs or atomic hardware instructions. -It additionally improves the portability of parallel -application code and the portability of the parallel -language runtime system implementations. Further, the -proto-runtime abstraction makes key services for debugging, -verification, and similar language features become conveniently -available to language implementers. This balance and -its portability -benefits make it suitable as the basis for an eco system -that addresses the write once run high performance -anywhere goal [Hotpar paper]. - -? - - - -Thinking purely locally, in any given case, the number -of factors of interest can be reduced to the point -that any one competing approach can look superior. - However, in the larger picture, with all the -factors included, proto-runtime is the only approach -that is strong in every -aspect. It is the only approach that balances all aspects -critical to an industry wide infrastructure that future-proofs -existing -software, making it high performance on future architectures, -while making the introduction of new architectures -quick and low effort, providing a ready base of applications. ? - -? - -Domain Specific Languages that are embedded into a base language have promise to provide productivity, performant-portability and wide adoption for parallel programming. However such languages have too few users to support the large effort required to create them and port them across hardware platforms, resulting in low adoption of the method. -As one step to ameliorate this, we apply the proto-runtime approach, which reduces the effort to create and port the runtime systems of parallel languages. It modularizes the creation of runtime systems and the parallelism constructs they implement, by providing an interface -that separates the language-construct and scheduling logic away from the low-level runtime details, including concurrency, memory consistency, and runtime-performance aspects. -As a result, new parallel constructs are written using sequential reasoning, multiple languages can be mixed within -the same program, and reusable services such as performance -tuning and debugging -support are available. In addition, scheduling of work onto hardware is under language and application control, without interference from an underlying thread package scheduler. This enables higher quality scheduling decisions for higher application performance. -We present measurements of the time taken to develop runtimes for new languages, as well as time to re-implement for existing ones, which average a few days each. In addition, we measure performance of implementations -based on proto-runtime, going head-to-head with the standard distributions of Cilk, StarSs (OMPSs), and posix threads, showing that the proto-runtime matches or outperforms on large servers in all cases. - -? - - -replace lang-specific with interface, centralize services, minimize effort to create, give language control over hardware assignment.. side benefits: multi-lang, perf-tuning, debugging\end{abstract} - - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background and Motivation} -\label{sec:intro} - -[Note to reviewers: this paper's style and structure follow the official PPoPP guide to writing style, which is linked to the PPoPP website. We are taking on faith that the approach has been communicated effectively to reviewers and that we won't be penalized for following it's recommended structure and approach.] - -As hardware becomes increasingly parallel, programming must also -become parallel. However, the transition from sequential to parallel programming has been slow due to the difficulty of the traditional parallel programming methods. - -The main difficulties with parallel programming are: 1) difficult mental model, which reduces productivity, 2) additional effort to rewrite the code for each hardware target to get acceptable performance and 3) disruption to existing practices, including steep learning curve, changes to the tools used, and changes in work practices. - -Many believe that these can be overcome with the use of embedded style parallel Domain-Specific Languages (epDSLs) []. epDSL language -constructs match the mental model of the domain, while -they internally imply parallelism. For example, a simulation -epDSL called HWSim[] has only 10 constructs, which match -the actions taken during a simulation -of interacting objects. They are mixed into sequential C code and take -only a couple of hours to learn. Yet they encapsulate subtle -and complex dependencies that relate simulated time -to the physical time in the machine. They encapsulate the parallelism -present, while simultaneously making the implementation -simpler to think about than a purely sequential implementation. - - - - Despite this, the adoption of such languages has been slow, we believe due to the cost to create them and to port them across hardware targets. The small number of users of each language, which is specific to a narrow domain, makes this cost impractical. - -We propose that a method that makes epDSLs lower cost to produce as well as to port across hardware targets will allow them to fulfill their promise. We show -how to apply the proto-runtime approach to help towards this goal. - -In this approach, a language's runtime system is built -as a plugin that is connected to a pre-existing proto-runtime instance installed on given hardware. Together, the plugin -plus proto-runtime instance form the runtime system -of the language. The proto-runtime instance itself acts as the infrastructure of a runtime system, and -encapsulates most of the hardware-specific details, -while providing a number of services for use by the -plugged in language module. - -A proto-runtime instance is essentially a full runtime, but with two key pieces replaced by an interface. One piece replaced is the logic of language constructs, and the other is logic for choosing which core to assign work onto. The proto-runtime instance then supplies -the rest of the runtime system. - -The decomposition, into a proto-runtime plus plugged-in language behaviors, modularizes the construction of runtimes. The proto-runtime is one module, which embodies runtime internals, which are hardware oriented and independent of language. The plugged-in portions form the two other modules, which are language specific. The interface between them occurs at a natural boundary, which separates the hardware oriented portion of a runtime from the language oriented portion. - -We claim the following benefits of the proto-runtime approach, each of which is supported in the indicated section of the paper: - -\begin{itemize} - -\item The proto-runtime approach modularizes the runtime (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - -%\item The modularization is consistent with patterns that appear to be fundamental to parallel computation and runtimes (\S\ ). - -\item The modularization cleanly separates hardware -related runtime internals from the language-specific logic (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, -\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - -\item The modularization gives the language control -over timing and placement of executing work (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}). - - -\item - -The modularization selectively exposes hardware aspects relevant to placement of work. If the language takes advantage of this, it can result in reduced communication between cores and increased application performance (\S\ ). - -\begin{itemize} - -\item Similar control over hardware is not possible when the language is built on top of a package like Posix threads or TBB, which has its own work-to-hardware assignment (\S\ref{sec:Related}). - -\end{itemize} - - -\item The modularization results in reduced time to implement a new language's behavior, and in reduced time to port a language to new hardware (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}, -\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas}). - -\begin{itemize} - - -\item Part of the time reduction is due to the proto-runtime providing common services for all languages to (re)use. Such services include debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, dynamic performance measurements for use in assignment and auto-tuning, and so on (\S\ ). - -\item Part is due to hiding the low -level hardware aspects inside the proto-runtime module, -independent from language (\S \ref{sec:intro}). - -\item Part is due to reuse of the effort of performance-tuning the runtime internals (\S ). - -\item Part is due to using sequential thinking when implementing the language logic, enabled by the proto-runtime protecting shared internal runtime state and exporting an interface that presents a sequential model (\S\ref{subsec:Example}). - - -\end{itemize} - -\item Modularization with similar benefits does not appear possible when using a package such as Posix threads or TBB, unless the package itself is modified and then used according to the proto-runtime pattern (\S\ref{sec:Related}). - - -\item The proto-runtime approach appears to future-proof language -runtime -construction, because the patterns underlying proto-runtime appear to be fundamental (\S\ref{subsec:TiePoints}, -\S\ref{subsec:Example}), and so should hold for future architectures. Plugins are reused on those, although performance related updates to the -plugins may be desired. - -\end{itemize} - -The paper is organized as follows: We first expand on the value of embedded style parallel DSLs (epDSLs), and where the effort goes when creating one (\S\ref{subsec:eDSLEffort}). We focus on the role that runtime implementation effort plays in the adoption of epDSLs, which motivates the value of the savings provided by the proto-runtime approach. We then move on to the details of the proto-runtime approach (\S\ref{sec:Proposal}), and tie them to how a runtime is modularized (\S\ref{subsec:Modules}), covering how each claimed benefit is provided. -We then show overhead measurements (\S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas}) and implementation time measurements (\S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} ), which indicate that the proto-runtime approach is performance competitive while significantly reducing implementation and porting effort. -With that understanding in hand, we then discuss how the approach compares to related work (\S\ref{sec:Related}), and finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the research (\S\ref{sec:Conclusion}). - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Background: The epDSL Hypothesis} - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -%[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -%[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -%[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - -Domain Specific Languages have been around for a while [], and recently have been suggested as a good approach for parallel programming[][stanford PPL]. - -In essence, a DSL, or just Domain Language, captures patterns that are common in a particular domain of expertise, such as user interfaces, simulations of physical systems, bio-informatics, and so on. Each domain has a particular set of mental models, common types of computation, and common kinds of data structures. A DSL captures these common elements in custom syntax. - - -The custom syntax can capture parallelism information while simultaneously being natural to think about. In practice, multiple aspects of domains provide opportunities for parallelism. For example, the custom data structures seen by the coder can be internally implemented with distributed algorithms; common operations in the domain can be internally implemented with parallel algorithms; and, the domain constructs often imply dependencies. All of these are gained without the programmer being aware of this implied parallelism; they just follow simple language usage rules. - - - -\subsection{Embedding a DSL into a base language} - -A style of domain language, which we feel has good adoption potential, is the so-called \textit{embedded} style of DSL (eDSL) [] [metaborg][stanford ppl]. In this variation, a program is written in a mix of a base sequential language plus domain language constructs. The syntax of the two is intermixed. A preprocessing step then translates the domain syntax into the base syntax, and includes calls to the domain language's runtime. - - -For example, use C (or Java) as the base language for an application, then mix-in custom syntax from a user-interface eDSL. To test the code, the developer modifies the build process to first perform the translation step, then pass the resulting source through the normal compiler. The resulting executable contains calls to a runtime library that becomes linked, at run time, to an implementation that has been tuned to the hardware. - -As with HWSim, the number of such embedded -constructs tends to be low, easy to learn, and significantly -reduce the complexity of the code written. All while -implicitly specifying parallelism. - -Additionally, parallel versions, or epDSLs have more than just a syntactic advantage over libraries. The language has a toolchain that provides build-time optimization and can take advantage of relationships among distinct constructs within the code. The relationship information allows derivation of communication patterns that inform the choice of placement of work, which is critical to performance on parallel hardware. -\subsection{Low learning curve, high productivity, and portability} - eDSLs tend to have low learning curve because domain experts are already familiar with the concepts behind the language constructs, and there are relatively few constructs -for an embedded DSL. This is especially valuable for those who are \textit{not} expert programmers. Embedded style DSLs further reduce learning curve because they require no new development tools nor development procedures. Together, these address the goal of a low learning curve for switching to parallel software development. - -Productivity has been shown to be enhanced by a well designed DSL, with studies measuring -10x reduction in development time [][][]. Factors -behind this include simplifying the application code, modularizing it, and encapsulating performance aspects inside the language. Simplifying reduces the amount of code and the amount of mental effort. Modularizing separates concerns within the code and isolates aspects, which improves productivity. Encapsulating performance inside the DSL constructs removes them from the application programmer's concerns, which also improves productivity. - -Perhaps the most important productivity enhancement comes from hiding parallelism aspects inside the DSL constructs. The language takes advantage of the domain patterns to present a familiar mental model, and then attaches synchronization, work-division, and communication implications to those constructs, without the programmer having to be aware of them. Combining the simplicity, modularization, performance encapsulation, and parallelism hiding, with congruence with the mental model of the domain, together work towards the goal of high productivity. - -Portability is aided by the encapsulation of performance aspects inside the DSL constructs. The aspects that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language, so only the language implementation must adapt to new hardware. Although fully achieving such isolation isn't always possible, epDSLs hold promise for making significant strides towards it. - -\subsection{Low disruption and easy adoption} - -Using an epDSL tends to have low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - Constructs from the epDSL can be mixed into existing sequential code, incrementally replacing the high computation sections, while continuing with the same development practices. - - \subsection{ Few users means the effort of eDSLs must be low} \label{subsec:eDSLEffort} - -What appears to be holding epDSLs back from widespread -adoption is mainly the time, expertise, and cost to develop an epDSL. The effort to create a usable epDSL needs to be reduced to the point that it is viable for a user base of only a few hundred. - -The effort falls into three categories: - -\begin{enumerate} -\item effort to explore language design and create the epDSL syntax -\item effort to create the runtime that produces the epDSL behavior -\item effort to performance tune the epDSL on particular hardware -\end{itemize} - - -\subsection{The big picture} - -Across the industry as a whole, when epDSLs become successful, there may be thousands of epDSLs, that -each must be mapped onto hundreds of different hardware platforms. That multiplicative effect must be reduced in order to make the epDSL approach economically viable. - -The first category of eDSL effort is creating the front-end translation of custom syntax into the base language. This is a one-time effort that does not repeat when new hardware is added. - -The effort that has to be expended on each platform is the runtime implementation and toolchain optimizations. -Runtime implementation includes hardware-specific low-level tuning and modification of mapping of work onto cores. - -This is where leveraging the proto-runtime approach -pays off. Hardware platforms cluster into groups with similar performance-related features. Proto-runtime -presents a common abstraction for all hardware -platforms, but a portion of the interface supplies performance related -information specific to the hardware. This portion is specialized for each -cluster. Examples of clusters include: - -\begin{itemize} -\item single chip shared coherent memory -\item multi-chip shared coherent memory (NUMA) -\item coprocessor with independent address space (GPGPU) -\item a network among nodes of the above categories -(Distributed) \item a hierarchy of sub-networks -\end{itemize} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Our Proposal} \label{sec:Proposal} - -We propose addressing the runtime effort portion of creating -an epDSL by defining a modularization of runtimes, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}. The low-level hardware details are collected into one module, which presents a common interface, called the \textit{proto-runtime -instance}. The language supplies -the top two modules, which plug in via the interface. The hardware specific module (proto-runtime instance) presents the same interface -for all platforms, with a specialization for each category -of platform sharing similar performance related features. The proto-runtime module only has to be implement once for a given platform, and is then reused by all the languages. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 1.5in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of scheduling that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -Because of the modularization, a language has a much lower effort requirement, of implementing just for each category. - -The higher level of abstraction simplifies the task for the language implementer. -The language doesn't consider the low-level details of making the runtime itself run fast. It only has to consider the level of hardware feature that is exposed by the interface. - -One additional benefit is that the assignment module -gives control to the language, to choose when and where it wishes work to execute. -This simplifies implementation of language features related to scheduling behavior. -It also enables the language implementor to use sophisticated -methods for choosing placement of work, which can significantly impact -application performance. - -In this paper, we present work that applies to coherent -shared memory machines, both single chip and multiple chip. Extensions beyond this are currently in progress, to address multiple-address-space machines and hierarchical -heterogeneous collections of processors, which will appear in future papers. - -\subsection{Breakdown of the modules} \label{subsec:Modules} - -The language is broken into two parts, as seen in Fig. -\ref{fig:langBreakdown}. One is a thin wrapper library that -invokes the runtime and the other is a set of modules that are part of that invoked runtime. These are called -the \textit{language plugin} or just plugin. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.1in]{../figures/proto-runtime__modules_lang_breakdown.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the code of the language implementation - is broken into two pieces. The first is a thin wrapper - that invokes the runtime, the other is a dynamic - library that plugs into the runtime.} - \label{fig:langBreakdown} -\end{figure} - - - -Thus, a non-changing application executable is able to invoke hardware specific plugin code, which changes between machines. The plugin collects the two language modules into a dynamic library. The library is implemented, compiled, distributed and installed separately from applications. The application executable contains only symbols of plugin functions, and during the run those are dynamically linked to machine-specific implementations. - - -In order to provide such modularization, we rely upon a model for specifying synchronization constructs that we call the tie-point model. The low-level nature of a tie-point places them below the level of constructs, -even a simple mutex. Instead, a mutex is specified in terms -of the primitives in the tie-point model. In turn, -the tie-point primitives are implemented -by proto-runtime. - - This places all parallel constructs on the same level in the software stack, be they complex like the AND-OR parallelism of Prolog, or the wild-card matching -channels in coordination languages, or ultra-simple acquire and release mutex constructs. All are implemented in terms of the same tie-point primitives provided by the proto-runtime instance. - -We have reached a point in the paper, now, where the order of explanation can take one of two paths: either -start with the abstract model of tie-points and explain how this affects the modularization of the runtime, or start with implementation details and work upwards towards the abstract model of tie-points. We have chosen to start with the abstract tie-point model, but the reader is invited to skip to the section after it, which starts with code examples and ties code details to the abstract tie-point model. - - - -\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} - - -\subsection{timelines} -A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. - -For example, take a thread library, which we consider -a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops -making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. - -To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on -a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, -by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} - \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes - at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} - \label{fig:singleTimeline} -\end{figure} - - - Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but -it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. -The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact -of the release on one timeline has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes -the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} - \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' -points. -Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point -2 on timeline B. -It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that -establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} - \label{fig:dualTimeline} -\end{figure} - -Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about -how the release goes about causing the end of the block -on the acquire. It reveals -a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the -acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts -with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication -sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then -checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't -and leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline -B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication -to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline -A is waiting for the release and performs a special -control action that resumes timeline A, followed by -doing the control action again to resume timeline B. - It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire -gets linked to the release, tying the constructs together. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} - \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' -points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that -performs the behavior that ties the points together. -Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent -as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows -represent special control that causes resume of the -target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and -B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which -calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then -exercises control to make resume happen.} - \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} -\end{figure} - - - -We show in \S\ref{sec:FormalTiePoint} that the pattern -of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes -an ordering relationship between events before and -after the tied points. That implies a relation on -the visibility of events. - -Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between -the timelines. Operations that execute in -the first timeline before the tie-point are visible -in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies -the requirements -of a synchronization construct. - - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} - \caption{The -visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. Shows which - operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other -timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing -an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied -points. Both timelines agree on what events are before -versus after the tied point. } - \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} -\end{figure} - - -\subsection{Formal definition of tie-point} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} -In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs -can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting -there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization -construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point -and use it to show that a tie point -satisfies the conditions of any -such synchronization -construct. - -Our formalism defines timelines, communication between -timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. -We conclude by showing a few classical definitions -of synchronization and show that those definitions -are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. - -\subsubsection{} - -\begin{description} -\item[timeline:] -\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered -sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the -subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$, -and vice versa. - Any and all memory locations in a system are part - of, or local to, exactly one timeline. Only that -timeline can modify the locations (hence, side-effects require shared memory to have its own timeline that -is separate -from any timeline that code executes in). - -\item[event:] -\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} -\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event -that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, -which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a -send of a communication which pushes out contents from -the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication -which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, -a synchronization -construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way -as to establish a relation between events on this timeline -versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted -$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma -,t}$ where $s$ -and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position -on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes -the synchronization construct. -\item[communication:] -\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of -one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events -from different timelines, with the send -event ordered before the receive event(s), denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto -r_{n,\beta,t}$ where $n$ distinguishes the communication -set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the -timeline and $t$ denotes the timeline the event is on. A communication -orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. -However, the ordering is only between two points. In -particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline -2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on -timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position -of the ordering integer represents a wild -card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ -followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} -< s_{2,\_,2}$ - implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. - -\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not -seen by application code. It has an additional -kind of event available, which ends a synchronization -event on a different timeline. - We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, - standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position - on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the -event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application -visible timeline implies a send from that timeline -to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow -s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ - -\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more -synchronization points from different timelines which -are related by a particular pattern of communications. -As a result of the pattern, the set satisfies particular criteria. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events must converge on a common hidden timeline and that timeline must then emit a subsequent resume event for each of the suspended timelines, -as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. - -\end{description} - -We now show that from these definitions it follows: -[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. - -We take the event immediately preceding and the event -immediately following two synchronization events on -two timelines. The synchronization events begin with -a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. -The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to -a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, -and later in its sequence it has a receive for the -synchronization event from the second timeline. The -hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. - -From that, we get the following relations: - -Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. - -This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. - -\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} -Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing -a synchronization construct this way any different -from how they're currently implemented?" The answer -is that currently, synchronization constructs are -implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, -where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction -to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the -hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled -from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements -according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. - -What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that -has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. -For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, -the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the -instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive -access is the part that provides the ordering relations. -So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point -portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in -semantics portion associated with the tie point. - -In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply -say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization -construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather -has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must -create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization -can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed -for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization -construct. For example, any asynchronous communication -establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can -be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining -memory consistency models. - -The key here is the elements of the model within which -tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not -exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline -have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, -ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves -(or be suspended by a different timeline), -and be resumed by a different timeline. - -Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization -can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually -one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point -is derived, versus synchronization is given. - -True, the two are equally powerful. - -More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and -more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own -scheduler, have no control over where and when work -happens. - -It is different because it only directly provides half -the behavior, the time half. in the sense that - -The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point -is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement -synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can -implement other sync constructs.. - -But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs -nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed -memory things that sync constructs cannot. - -The sync constructs can be used together with shared -memory-based communication in order to make more complex -sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed -memory system to make distributed memory things. - -Unless use communication to implement shared memory -on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's -a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- -proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, -which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose -that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application -code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code -running in an application timeline.. so.. need to -get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" -timeline, versus function call.. - -What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from -equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want -that notion of animator in there.. and want to get -at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched -over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from -just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator -just by entering the code that implements the mutex? -Say, place that code in-line in the application code -everywhere it's used.. - -Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the -pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, -which is how the more-primitive operations are able -to construct the more powerful mutex. That might -be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. -show that things that have no time-related semantics, -only simple one-way communication, are able to construct -the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence -of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. - -In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from -must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern -within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all -you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, -in order to prove synchronization properties.. where -"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility -relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. -the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual -exclusion". - -This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that -those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence -the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, -that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical -section, cannot take actions -that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the -end of the critical section, need the same isolation. - - -Let's see.. the relation model said that something -with synchronization constraints can be created from -just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long -as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. - -What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as -the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what -a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter -how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. - -So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct -a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation -thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed -with a synchronization construct. - -I guess the question would be: if one starts with a -synchronization construct existing within a distributed -system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs -from that one.. - -For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive -thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? - -For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one -of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ -has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. -but being able to construct one from something that -is NOT one, whose individual components all have less -than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. -then it is a particular combination that brings the extra -time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. -It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings -that extra into existence that is of value. - -It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from -simpler pieces. - -So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" -synchronization construct property, construct something -that does have the synchronization property. That, -is building something more powerful from pieces that -are less powerful. - -The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot -be used by itself. It requires addition before it -can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive -at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times -M\mapsto M$.. but can't -use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. -So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, -but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't -do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't -accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide -$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside -of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. - -*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, -because it doesn't do anything. No computation is -performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of -computation, then?) - -The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior --- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a -particular set of constraints on time.. constructed -out of primitives none of which have sych nor time -behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. - -Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed -directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs -in distributed system? Does using sync constructs -do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it -add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms -of something that already has the property being constructed.. -that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that -has the property and building something else that has -it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and -building something that does. - -So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after -property of communication to derive compound communication, -of particular write to particular read, via memory -locations. - -So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the -tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the -other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between -the two timelines. - -Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. - -Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. -the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before -the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just -establishes a half tie-point, no? - -In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. - -Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point -cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". - A sync construct is a full tie-point. - - -================================================ - - -\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} -We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, -where a timeline is a type of lifeline. -We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between -lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. - -\begin{description} -\item[event:] -\(E \) represents an event, which is something that -can be initiated or observed. -\item[occurrence:] -\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated -integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) - -\item[clock:] -\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer -onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) - is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) -is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation -of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated -to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value -associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated -\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated -\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one -lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple -beats -from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, -including one initiated earlier in the sequence of -the lifeline, -and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, -each multiple times. - -\item[projection:] -Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) - is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) -\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). - This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat -of the second lifeline. - -\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting -of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do -not participate in projections, plus a set of projections -that cross the two beats in the forward direction. -Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an -ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) -|iy\ \) -\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. -The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and -ends with the end of all lifelines. - -\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. -Given two positions within different sequences, if -one or both both can be -validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to -define valid rearrangements, so they occupy - the same position in their rearranged sequences, then -they are equivalent positions. - -\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are -equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation -measurements of interest. If the observation measurement -involves sequences, then the two events must lie at -equivalent positions within their respective sequences. - -\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats -can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline -has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do -not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. -Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. - -\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that -their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent -lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines -in one run can be different from the projections in -the other run. - -\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. -\end{description} - - -Some things to note: A particular occurrence -can be associated to at most one beat from a given -lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated -to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may -be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. -Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. - -For example, the event could -be writing a value into a variable. Two separate -write events are considered equivalent occurrences if -they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location -is associated to the same particular -variable, and happen within valid partial orderings -relative to the other occurrences. This is normally -compared across re-creations of the "universe" that -provides the context for the orderings of events instances. - -========= - - Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats --- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the -distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it -through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. - -So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs -are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! - - What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. - -So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. - -The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. - -From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this -defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- -the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect - -======= - -From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. - -The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may -be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, -and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation -is on non-origin lifeline. - -But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. - In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, -they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal -state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat -that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the -same internal activity will have the behavior of a -full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves -resumed in different internal activities. - -A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. - -The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. - -For -example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired -receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. - -For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared -context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner -and resume self else place self onto end of sequence -of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner -and place the next in sequence of special beats into -lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. -in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can -form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. -? - -==== - -Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description -of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. - - - - - -\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates -to tie-points} - -To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to -specify a synchronization construct, we first state -clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. - -The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two -independent timelines, both performing reads and writes -within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The -timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any -write on Timeline A can be received by any read of -the same address on -Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, -the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] - {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} - \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines -by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each -other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} - \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} -\end{figure} - - - -To control the behavior of writes and reads to the -same addresses, a common point must be established, which -limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to -each other. A synchronization construct is used for -this. -The net effect of such a construct is to establish -a common point that both timelines agree on. This -point separates reads and writes before it from reads -and writes after it. - -For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline -before entering the critical section. Any writes performed -on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. - -The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, -any writes performed by that new -timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible -to reads performed by the old timeline before it released -the lock. - -With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct -as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has -the property that it creates -a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different -timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point -fit our definition of synchronization constructs. - - -\subsection{More on tie-points} - -Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by -a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes -behavior in the gaps; 3) resume -called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement -of instruction completion relative to resume. - -What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. - - -Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point -do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint -on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible - timeline that embodies notions such as dependency - between units of work, mutual exclusion, - partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the - primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion -of reads/writes. - -It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside -the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up -sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the -semantics of a synchronization construct. - -A workshop paper also discusses tie points -[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and -will be published in a future paper. - - - -\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} - - Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the -proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. -It acts as the hidden timeline. - - The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations -of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: - - %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. - -%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. - -%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. - -%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} - -\begin{itemize} -\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) -\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) - -\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with -parameters from application -\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution -\item end a timeline -\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered -core - -\end{itemize} - -Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, -and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that -are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the -proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. - -A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute -a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically -converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different -languages within the same program. - - -The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire -can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. - - -Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, -which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. - -The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task -or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner -portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. - - - -\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} - -To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing -acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: - -\begin{itemize} -\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, -and -provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the -mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it -continues to make progress. However, if a different thread -already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue -of waiting threads, and stops making progress. -\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and -provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread -that called the release construct.. -\end{itemize} - -This calls for a data structure that has two fields: -one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, -the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire -the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple -reads -and writes of the data structure. Hence, the - structure must be protected -from races between different threads. - -The protection -is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, -and where performance issues come into the picture. -It could be accomplished with a single global lock - that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished -with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence -mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus -quorum techniques. - -However, the implementation of the semantics is independent -of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, -and an interface can be placed between them. One side -of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of -the data structure, while the other side implements -protecting the first side from interference. - -The side that provides protection requires fields, -for its use, to be placed into the data structure used -to represent a thread. To hide those details, -the protection side should also provide -primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend -and resume them. - -This interface that separates the semantic side from -the protection -side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables -the modularization of runtime system implementations. - -The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking -about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. - That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization -behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. - - %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization -%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves -%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. - - - - - -\section{Concrete Details} -Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize -a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is -time to make the concepts concrete by showing code -segments that implement each of the concepts, and code -segments that use the concepts. We will start with -the big picture and work down. - -The first stop will be the development process, showing -how it is fractured into three separate and independent -development activities. Next, we will show examples -of how application -code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls -down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, -we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, -where we will focus on the interaction between plugin -code and proto-runtime code. - -In this last portion, we will show how the -interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside -the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will -show how providing -a consistent environment - is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion - of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is - the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline - that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs -to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. - - -\subsection{Three independent development efforts} - -To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the -three independent paths that development takes: -one for development of proto-runtime code, one for -development of language implementation, and one for -application development. Each of these produces a separate -installable artifact. -The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. - -The proto-runtime code is developed separately from -both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. - -The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. - -However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. - -The wrapper library, however, is not -installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it -is only used during development of an application, -and remains independent of hardware. - -Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. -When an application is executed, the loader binds the -dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. - In this way, a single, -unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. - -However, the success of the compile-once approach has -limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work -itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. - -\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} - -At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each -of two cores, as the core is switched between application -code and runtime code. It is too early to understand -the details, but this figure can be referred back to -as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. -Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. - -At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, -and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is -depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, -along with the animation of application code by those virtual -processors. - -? - -The application passes information to a wrapper library -call, -such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the -information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime -primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing -that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer -to the plugin function that will handle the request. -The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which -other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library -call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from -whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a -synchronization construct. - -However, there is one last step between the request -handler marking a timeline as ready to resume -and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the -assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. -The request handlers stack up work that is free to -be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which -of those to place onto an offered core. - - - - - -\begin{figure*}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] - {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} - \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple -cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls -between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the -code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated -by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core -2. The boxes -represent virtual processors, each with its associated -timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative -ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request -Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, -which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime -code module.} - \label{fig:physTimeSeq} -\end{figure*} - - - -\subsection{Using language constructs} -In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs -take the form of function calls. The reader familiar -with posix threads will have used function calls to -perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. -Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the -same way. - -We use posix threads for our example because it is -a familiar language that the reader already knows well. -It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. - -\subsubsection{Main and startup} -Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime -system must be started, and a proto-runtime process -must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the -create process was given a pointer -to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime -based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime -based languages that will be used in the application, -and must create the virtual processors and tasks that -perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. - -==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == - -\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth -function} -Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts -the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It -is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. -Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two -threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both -threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the -command that kills the virtual processor that is animating -the function. - -==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, -Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== - -Notice the signature -of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer -to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is -the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for -proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. - - -Also, notice that the standard signature includes a -pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime -defined structure, which holds the meta-information -about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed -the structure of the virtual processor that is animating -it. - -An illuminating aside is that the birth function for -a posix thread doesn't need -to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. -That is because the operating system tracks which thread -is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing -an instruction that suspends the code executing on -the core and switches -the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel -then looks up the data structure that is assigned to -the core. - -That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the -pointer to the thread that was animating the application -code that called the posix construct. But the implementation -of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't -have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, -and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data -structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. - -Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created -by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent -of mutex acquire and release to protect access to -a critical section. Notice that the signature -is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. -Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to -each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next -several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure -is used. - -==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and -release to protect a counter plus print of count value== - - -\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} - -Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls -reveals code such as in Fig X. - -==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== - -There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data -structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime -call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library -calls. The data structure is used to carry information -into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was -started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is -the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends -application code and switches to the kernel. For the -implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this -call is implemented with assembly instructions. - -This wrapper library code is placed on the machine -used during development of the application, and is -compiled into the application executable. However, -the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, -and is not part of the application executable. - -Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to -a function. This is called the handler function, and -is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime -will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled -way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment -to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. -We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the -handler function, and what such a handler function -looks like. - -First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and -switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X - -==assembly of suspend and switch== - -All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer -into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program -counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, -which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. - -\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched -to} - -The PR assembly code switches the core to executing -the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. - -==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== - -All this does is invoke the handler function named -in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. -This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point -model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, -fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens -to use a global lock for each language's environment. - However other implementations are possible. In order - to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap - instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random - backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. - - The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes - on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point - model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special - beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that - executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler - code that then establishes the causal connections - between such special beats, and so ties them together. - The causal connection is via the changes make to the - language environment. - - So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. - The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat - and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The - lock is what isolates and sequentializes - the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language - environment is the hidden state used to establish - causal connection between special beats. - - - -This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. - -Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. - - -If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. - -Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. - -This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. - -? - -Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. - -The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. - -=================== - - -\subsection{not sure} -A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. - -However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. - -As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. - -? - -The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. - -? - -The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". -The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. - -================= - -\subsection{more on tie-points} -Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. - -From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. - -However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. - -Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. - -The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. - -That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. - - -The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. - -At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. - -The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. - -=========== - -The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. - -So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. - -For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. - -============ - - -\subsection{More on eDSLs} -%====================================== - -%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. - -%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. - -%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. - -%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. - - -% ============== - -%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. - -%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. - -%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. - -%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Details} -\label{subsec:Details} - - what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. - -modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. - -? - - - - overhead measurements - -implementation time measurements - - discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. - - give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. - - summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the -least, the same effort would have to be expended on -each and every language that we expended on performance -tuning our proto-runtime. - - We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to - -illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. - -Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). - -Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). - - - -? - - - - - The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints -due to data dependencies. - - a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. - -? - -The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. - - - - this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. - - implementing language logic, - -show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. - -give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, -we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. - -support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. - - discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. - -reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Measurements} -With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} - -\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} -For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. - -For runtime performance: - --- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) - --- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) - --- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci - --- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg - -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline -a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline -\end{tabular} -\caption{} -\label{tab} - -As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. - - -\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} -\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} -Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. -\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} -In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk -\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} -OMPSs -\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} -VOMP - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} -Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. - -Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements -of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. - - -\begin{centering} -\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} - \cline{2-8} - \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ - \cline{2-8} - \noalign{\vskip2pt} - \hline - Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ - Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ - Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ - L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ - \hline -\end{tabular} -\caption -{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. -} -\end{centering} -\label{tabPersonHoursLang} - -%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} -%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} - -We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. - -We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. - - -\begin{center} -\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for -the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} - -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline -Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ -\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline -\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline -%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline -\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline -\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline -\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline -\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} - - - -The first two methods have poor runtime and application -performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. - -Both also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. - -For the same reason, porting is poor for these two -approaches. The DSL's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. - -Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra -effort is expended to take advantage. - -Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. - -Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Conclusions and Future Work} -The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. -%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. - - -%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - - -Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. - - The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. - -The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. - -Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. - -Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. - -Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: -\begin{itemize} -\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. -\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. -\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. -\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. -\end{itemize} - - -\end{document} -============================================= -== -== -== -== -== -============================================= - -\section{The Problem} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. - -To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). - -Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). - -The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). - -\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} -\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. - -A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. - -In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. - -Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. - -The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. - -In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. - -Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. - - -\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} -\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. - -DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. - -It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. - -In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. - -\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} -\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. - - -An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. - - -\begin{figure}[h!tb] -{\noindent -{\footnotesize -{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} -\begin{verbatim} -newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); -\end{verbatim} - -{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} -\begin{verbatim} -SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); -\end{verbatim} - -{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} -\begin{verbatim} -messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); -\end{verbatim} -} -} - -\caption -{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. -} -\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} -\end{figure} -An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. - -As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. - -It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. - -\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} -\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. - -For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. - -An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. - -When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. - -The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. - -The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. - -Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). - -\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. - -Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. - -In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. - - - During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. - -If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. - -For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. - -The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. - - -\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -? - -Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. - -The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. - -The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. - -For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. - -While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. - -These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. - -For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. - - -One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: -\begin{itemize} -\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. -\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. -\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. -\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. -\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. -\end{itemize} - -\subsection{Summary of Section} - [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. - -The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. - -The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Description} -\label{sec:idea} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -? - - -Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} - \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } - \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} -\end{figure} - - -The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. - -The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. - -\subsection{Creating an eDSL} - - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} - \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} - \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} -\end{figure} - -As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. - -As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. - -\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} - -\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} --- standardizes runtime code --- makes familiar going from one lang to another --- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs - --- show the enums, and the switch table - --- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave - -\subsubsection{The Request Handler} --- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. - --- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL - -\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } -The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. - -For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. - -Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. - -This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. - -\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} - --- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. - --- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) - --- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency - -\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} --- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) - --- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. - -\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} - --- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. --- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. --- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. --- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. - -Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. --- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, --- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. --- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption - --- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. - --- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects - --- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. - --- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. - - -\section{(outline and notes)} - --- What a plugin looks like: - --- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units - --- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. - --- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), - --- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). - - --- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. - - - - -\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. - - -\subsection{Some Definitions} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. - -In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. - -\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} - -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. - -For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. - -It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. - - -The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. - - - -======= - - I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). - Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. - Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. - -================= - -\subsection{The patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - - -Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. - -Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. - -Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. - -Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. - -By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. -We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. - - -\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The -basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. - -Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. - -Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. - -Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. - -\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. - -Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. -The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. - -Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. - -Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. - -Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. - -Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. - -\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. - -The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. - -For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. - -\begin{figure}[ht] - \centering - \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} - \caption{Something to help understanding} - \label{fig:SCG_expl} -\end{figure} - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{The Details} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] -[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. - -Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. - -Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. - -\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} -[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] - -[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] - -[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] - -[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] - - -[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] - -Demonstrate reuse of language logic: -All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. - -Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. - -Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. - -? - -Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. -We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. - -? - -In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. - -The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and -other application features. - - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Measurements} - -\subsection{Implementation time} - - -\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Related Work} - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Conclusion and Future Work} -\label{sec:conclusion} - - - -\end{document} -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -Here is an example of netlist creation: - -The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. - - Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. - -First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: - -To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. - -The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. - - -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimNetlist * -createPingPongNetlist() - { HWSimNetlist *netlist; - HWSimElem **elems; - HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; - HWSimCommPath **commPaths; - int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); - - numElems = 2; - elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); - - numCommPaths = 2; - commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); - - numActivityTypes = 1; - activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); - - netlist->numElems = numElems; - netlist->elems = elems; - netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; - netlist->commPaths = commPaths; - netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; - netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //have to create activity types before create elements - //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability - netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist - elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. - -Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements - elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = - netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. - -This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 - commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); - setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); - commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; - commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units - - //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 - commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); - setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); - commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; - commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -done building netlist, return it -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} - return netlist; - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ -do{\ - commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ - commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ - commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ - commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ - }while(0); //macro magic for namespace -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimElem * -createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) - { HWSimElem *elem; - elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); - elem->numInPorts = 1; - elem->numOutPorts = 1; - elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); - elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port - elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; - return elem; - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimActivityType * -createPingPongActivityType( ) - { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; - pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); - - pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; - pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; - pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; - return pingPongActivityType; - } -\end{verbatim} \end{small} - - -========= - -All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. - -Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -void -pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) - { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 - HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -There are four ways a behavior can end: -\begin{description} -\item end, no continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end, with continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, - HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, - HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} -\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, - HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance - HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} - - -============= - - -\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} -All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. - -Here's an example: -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimTimeSpan -sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) - { - return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - -\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} - -The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. - -\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} -HWSimTimeSpan -commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) - { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); - } -\end{verbatim}\end{small} - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/Paper_Design_2.txt Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ - -====== - -Details of VMS interface, details of its impl on multi-core, details of differences on different machines. - -wrapper-lib calls VMS-supplied primitive that suspends the virtual-processor calling the lib, and sends a request to VMS. VMS calls lang-supplied plugin to handle requests -- this is the part of the scheduler that handles constraints -- it determines which virt-processors must remain suspended, and which are free to be re-animated. - -The language is implemented as either a collection of wrapper-lib calls embedded into the base language, or as custom syntax that uses uses the VMS-supplied primitive to suspend virtual processors and send requests to VMS. - - -VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. From the application-programmer point of view, the embedded version looks like a function call, albeit the data-struc of the virtual-processor animating the code has to be passed as a parameter to the wrapper-lib call. - -Hence, VMS is invisible to the application, only language constructs are visible. - -The wrapper-lib call is standard library code that is loaded along with the application executable. - -However, VMS primitives may be hardware-implemented, or loaded as OS modules, or dynamic or static libraries. Rhey are naturally custom instructions, but may be emulated by software. - -The interface between application-executable and language-runtime is the VMS-primitive that sends a request to VMS. The language-runtime receives the request under control of VMS, which calls a language-supplied request-handling function and passes the request as a parameter. This passive behavior of the request handler leaves control-flow inside VMS, which is part of hiding concurrency from the language-runtime implementation. - -The interface between the runtime and VMS is VMS's plugin API. The runtime is implemented as two functions, whose pointers are handed to VMS. VMS then controls the flow of execution. When a request is ready for the runtime, VMS cIalls the request-handler function, and when a spot on hardware is free for work, VMS calls the scheduler-assign function. Hence, the language implements its runtime as two isolated functions. By keeping control-flow inside VMS, the language-specific portion of the runtiem is simplified. - -This structure is also the reason VMS encourages reuse of scheduler code. The VMS API separates out control flow from scheduling, so scheduling code is isolated, with well-defined interfaces. Scheduling is then further sub-divided into modules: constraint-management (IE enforcing dependencies); and choosing physical location to place work. Each has its own well-defined interface, and they communicate to each other via VMS-managed shared state. - -The greatest application performance impact due to the scheduler is communication it causes. - -, management of the memory hierarchy, and the match between work-characteristics and hardware-characteristics (IE, assigning to accelerator vs CPU). Hence, significant work goes into implementing strategies and mechanisms for finding the best assignment-choices. Such implementations are only loosely coupled to language, through the shared state by which the request-handler informs the assigner of what work is ready to be animated. - -Hence, it is straight-forward to reuse the code that assigns work to physical locations. The only language-specific influence on the assigner is the shared constraint-state. - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,942 +0,0 @@ - -@inbook{PerfToolPoem, -title = {The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe, Complete edition}, -chapter = {The Blind Men and the Elephant}, -author = {John Godfrey Saxe}, -publisher = {Boston: James R. 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Forum}, - title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, - year = 1994 -} -@Article{petri62, - title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, - author = {Petri, C.A.}, - journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, - volume = 62, - pages = {386--390}, - year = 1962 -} -@Book{pierce02, - title = {Types and Programming Languages}, - author = {Pierce, B. C.}, - year = 2002, - publisher = {MIT Press} -} -@Article{price, - author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, - title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, - journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, - volume = 4, - number = 3, - pages = {211--266} -} -@Misc{pythonWebSite, - key = {Python}, - title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} -} -@Unpublished{reed03, - editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, - title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, - day = {16--18}, - month = {jun}, - year = 2003, - note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} -} -@Article{reeves84, - author = {A. P. Reeves}, - title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, - journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, - volume = 1, - number = {}, - year = 1984, - month = {aug}, - pages = {64--80} -} -@Article{skillicorn98, - author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, - title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = 30, - number = 2, - year = 1998, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {123--169}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA} -} -@Article{stefik86, - title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, - author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, - journal = {The AI Magazine}, - volume = 6, - number = 4, - year = 1986 -} -@Book{stirling92, - title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, - author = {Stirling, C.}, - year = 1992, - publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} -} -@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, - author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, - title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} -} -@Misc{turing38, - author = {A. Turing}, - note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, - year = 1938 -} -@Book{vonNeumann45, - title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, - author = {J. von Neumann}, - year = 1945, - publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} -} -@Book{winskel93, - title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, - author = {Winskel, G.}, - year = 1993, - publisher = {MIT Press} -} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/sigplanconf.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/sigplanconf.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1273 +0,0 @@ -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -% -% LaTeX Class/Style File -% -% Name: sigplanconf.cls -% -% Purpose: A LaTeX 2e class file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. -% This class file supercedes acm_proc_article-sp, -% sig-alternate, and sigplan-proc. -% -% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos -% Windfall Software -% 978 371-2316 -% paul [atsign] windfall.com -% -% Created: 12 September 2004 -% -% Revisions: See end of file. -% -% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. -% To view a copy of this license, visit -% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ -% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, -% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. -% -%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] -\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] - -% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted -% from the ZzTeX macro package. - -% Token Hackery -% ----- ------- - - -\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} -\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter - \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} - -% This macro discards the next token. - -\def \@discardtok #1{}% token - -% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. - -{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 - -\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} - -} % \catcode - -% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. -% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark - -\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} - -% Control Sequence Names -% ------- -------- ----- - - -\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} - \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} - -\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} - \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} - -% Flags (Booleans) -% ----- ---------- - -% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with -% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. - -\def \@true {TT} -\def \@false {FL} - -\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean - -% IF and Predicates -% -- --- ---------- - -% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. -% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: -% -% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi - -% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: -% -% \@setflag \flag = {} - -% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional -% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with -% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. -% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. - -\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else - \@true \fi} -\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} - -\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} -\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} -\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\long\def \@definedp #1{% - \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname - \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} - -\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% - \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname - \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} - -\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp - -\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} - \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} -\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% - \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@empargq {\@empargq} - -\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} - \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} - -\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} - -\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} -\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} - -\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} - - -% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: -% -% \if \flaga \else \fi - - -% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. - -\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} - -\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \else - \@false - \fi} - -\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% - \@true - \else - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \fi} - -\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% - \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi - \else - \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi - \fi} - -% Arithmetic -% ---------- - -\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} - -\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} - -% Options -% ------- - - -\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false -\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false -\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true -\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false -\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false -\@setflag \@natbib = \@true -\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true -\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 -\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false -\@setflag \@preprint = \@false -\@setflag \@reprint = \@false -\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false -\@setflag \@times = \@false - -% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. - -\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} - -\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} - -\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} - -\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} - -\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} - -\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} - -\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} - -\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} - -\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} - -\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} - -\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} - -\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} - -%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} - -\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} - -\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} - -\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} - -\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} -\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false -\ProcessOptions - -\if \@onecolumn - \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% - \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false - \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% - \fi - \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} -\else - \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} -\fi -\LoadClass{article} - -\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% - \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} - -% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. - -\def \setpagenumber #1{% - \setcounter{page}{#1}} - -\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} - -% Utilities -% --------- - - -\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% - #1 = #2 - \advance #1 by -1\parskip} - -% Document Parameters -% -------- ---------- - - -% Page: - -\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} -\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} - -\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} -\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} - -\if \@onecolumn - \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} - \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} -\else - \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} - \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} -\fi - -% Text area: - -\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} -\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} - -\if \@onecolumn - \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} -\else - \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} -\fi - -\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} -\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} -\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} - -% Running foot: - -\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} - -% Paragraphs: - -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} - \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} -\else - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} - \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} -\fi - -\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} -\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} - -\frenchspacing -\pretolerance = 400 -\tolerance = \pretolerance -\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} -\clubpenalty = 10000 -\widowpenalty = 10000 -\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} - -% Standard vertical spaces: - -\newskip{\standardvspace} -\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} - -% Margin paragraphs: - -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} -\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} - - -\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} -\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} - -\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% - \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} - -\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% - \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} - -% Floats: - -\setcounter{topnumber}{4} -\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} -\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} - -\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} -\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} -\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} -\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} -\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} -\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} - -\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} - -\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} -\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} - -\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} -\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} -\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} - -\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} -\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} - -% Miscellaneous: - -\errorcontextlines = 5 - -% Fonts -% ----- - - -\if \@times - \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% - \if \@mathtime - \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% - \else -%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% - \fi -\else - \relax -\fi - -\if \@ninepoint - -\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% - \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} - -\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} - -\renewcommand{\small}{% - \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% - \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% - \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% - \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} - -\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} - -\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} - -\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} - -\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} - -\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} - -\else\if \@tenpoint - -\relax - -\else - -\relax - -\fi\fi - -% Abstract -% -------- - - -\renewenvironment{abstract}{% - \section*{Abstract}% - \normalsize}{% - } - -% Bibliography -% ------------ - - -\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] - {\section*{\refname - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - \bibfont - \clubpenalty4000 - \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty - \widowpenalty4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - {\def\@noitemerr - {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% - \endlist} - -\if \@natbib - -\if \@authoryear - \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} - \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} - \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, - % eliminate comma between author and year. - \let \cite = \citep -\else - \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} - \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} -\fi -\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} - -\fi - -\def \bibfont {\small} - -% Categories -% ---------- - - -\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true - -\newcommand{\category}[3]{% - \if \@firstcategory - \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% - \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false - \else - \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% - \fi - \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} - -\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% - {\let \and = \relax - #1 [\textit{#2}]% - \if \@emptyargp{#4}% - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi - \else - :\space - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi - \textrm{#4}% - \fi}} - -% Copyright Notice -% --------- ------ - - -\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} -\def \@toappear {} -\def \@permission {} -\def \@reprintprice {} - -\def \@copyrightspace {% - \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% - \vbox to 1in{% - \vfill - \parbox[b]{20pc}{% - \scriptsize - \if \@preprint - [Copyright notice will appear here - once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par - \else - \@toappear - \fi - \if \@reprint - \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, - \@proceedings, - \@conferenceinfo, - pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par - \fi}}% - \end@float} - -\long\def \toappear #1{% - \def \@toappear {#1}} - -\toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata - \dots \@reprintprice\par} - -\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% - \gdef \@permission {#1}} - -\permission{% - Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or - part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without - fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or - commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full - citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to - post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific - permission and/or a fee.} - -% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: - -\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. - ACM acknowledges that - this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the - National Research Council of Canada (NRC). - As such, the Crown in Right of - Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting - nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, - or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution - is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} - -\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for - Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that - this contribution was authored or co-authored - by a contractor or affiliate - of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, - royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, - or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} - -\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% - \permission{% - Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% - \permission{% - This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States - Government and is in the public domain.}% - \toappear{% - \noindent \@permission \par - \vspace{2pt} - \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par - ACM \@copyrightdata.}} - -\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% - \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} - -\reprintprice{\$10.00} - -\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% - \permission{% - Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. - It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. - Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in - #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} - -% Enunciations -% ------------ - - -\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} - \trivlist - \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% - \itshape\selectfont - \ignorespaces} - -\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} - \trivlist - \item[% - \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% - \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% - \itshape\selectfont - \ignorespaces} - -% Figures -% ------- - - -\@setflag \@caprule = \@true - -\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% - \addvspace{4pt} - \if \@caprule - \hrule width \hsize height .33pt - \vspace{4pt} - \fi - \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% - \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% - \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par - \else - \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% - \fi} - -\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% - \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} - -\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% - {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} - -% Hierarchy -% --------- - - -\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} - -\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} - -\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% -\else - \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% -\fi - -\renewcommand{\section}{% - \@startsection - {section}% - {1}% - {0pt}% - {-\@sectionaboveskip}% - {\@sectionbelowskip}% - {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} - -\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% -\else - \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% -\fi - -\renewcommand{\subsection}{% - \@startsection% - {subsection}% - {2}% - {0pt}% - {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% - {\@subsectionbelowskip}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% - \@startsection% - {subsubsection}% - {3}% - {0pt}% - {-\@subsectionaboveskip} - {\@subsectionbelowskip}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} - -\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} -\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} - -\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% - \@startsection% - {paragraph}% - {4}% - {0pt}% - {\@paragraphaboveskip} - {-1em}% - {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} - -\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% - \@startsection% - {subparagraph}% - {4}% - {0pt}% - {\@paragraphaboveskip} - {-1em}% - {\normalsize \itshape}} - -% Standard headings: - -\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} - -\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} - -\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} - -% Identification -% -------------- - - -\def \@conferencename {} -\def \@conferenceinfo {} -\def \@copyrightyear {} -\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} -\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} - - -\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% - \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% - \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} - -\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% - \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} - -\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear - -\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% - \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} - -\let \crdata = \copyrightdata - -\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% - \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} - -% Lists -% ----- - - -\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} -\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} -\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} - -\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} -\if \@blockstyle - \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} - \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} -\else - \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} - \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} -\fi - -\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} -\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} -\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} -\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} - -\renewcommand{\@listi}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmargini - \listparindent = 0pt} -%%% \itemsep = 1pt -%%% \parsep = 3pt} -%%% \listparindent = \parindent} - -\let \@listI = \@listi - -\renewcommand{\@listii}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginii - \topsep = 1pt - \labelwidth = \leftmarginii - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii - \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% - \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv - \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv - \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep - \listparindent = \parindent} - -% Mathematics -% ----------- - - -\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} - -% Miscellaneous -% ------------- - - -\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% - \vfill\eject - \global\@colht = \textheight - \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} - -\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} - -\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% - \let \\ = \@centercr - \leftskip = 0pt - \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} - -% Program Code -% ------- ---- - - -\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% - {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font - \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} - -% Running Heads and Feet -% ------- ----- --- ---- - - -\def \@preprintfooter {} - -\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% - \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} - -\if \@preprint - -\def \ps@plain {% - \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo - \let \@evenhead = \@empty - \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize - \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil - \thepage \hfil - \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% - \let \@oddhead = \@empty - \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} - -\else\if \@reprint - -\def \ps@plain {% - \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo - \let \@evenhead = \@empty - \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% - \let \@oddhead = \@empty - \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} - -\else - -\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty -\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty -\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty - -\fi\fi - -\def \@formatyear {% - \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} - -% Special Characters -% ------- ---------- - - -\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% - \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} - -% Title Page -% ----- ---- - - -\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false - -\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} -\def \@subtitletext {} - -\newcount{\@authorcount} - -\newcount{\@titlenotecount} -\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} - -\def \@titlebanner {} - -\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% - \gdef \@titletext {#1}} - -\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% - \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} - -\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} - \global\@increment \@authorcount - \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% - \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% - \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} - -\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% - \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; - use \string\authorinfo}{}} - -\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% - \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} - -\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% - \pagestyle{plain}% - \if \@onecolumn - {\hsize = \standardtextwidth - \@maketitle}% - \else - \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% - \fi - \@placetitlenotes - \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} - -\def \@maketitle {% - \begin{center} - \@settitlebanner - \let \thanks = \titlenote - {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth - \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth - \parfillskip = 0pt - \spaceskip = .7em - \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} - \vskip 6pt - \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par - \vskip 12pt - \ifcase \@authorcount - \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or - \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% - \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% - \else - \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% - \fi - \vspace{1.75pc} - \end{center}} - -\def \@settitlebanner {% - \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% - \vbox to 0pt{% - \vskip -32pt - \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par - \vss}% - \nointerlineskip - \fi} - -\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% - \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% - \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par - \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% - \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% - \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par - \else - \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% - \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% - \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par - \relax - \fi\fi - \vspace{20pt}} - -\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} - \vtop{% - \def \and {% - \hspace{16pt}} - \hsize = #1 - \normalfont - \centering - \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par - \vspace{5pt} - \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par - \vspace{2pt} - \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} - -\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% - \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% - \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% - \fi} - -\newtoks{\@fnmark} - -\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% - \global\@increment \@titlenotecount - \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or - \@fnmark = {\ast}\or - \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or - \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or - \@fnmark = {\S}\or - \@fnmark = {\P}\or - \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% - \fi - \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% - \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% - \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% - \reserved@a{#1}} - -\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% - \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} - -\newcount{\@authori} - -\iffalse -\def \additionalauthors {% - \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% - \section{Additional Authors}% - \label{@addauthors}% - \noindent - \@authori = 4 - {\let \\ = ,% - \loop - \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, - \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, - email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% - \@increment \@authori - \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% - \par - \fi - \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} -\fi - -\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors - -\def \@placetitlenotes { - \the\@titlenotetext} - -% Utilities -% --------- - - -\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% - {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% - \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) - \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ - \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 - \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} - -\newbox{\@measbox} - -\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} - \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% - #1 = \ht\@measbox} - -\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% - \insert\footins{% - \reset@font\footnotesize - \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty - \splittopskip\footnotesep - \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM - \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore -%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% -%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% - \color@begingroup - \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% - \@makefntext{% - \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% - \color@endgroup}} - -% LaTeX Modifications -% ----- ------------- - -\def \@seccntformat #1{% - \@name{\the#1}% - \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark - \quad} - -\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% - \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} - -% Revision History -% -------- ------- - - -% Date Person Ver. Change -% ---- ------ ---- ------ - -% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. - -% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. - -% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with -% \authorinfo. -% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. -% Compress article opener spacing. -% Add 'mathtime' option. -% Increase text height by 6 points. - -% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. -% Change default to Times text. - -% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot -% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. - -% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. - -% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. - -% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. - -% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', -% and it uses the full type width. - -% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. -% Allow margin paragraphs during review. - -% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. -% Remove proof and newdef environments. - -% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. -% Change footer to small italic and eliminate -% left portion if no \preprintfooter. -% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. -% Clean up and shrink copyright box. - -% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. - -% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. - -% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. -% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust -% spacing between items and paragraphs. - -% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated -% commands. - -% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. - -% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the -% 'preprint' option. - -% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. -% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure -% the natbib package. - -% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article -% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). - -% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. - -% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. -% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. - -% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by -% Stephen Chong). - -% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. -% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to -% control citation style when using natbib. -% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for -% 'authoryear' style. - -% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography -% environment. Also add to template so it will -% happen with natbib. - -% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. -% Just include in the template. - -% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. - -% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. -% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using -% 'authoryear' style. -% Add the \authorversion command. - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/url.sty --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/url.sty Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,325 +0,0 @@ -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca -% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. -% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms -% of the LaTeX Project Public License. -% -% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or -% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually -% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email -% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally -% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, -% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% See further instructions after "\endinput" -% -\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% - \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually -} -\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt -\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% -\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% -\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character -\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% - \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do - \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do - \ {\ }}% -\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% -} -\def\url@ttstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo -} -\def\url@rmstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@sfstyle{% -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do -} -\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else - \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} - -\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} -\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} - -\def\Url{% - \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup - \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi - \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font - \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes - \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces - \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip - \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi - \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special - \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel - \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open - \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active - \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures - \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} - -\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 - \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} -\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook - \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} -\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} -\let\UrlRight\@empty -\let\UrlLeft\@empty - -\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} -\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} -\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 - \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% - \mathcode`#132768 \fi} - -\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup - \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} -\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \def#1{#2{#3}}} -\else - \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup - \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} -\fi - -\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} - -% Sample (and default) configuration: -% -\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% -% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: -\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} -% -% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} - -% Process LaTeX \package options -% -\urlstyle{tt} -\let\Url@sppen\@M -\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens - -\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ - \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space - Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] - \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens - \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later - \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} - \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} - \ProcessOptions -\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared - \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft - \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} - \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} - \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} -\fi -} - -\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} -\expandafter\edef\url@moving - {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined - -\endinput -% -% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca -% -% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, -% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be -% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for -% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may -% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be -% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, -% and a "\path" command is provided this way. -% -% Usage: Conditions: -% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with -% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. -% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. -% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not -% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the -% argument may contain unbalanced braces. -% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter -% what characters it contains. -% -% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very -% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. -% -% Package Option: obeyspaces -% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" -% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url -% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. -% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", -% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for -% anything with "\". -% -% Package Option: hyphens -% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this -% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) -% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen -% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. -% -% Package Option: spaces -% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the -% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" -% will allow breaks at those spaces. -% -% Package Option: T1 -% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain -% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This -% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". -% -% Defining a defined-url: -% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could -% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the -% percent sign. This address can be predefined with -% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or -% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| -% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" -% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a -% defined-url is robust. -% -% Style: -% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" -% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", -% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- -% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the -% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts -% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" -% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. -% -% Alternate commands: -% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each -% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be -% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like -% commands as follows: -% -% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} -% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is -% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the -% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look -% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with -% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} -% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. -% -% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual -% "\urldef" command as in this example: -% -% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} -% -% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", -% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command -% would then be robust. -% -% Defining styles: -% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to -% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although -% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required -% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. -% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for -% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. -% -% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you -% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. -% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' -% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines -% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and -% "\UrlFont". -% -% Changing font: -% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" -% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX -% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". -% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined -% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the -% standard input characters. -% -% Changing linebreaks: -% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" -% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". -% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have -% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' -% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, -% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at -% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break -% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no -% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case -% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- -% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" -% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why -% colons are `BigBreaks'. -% -% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following -% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". -% -% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them -% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) -% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font -% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those -% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which -% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing -% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each -% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include -% other definitions too. -% -% -% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need -% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for -% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can -% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". -% -% Yet more flexibility: -% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or -% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define -% -% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% -% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} -% -% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. -% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not -% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. -% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the -% format of the definition is special: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } -% -% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For -% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: -% -% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} -% -% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for -% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need -% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure -% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like -% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. -% -% Revision History: -% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: -% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. -% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: -% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". -% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: -% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. -% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 -% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error -% The End - -Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 -:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,363 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null -% \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% -% \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold -% \vskip 2ex% - {\large -% \lineskip .5ex% -% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% -% \@author -% \end{tabular}\par - }% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 0.5ex - \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 0.5ex - \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} - \vskip 0.5ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par -% \vskip 2ex -} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- a/0__Papers/PRT/PRT__intro_plus_eco_contrast/latex/usetex-v1.cls Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,357 +0,0 @@ -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} -\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] - -% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles -% -% To use this style file, do this: -% -% \documentclass{usetex-v1} -% -% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls -% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix -% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing -% -% Choose the appropriate option: -% -% 1. workingdraft: -% -% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent -% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation -% facilities. -% -% 2. proof: -% -% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page -% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are -% removed. -% -% 3. webversion: -% -% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate -% publication information (where and when paper was published), -% and page numbers. -% -% 4. finalversion: -% -% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. -% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include -% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds -% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). -% -% If several are used, the last one in this list wins -% - -% -% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the -% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in -% documents. In this case, be sure to include a -% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or -% the endnotes will not actually appear. -% - -\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft -\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} -\newif\ifwebversion -\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} -\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} -\newif\ifhasendnotes -\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} - -% pass all other options to the article class -\DeclareOption*{% - \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% -} - -% actually process the options -\ProcessOptions - -% usetex is based on article -\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} - -% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but -% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. -\ifhasendnotes - \RequirePackage{endnotes} -\fi - -% save any provided document status information -\def\@docstatus{} -\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} - -\ifworkingdraft - - % formatting helper for draft notes - \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% - {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% - \bfseries\itshape - } - - % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} - - % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy - \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} - - % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy - \newenvironment{ednote}[1] - {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} - - % mark a spot where work has been left off for later - \newcommand{\HERE}{% - {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} - -\else - - % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings - - \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} - - \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} - - \newsavebox{\@discard} - \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning - {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% - \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} - - \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning - {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} - -\fi - -% set up the footers appropriately -\def\@setfoot{% - \ifwebversion - % webversions get whatever status the author says - \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% - \else - % all other drafts get the standard draft footer - \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% - \fi - \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% -} - -% -% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that -% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have -% numbered pages, so they can be edited. -% -\if@draftcopy - % Compute a date and time for the draft for use - % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) - % - % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex - % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly - % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie - % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de - \newcount\hour - \hour=\time - \divide\hour by 60 - \newcount\minute - \minute=\hour - \multiply\minute by 60 - \advance\minute by -\time - \multiply\minute by -1 - \newcommand{\@draftdate} - {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% - ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} - \pagestyle{plain} - \@setfoot -\else - \pagestyle{empty} -\fi - -% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, -% which is in latex2e). -\usepackage{times} - -% endnote support, as described at -% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php -\ifhasendnotes - \typeout - {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} - \let\footnote=\endnote - \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ - \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip - \@theenmark. } - \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ - \begingroup - \def\enotesize{\normalsize} - \theendnotes - \endgroup - } -\else - \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} - \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error - {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} -\fi - -% -% Usenix margins -% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" -% -\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} -\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} -\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} -%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} -%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} -\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} -\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} -\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} -\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} - -% The standard maketitle insists on -% messing with the style of the first page. -% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put -% things right again. -\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle -\def\maketitle{ - \save@maketitle - \if@draftcopy - \@specialpagefalse - \else - \thispagestyle{empty} - \fi -} - -% -% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no -% change in the empty page headers. The author section is -% 12 point roman and italic: see below. -% -\def\@maketitle{% - \newpage - \null - \vskip 3ex% - \begin{center}% - \let \footnote \thanks - {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold - \vskip 2ex% - {\large - \lineskip .5ex% - \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% - \@author - \end{tabular}\par}% - \ifworkingdraft - \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \ifwebversion - \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex - \fi - \end{center}% - \par - \vskip 2ex} - -% -% The author section -% should have names in Roman, address in -% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. -% This is enforced by use of these macros -% -\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} -\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} -\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} - -% -% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading -% -\def\abstract{\begin{center}% - {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% - \end{center}} -\def\endabstract{} - -% -% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can -% be same size or smaller: we choose same. -% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even -% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. -% -\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} -\newlength\@sectionaboveskip -\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip - minus -0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@sectionbelowskip -\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip - plus 0.1\baselineskip} -\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip -\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip - plus -0.1\baselineskip} -\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% - {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% - {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} -\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} -\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} -%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} -%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} -\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} -\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% - {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% - {-1.0em}% - {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} - -% List items need to be tightened up. -% There must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent - \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} -% now make envs use itemspacings -\def\itemize{% - \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@itemdepth\@ne - \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname\@itemitem\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\enumerate{% - \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else - \advance\@enumdepth\@ne - \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% - \expandafter - \list - \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname - {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% - \fi} -\def\description{% - \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin - \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} - -% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. -% Again, there must be a better way than copying -% the definitions to modify the list environment... -\def\thebibliography#1% - {\section*{\refname}% - \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% - \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% - {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% - \leftmargin\labelwidth - \advance\leftmargin\labelsep - \@openbib@code - \usecounter{enumiv}% - \let\p@enumiv\@empty - \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% - \parsep=0pt}% pack entries - \sloppy - \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt - \clubpenalty=4000% - \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty - \widowpenalty=4000% - \sfcode`\.\@m} - -% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. -\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} -\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} -\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} -\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Vote_Bucks/MSW_A4_format.doc Binary file 0__Papers/Vote_Bucks/MSW_A4_format.doc has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/Wikipedia_entry_for_proto_runtime.txt --- a/0__Papers/Wikipedia_entry_for_proto_runtime.txt Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ - -A '''proto-runtime''' is the hardware-specific portion of a [[modular]]ized [[runtime system]] of a [[parallel language]]. In the proto-runtime approach, a runtime is broken into three modules: one that implements the behavior of the parallel [[language construct]]s, one that implements the [[scheduling (computing)|work assignment]] and one that abstracts the hardware, presenting a clean interface to the first two. It is this third module that is called the proto-runtime. - -A runtime system exists for every computer language, but a proto-runtime is a fundamentally new concept for parallel languages that recognizes that all runtimes can be split into reusable pieces. One of those pieces relates to the language, the other relates to the machine details. The proto-runtime is the piece that relates to machine details. A proto-runtime is provided as a separate thing, for a particular machine, and then later one or more language portions are added. The combination creates a functioning runtime. A proto-runtime cannot be used on its own, but must have the language portion added. - -In a practical sense, this has value by reducing the effort of creating a runtime. Only the logic of language constructs need be supplied. This logic remains unchanged when used on different machines, because the low-level machine details are encapsulated inside the proto-runtime, which exposes a consistent interface. Even though different machines may have different synchronization primitives, memory consistency models, and memory hierarchies, these are handled inside the proto-runtime. As a result the language module is protected from the changes and only has to be written once, then reused across the machines. - -At the same time, on a given machine, multiple languages reuse the one proto-runtime supplied for that machine. In this way the effort of tuning performance for the low-level details is done once, inside the proto-runtime, then amortized across all of the languages. - -A particular implementation of the proto-runtime concept is called "Virtualized Master Slave" or VMS. - -The proto-runtime concept is in use at Technishe Universitat Berlin, at Unister in Leipzig Germany, at Arizona State University, and is part of a collaboration on exascale computing with Lawrence Livermore National Labs, Edinburgh University in Scotland, and Passau University in Germany. - -== References == -{{Reflist}} -* http://lcpc11.cs.colostate.edu/program.php -* http://opensourceresearchinstitute.org/pmwiki.php/VMS/HomePage - - - -[[Category:Run-time systems]] diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/bib_for_papers.bib --- a/0__Papers/bib_for_papers.bib Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,984 +0,0 @@ -@article{DSLLandscape, -author = "Andrew Fall and Joseph Fall", -title = "A domain-specific language for models of landscape dynamics", -journal = "Ecological Modelling", -volume = "141", -number = "1–3", -pages = "1 - 18", -year = "2001", -keywords = "Cellular automata", -keywords = "Landscape ecology", -keywords = "Modelling languages", -keywords = "Spatio-temporal simulation" -} -@misc{PerfToolVTune, - author = {Intel}, - howpublished = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-vtune-amplifier-xe/}, - title = {{Intel VTune Amplifier XE Performance Analyzer}}, - year = {2011} -} -@ARTICLE{PerfToolVampir, - author = {W. 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Allan and R Odefoeft}, - title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, - note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, - publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, - year = 1985 -} -@Book{milner80, - title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, - author = {Milner, R.}, - year = 1980, - publisher = {Springer-Verlag} -} -@Article{milner92, - title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, - author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, - journal = {Information and Computation}, - volume = 100, - number = 1, - pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, - year = 1992, - publisher = {Academic Press} -} -@Book{milner99, - author = {Robin Milner}, - title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = 1999 -} -@Book{MPIForum94, - author = {M. P. I. Forum}, - title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, - year = 1994 -} -@Article{petri62, - title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, - author = {Petri, C.A.}, - journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, - volume = 62, - pages = {386--390}, - year = 1962 -} -@Book{pierce02, - title = {Types and Programming Languages}, - author = {Pierce, B. C.}, - year = 2002, - publisher = {MIT Press} -} -@Article{price, - author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, - title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, - journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, - volume = 4, - number = 3, - pages = {211--266} -} -@Misc{pythonWebSite, - key = {Python}, - title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} -} -@Unpublished{reed03, - editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, - title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, - day = {16--18}, - month = {jun}, - year = 2003, - note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} -} -@Article{reeves84, - author = {A. P. Reeves}, - title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, - journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, - volume = 1, - number = {}, - year = 1984, - month = {aug}, - pages = {64--80} -} -@Article{skillicorn98, - author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, - title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = 30, - number = 2, - year = 1998, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {123--169}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA} -} -@Article{stefik86, - title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, - author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, - journal = {The AI Magazine}, - volume = 6, - number = 4, - year = 1986 -} -@Book{stirling92, - title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, - author = {Stirling, C.}, - year = 1992, - publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} -} -@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, - author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, - title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} -} -@Misc{turing38, - author = {A. Turing}, - note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, - year = 1938 -} -@Book{vonNeumann45, - title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, - author = {J. von Neumann}, - year = 1945, - publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} -} -@Book{winskel93, - title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, - author = {Winskel, G.}, - year = 1993, - publisher = {MIT Press} -} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/writing-a-paper-slides.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/writing-a-paper-slides.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 1__Presentations/12_Nv_07__Parallelism_meetup/Parallelism_overview.odp Binary file 1__Presentations/12_Nv_07__Parallelism_meetup/Parallelism_overview.odp has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 1__Presentations/12_Nv_07__Parallelism_meetup/Parallelism_overview.pdf Binary file 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cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 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+1,14451 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + The Proto-Runtime Toolkitfor Fast Creation of High Performance Runtime Systems for Parallel Languageson Many-Core Hardware + + + + + + + Specialize + + + + + + + + + + Sequential + + + + + Development + + + + + Compile&Debug + + + + + (Application experts) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + binary + + + tool flow + + + + + + + binary + + + + HW1 + + + HW2 + + + + + + + + source + + + + + + + + + + + Code + + + + + Structure + + + + + Transform + + + + + + + + Specializer for HW1 + + + + + + + + script + + + + + Controls + + + + + rest of + + + + + Specializer + + + + + Compiler + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Replace + + + + + scheduler + + + + + with + + + + + HW specific + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (Hardware experts) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Portability + Portability + + + Adoptability + Adoptability + + + Productivity + Productivity + + + + The Problem + The Problem + + + + + -] Parallelism in Everyday World - Driving a car - Putting on a wedding - Manufacturing - A business==> Motivate languages by these + -] Size of project & preferences - Large project best with team oriented features - Single creative person best with flexible (dyn) language - Domain expert best with language matches domain==> Wide variation -- support all + -] Priority of software segment - Embedded == performance - Web == productivity - Enterprise == dev process ==> Productivity, given priority + -] Infrastructure must support: - Rapid prototype new lang - Wide array of languages - Portability features in lang - Integrated development tools - Tools to specialize - Specialize after develop + -] Specialize to hardware - Slows dev cycle if specialize during development - Tools to specialize == good==> Separate specialize phase + + + + -] Language portability features: - State or calc dependencies - Identify task boundaries - Easily extracted predictions (work-time, data-input) - Task Manipulators (work amount, input data) - No impl of animator in app + -] For Collectively Solving: - Make infrastructure clonable - Standard interfaces inside - Contribute clone mods back + BLISS Infrastructure + Proto-Runtime Infrastructure + Extract Prediction InfoGenerate ManipulatorsPackage into C code + Use prediction info and manipin HW-specific way + HW specific: impl of morphable abstraction + In eco-system, diff entities do each part:-- HW manufacturers do morphable abstr-- Lang developers do toolchains-- 3rd party or Lang developers do plugins + Eco-system for performance portability + 3 phase specialization separates HW-only part from App-only part, and those both from the part that mixes the two. Gives REUSE of specialization effort: only mix-part is multiplied out (HW grouped) + Specialize happens in central server-- Collects source of applications-- To incoming app, applies all specialization modules-- When specialization module updates, applies it to all applications-- New hardware gets all apps in server, by applying its specializer to all apps-- Specialization module unstructured: mix and match tools, scripts, and so on + + Sean Halle, CWI + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + 3 + + + + + + 4 + + + + + + 5 + + + + + + 6 + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + 8 + + + + + + 9 + + + + + + 10 + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + 1000 + + + + + + 2000 + + + + + + 3000 + + + + + + 4000 + + + + + + 5000 + + + + + + 6000 + + + + + + 7000 + + + + + + 8000 + + + + + + Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work + + + Cycles in one Task + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + 3 + + + + + + 4 + + + + + + 5 + + + + + + 6 + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + 8 + + + + + + 9 + + + + + + 10 + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + 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+ Assignment + of Work + onto Cores + Module + + + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + + + + + + + + + Code Stack for Runtime System + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 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Toolchain + + + + Specializer + + + + + Specializer + + + + + + Modularization + Primitives (API) + Language Organization + How to Impl a LanguageRuntime + Software Stack: where doesproto-runtime fit? + Using OS Thds + Custom HW Primitives + Modify Existing + Modularize and Reuse + Tie-point model enables modularization-] Defines primitives-] Defines abstraction + + + Application + Parallel Exe model + OS Threads + HW primitives + + + Using OS Threads + + + + Application + Parallel Exe model + HW primitives + Proto-runtime primitives + + + UsingProto-runtime Toolkit + + + + Application + Parallel Exe model + HW primitives + + Using HW primitives + + Approaches for Implementing a Runtime System + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 1__Presentations/14__Ja__HiPEAC_poster/poster_pitch.odp Binary file 1__Presentations/14__Ja__HiPEAC_poster/poster_pitch.odp has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\begin{document} - -\pagestyle{empty} -\bibliographystyle{plain} -%Ueberschrift -\begin{center} -\huge{\textsc{Curriculum Vitae}} -\vspace{\baselineskip} - -\Large{\textsc{Sean Halle}} -\end{center} -%\vspace{1.5\baselineskip} - -\section{} -\noindent\hspace*{\tabcolsep} -\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth} - -{\large{\textsc{Address}}}\\ - 933 Channing Way\\ -Berkeley, Ca 94710 USA\\[3pt] -Tel~: +1-510-847-7745\\ -\end{minipage} -\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth} - -{\large{\textsc{Personal Details}}}\\ -Nationality: US\\ -EMail~: \texttt{seanhalle@yahoo.com}\\ -Web~: OpenSourceResearchInstitute.org\\ - -\end{minipage} - -\section{Overview/Summary} Sean is a researcher and former entrepreneur. As an undergraduate and masters student, his research at UC Berkeley demonstrated the first evidence of secure communication using chaos, spread spectrum communication using a chaotic carrier signal, and gain from perturbation of chaotic circuits, with a total of 680+ citations to these papers. He left with his Masters in 1994, to pursue starting a company with technology developed during a graduate course, eventually founding a fabless chip company around a MIMD-SIMD low-power massively parallel processor for graphics (ProSide), in 1997. After the company's demise, he switched to software and worked his way up the chain, ending at Chief Software Architect at Nevik in 2000. The dot-com crash precipitated a return to academia to start his PhD in 2003, where he worked on parallelism, developing a theory of parallel computation, and a performance-portable software stack. As part of this, in 2008 he was invited by Albert Cohen to work in Paris at INRIA, the national computer science research institute for France, concentrating on new parallel languages for high productivity and high performance portability. This led to BLIS and VMS, two technologies that became the basis of his dissertation, for which he received his PhD in 2011. He is currently advancing the software stack to support performance-portable parallel languages. - - - -\section{Education} - -\begin{CV} -\item[May 1992:] UC Berkeley, BSEE, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. -\item[May 1994:] UC Berkeley, MSEE, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. - -Thesis on \emph{Experimental Chaos}. Published the first papers in the field on "Gain from Chaos," "Spread Spectrum Communication Using Chaos," and "Secure Communication Using Chaos." The papers, combined, have garnered in excess of 450 citations. Advisor: Leon O Chua. - -\item[June 2011:] UC Santa Cruz, PhD, Dept. of Computer Engineering. - -Dissertation on \emph{theory of parallel computation and tools for delivering performance-portable parallel software}. Advisors: Albert Cohen (INRIA, Paris), and Jose Renau (UC Santa Cruz). - -\end{CV} - - -\section{Experience} - -\begin{CV} - -\item[Jun '11 to Jun '12:] Post-doctorate researcher at Technical University Berlin. - - Oversaw 6 students who worked on: design of a low-power GPU that is free from programming and application restrictions, verifying a Basic Model of Parallel Computation (proposed in Dissertation), improvement of the proto-runtime approach (from Dissertation), and implementation of the HWSim language using proto-runtime. - -\item[Apr '08 to Apr '11:] INRIA, Paris and Ecole Normale Supereur: Performed research on Portable High Performance Parallelism. - -In 2008-2009 period demonstrated DKU and BLIS framework in Java and in C, running on multi-core shared memory machines, a heterogeneous collection of them and on the Cell processor. In 2010 and 2011 designed WorkTable language for high productivity parallel coding for Enterprise applications, and HWSim for high-performance simulation of hardware designs, using parallel host machines. In 2011 delivered Virtualized Master-Slave (VMS), a hardware abstraction to simplify creation and implementation of domain-specific parallel languages, and the basis of a software stack for performant-portable parallel software. The work there formed the main results in his dissertation. - -\item[Sept '03 to Apr '08:] UC Santa Cruz: Performed research on a theory of parallel computation, and developed a programming system for performance-portable software called CodeTime, in addition to an analytic performance model for out-of-order pipelines. - -\item[Apr '02 to Sept '03:] Startup: In anticipation of starting a fabless chip company, architected an ultra low power multi-threaded high-throughput processor. Developed a detailed analytic model of the processor. Wrote behavioral code and a test suite to demonstrate its performance. Pursued series-A funding. - -\item[Dec '00 to Apr '02:] Nevik Networks: As Chief Software Architect, designed and was responsible for the team implementing a telecom abstraction layer that provides web-based end-customer provisioning of big-iron class 5 switches as well as soft-switches. Led development, drove requirements gathering and scoping of the product. - -\item[Dec '99 to Dec '00:] SRI International: A member of SRI's enterprise software consulting spin-off. Designed a high speed trading system for Deutsche Bank's fixed income securities market. Co-architected, for American Century, an integrated financial system. Contributed papers analyzing and detailing electronic exchanges. technical lead on implementation of a financial planning services exchange. - -\item[Apr '99 to Dec '99:] Cisco Systems, contract: Member of web based ordering tool team (\$15 Billion in orders annually via this tool). Added functionality via modifying front-end servlet code, back-end business logic, and Oracle database tables. - -\item[Apr '98 to Mar '99:] Sun Microsystems, JavaSoft division, contract: Participated in debug of the AWT portion of the Java language for the 1.2 release. Contributed to specification of the automated GUI testing API that later appeared in release 1.5. Developed automated testing tools. - -\item[Mar '96 to Dec '97:] ProSide Inc. Acquired funding for a novel architecture fusing SIMD and SPMD of his design. Targeted at 3D graphics, was also a general "loop accelerator" that appeared as smart-memory. Developed base programming language and tools. - -\item[Jan '95 to Jan '96:] Digital Equipment Corporation: Held position created for him by Dan Dobberpuhl to evaluate advanced technologies for use in Alpha processors. Evaluated adiabatic logic, Time-Stationary Computation, and other low power, high speed technologies. Invented five new logic families and a novel division technique based on deduction. Designed high speed pseudo-self-timed array multiplier for low cost Alpha core and StrongArm VLIW co-processor using a combination of static, domino, and differential cascode (DCVSL) logic. - - -\end{CV} - -\pagebreak -\section{Personal References} - -%\noindent These persons are familiar with my professional qualifications and my character: - -Will be provided post-interview. - - -%\begin{table}[ht] -%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} -%\textbf{Prof. Albert Cohen} \\ -%Professor and Researcher & Phone: & +33-1-44-32-21-67\\ -%INRIA & Email & albert.cohen@inria.fr\\ -%Ecole Normale Superieure \\ -%\\ -%\end{tabular} -% -%\vspace{.15in} -%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} -%\textbf{Dr Yadu Zambre} \\ -%Director & Phone: & +1-408-472-8854\\ -% Lockheed Martin & Email & yzambre@ieee.org\\ -% \\ -% -%\end{tabular} -% -%\vspace{.15in} -%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} -%\textbf{Dan Zivkovic} \\ -%Developer & Phone: & +1-650-796-8623\\ -%Google & Email & zivkovic@google.com \\ -%\end{tabular} -%\end{table} - -\section - -\cite{BLISHome, -HotPar10_w_BLIS, -HotPar11_w_Stack, -PStackHome, -VMS_LCPC_11, -VMSHome, -WorkTableHome, -BaCTiLTechRep, -CIPTechRep, -CTOSTechRep, -CTPlatformTechRep, -CTRTTechRep, -DKUTechRep_09, -EQNLangTechRep, -GainFromChaos_Halle_92, -MentalFrameworkTechRep_06, -Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, -Halle_Secure_pub, -Halle_SpreadSpect_pub} - -\bibliography{bib_for_papers_apr_2012} - - - -\end{document} - - - - - -%Tabellen -\begin{table}[htbp] \centering% -\begin{tabular}{lll}\hline\hline -1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline -1 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{2} \\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\caption{Titel\label{Tabelle: Label}} -\end{table} - - - - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/12_Ag__Industry_CV/bib_for_papers_apr_2012.bib --- a/CVs/12_Ag__Industry_CV/bib_for_papers_apr_2012.bib Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,916 +0,0 @@ -@techrep{SyncConstr_impl_w_distr_coherence_HW_Utah_96, - author = {Carter, J. B. and Kuo, C.-C. and Kuramkote, R.}, - title = { A comparison of software and hardware synchronization mechanisms for distributed shared memory multiprocessors}, - institution = {University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT}, - year = 1996, - url = {http://www.cs.utah.edu/research/techreports/1996/pdf/UUCS-96-011.pdf}, - number = {UUCS-96-011} -} -@Article{SWCoherence_Hill_SW_for_shared_coherence_w_HW_support_93, - author = {Hill, Mark D. and Larus, James R. and Reinhardt, Steven K. and Wood, David A.}, - title = {Cooperative shared memory: software and hardware for scalable multiprocessors}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = 11, - number = 4, - year = 1993, - pages = {300--318} -} -@InProceedings{SWCache_MIT_embedSW_manages_cache_w_HW_supp, - author = {Chiou, Derek and Jain, Prabhat and Rudolph, Larry and Devadas, Srinivas}, - title = {Application-specific memory management for embedded systems using software-controlled caches}, - booktitle = {DAC}, - year = 2000, - pages = {416--419} -} -@InProceedings{SWCache_instr_trig_HW_supp_04, - author = {Janapsatya, Andhi and Parameswaran, Sri and Ignjatovic, A.}, - title = {Hardware/software managed scratchpad memory for embedded system}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design}, - series = {ICCAD '04}, - year = 2004, - pages = {370--377} -} -@InProceedings{SWCache_arch_supp_OS_policy_06, - author = {Rafique, Nauman and Lim, Won-Taek and Thottethodi, Mithuna}, - title = {Architectural support for operating system-driven CMP cache management}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques}, - series = {PACT '06}, - year = 2006, - pages = {2--12} -} -@InProceedings{SWCoherence_on_Distr_Mem_90, - author = {Bennett, J.K. and Carter, J.B. and Zwaenepoel, W.}, - booktitle = {Computer Architecture, 1990. Proceedings., 17th Annual International Symposium on}, - title = {Adaptive software cache management for distributed shared memory architectures}, - year = 1990, - pages = {125 -134} -} -@InProceedings{Charm_runtime_opt_10, - author = {Mei, Chao and Zheng, Gengbin and Gioachin, Filippo and Kal{\'e}, Laxmikant V.}, - title = {Optimizing a parallel runtime system for multicore clusters: a case study}, - booktitle = {The 2010 TeraGrid Conference}, - year = 2010, - pages = {12:1--12:8} -} -@InProceedings{TCC_Hammond_ISCA_04, - author = {Hammond, Lance and al, et}, - title = {Transactional Memory Coherence and Consistency}, - series = {ISCA '04}, - pages = {102--}, - booktitle = {}, - year = {} -} -@Misc{WorkTableHome, - author = {Halle, Sean}, - note = {http://musictwodotoh.com/worktable/content/refman.pdf}, - title = {The WorkTable Language Reference Manual}, - year = 2012 -} -@Misc{HWSimHome, - author = {Halle, Sean and Hausers, Stefan}, - note = {http://musictwodotoh.com/hwsim/content/refman.pdf}, - title = {The HWSim Language Reference Manual}, - year = 2012 -} -@Article{Lamport78, - author = {Lamport, Leslie}, - title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, - journal = {Commun. ACM}, - volume = 21, - issue = 7, - year = 1978, - pages = {558--565} -} -@Article{Lamport87, - author = {Lamport, Leslie}, - title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = 5, - issue = 1, - year = 1987, - pages = {1--11} -} -@InProceedings{Dijkstra67, - author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, - title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, - series = {SOSP '67}, - year = 1967, - pages = {10.1--10.6} -} -@Article{Conway63, - author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, - title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, - journal = {Commun. ACM}, - volume = 6, - issue = 7, - year = 1963, - pages = {396--408} -} -@Book{ComponentModel00, - author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, - title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = 2000 -} -@Misc{Hewitt10, - author = {Carl Hewitt}, - title = {Actor Model of Computation}, - year = 2010, - note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} -} -@Article{Actors97, - author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, - title = {A foundation for actor computation}, - journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, - volume = 7, - number = 01, - pages = {1-72}, - year = 1997 -} -@Article{SchedActivations, - author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, - title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, - journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, - volume = 10, - issue = 1, - month = {February}, - year = 1992, - pages = {53--79} -} -@InProceedings{BOMinManticore, - author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, - title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, - series = {DAMP '07}, - year = 2007, - pages = {37--44}, - numpages = 8 -} -@TechReport{Halle_GainFromChaos_TechRep, - author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, - title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, - institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, - year = 1992, - url = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, - number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} -} -@Article{Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, - author = {K.S. Halle and Leon O. Chua and V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova}, - title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, - journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, - pages = {290-308}, - year = 1993 -} -@Article{Halle_SpreadSpect_pub, - author = {K.S. Halle and C.W. Wu and M. Itoh and L. O. Chua}, - title = {Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos}, - journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, - pages = {469-477}, - year = 1993, - note = {cited by 232} -} -@Article{Halle_Secure_pub, - author = {V. Kocarev and K.S. Halle and K. Eckert and L. O. Chua and V. Parlitz}, - title = {Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization}, - journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, - pages = {709-713}, - year = 1992, - note = {cited by 457} -} -@InProceedings{HotPar10_w_BLIS, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {June}, - title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, - year = 2010 -} -@InProceedings{HotPar11_w_Stack, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, - month = {May}, - title = {Support of Collective Effort Towards Performance Portability}, - year = 2011 -} -@Article{VMS_LCPC_11, - author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, - title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, - journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, - year = 2011 -} -@Misc{StackTechRep_10, - author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, - note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, - 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Reed}, - title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, - day = {16--18}, - month = {jun}, - year = 2003, - note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} -} -@Article{reeves84, - author = {A. P. Reeves}, - title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, - journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, - volume = 1, - number = {}, - year = 1984, - month = {aug}, - pages = {64--80} -} -@Article{skillicorn98, - author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, - title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, - journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, - volume = 30, - number = 2, - year = 1998, - issn = {0360-0300}, - pages = {123--169}, - doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, - publisher = {ACM Press}, - address = {New York, NY, USA} -} -@Article{stefik86, - title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, - author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, - journal = {The AI Magazine}, - volume = 6, - number = 4, - year = 1986 -} -@Book{stirling92, - title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, - author = {Stirling, C.}, - year = 1992, - publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} -} -@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, - author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, - title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, - note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} -} -@Misc{turing38, - author = {A. Turing}, - note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, - year = 1938 -} -@Book{vonNeumann45, - title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, - author = {J. von Neumann}, - year = 1945, - publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} -} -@Book{winskel93, - title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, - author = {Winskel, G.}, - year = 1993, - publisher = {MIT Press} -} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/12_Ag__Industry_CV/publication_list.pdf Binary file CVs/12_Ag__Industry_CV/publication_list.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/12_Ag__Industry_CV/publication_list.tex --- a/CVs/12_Ag__Industry_CV/publication_list.tex Thu Sep 19 15:32:31 2013 -0700 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,91 +0,0 @@ -%&latex -%% Derived from: `cvctan.tex' - -\documentclass[a4paper]{article} - -\usepackage{tabularx} - -%\usepackage{doublespace} -%\setstretch{1.1} - -%\usepackage{ae} -\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -\usepackage{CV} - - -\oddsidemargin 0in -\evensidemargin 0in -\textwidth\paperwidth -\advance \textwidth by -2in -\topmargin 0in -\textheight\paperheight -\advance\textheight -2in -\headheight 0pt -\headsep 0pt -\footskip 0pt - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\begin{document} - -\pagestyle{empty} -\bibliographystyle{plain} -%Ueberschrift -\begin{center} -\huge{\textsc{Publication List}} -\vspace{\baselineskip} - -\Large{\textsc{Sean Halle}} -\end{center} -%\vspace{1.5\baselineskip} - - -\section{Overview} Sean has produced a large body of work, however due to a number of factors has only recently begun concentrating on publishing in major conferences and journals. As such, most of the publications in the list are technical reports, or papers downloadable from development websites. - - -\cite{BLISHome, -HotPar10_w_BLIS, -HotPar11_w_Stack, -PStackHome, -VMS_LCPC_11, -VMSHome, -WorkTableHome, -BaCTiLTechRep, -CIPTechRep, -CTOSTechRep, -CTPlatformTechRep, -CTRTTechRep, -DKUTechRep_09, -EQNLangTechRep, -GainFromChaos_Halle_92, -MentalFrameworkTechRep_06, -Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, -Halle_Secure_pub, -Halle_SpreadSpect_pub} - -\bibliography{bib_for_papers_apr_2012} - - - -\end{document} - - - - - -%Tabellen -\begin{table}[htbp] \centering% -\begin{tabular}{lll}\hline\hline -1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline -1 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{2} \\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\caption{Titel\label{Tabelle: Label}} -\end{table} - - - - - - - diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/CV_w_pubs.pdf Binary file CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/CV_w_pubs.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/CV_w_pubs.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/CV_w_pubs.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +%&latex +%% Derived from: `cvctan.tex' + +\documentclass[a4paper]{article} + +\usepackage{tabularx} + +%\usepackage{doublespace} +%\setstretch{1.1} + +%\usepackage{ae} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{CV} + + +\oddsidemargin 0in +\evensidemargin 0in +\textwidth\paperwidth +\advance \textwidth by -2in +\topmargin 0in +\textheight\paperheight +\advance\textheight -2in +\headheight 0pt +\headsep 0pt +\footskip 0pt + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{document} + +\pagestyle{empty} +\bibliographystyle{plain} +%Ueberschrift +\begin{center} +\huge{\textsc{Curriculum Vitae}} +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\Large{\textsc{Sean Halle}} +\end{center} +%\vspace{1.5\baselineskip} + +\section{} +\noindent\hspace*{\tabcolsep} +\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth} + +{\large{\textsc{Address}}}\\ + Carolina Macgillavrylaan 1976\\ +Amsterdam, 1098XE Netherlands\\[3pt] +Tel~: +31-616434534\\ +\end{minipage} +\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth} + +{\large{\textsc{Personal Details}}}\\ +Nationality: US\\ +EMail~: \texttt{seanhalle@yahoo.com}\\ +Web~: OpenSourceResearchInstitute.org\\ + +\end{minipage} + +\section{Overview/Summary} Sean is a researcher and former entrepreneur. As an undergraduate and masters student, his research at UC Berkeley demonstrated the first evidence of secure communication using chaos, spread spectrum communication using a chaotic carrier signal, and gain from perturbation of chaotic circuits, with a total of 680+ citations to these papers. He left with his Masters in 1994, to pursue starting a company with technology developed during a graduate course, eventually founding a fabless chip company around a MIMD-SIMD low-power massively parallel processor for graphics (ProSide), in 1997. After the company's demise, he switched to software and worked his way up the chain, ending at Chief Software Architect at Nevik in 2000. The dot-com crash precipitated a return to academia to start his PhD in 2003, where he worked on parallelism, developing a theory of parallel computation, and a performance-portable software stack. As part of this, in 2008 he was invited by Albert Cohen to work in Paris at INRIA, the national computer science research institute for France, concentrating on new parallel languages for high productivity and high performance portability. This led to BLIS and Proto-Runtime, two technologies that became the basis of his dissertation, for which he received his PhD in 2011. He is currently advancing the software stack to support performance-portable parallel languages. + + + +\section{Education} + +\begin{CV} +\item[May 1992:] UC Berkeley, BSEE, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. +\item[May 1994:] UC Berkeley, MSEE, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. + +Thesis on \emph{Experimental Chaos}. Published the first papers in the field on "Gain from Chaos," "Spread Spectrum Communication Using Chaos," and "Secure Communication Using Chaos." The papers, combined, have garnered in excess of 680 citations. Advisor: Leon O Chua. + +\item[June 2011:] UC Santa Cruz, PhD, Dept. of Computer Engineering. + +Dissertation on \emph{theory of parallel computation and tools for delivering performance-portable parallel software}. Advisors: Albert Cohen (INRIA, Paris), and Jose Renau (UC Santa Cruz). + +\end{CV} + + +\section{Experience} + +\begin{CV} + + +\item[Apr '13 to Apr '14:] ERCIM Fellow, Post-Doctorate researcher at CWI, Amsterdam. + +Currently advancing the proto-runtime system for parallel runtime systems. Applying it to the Reo language and the ABS language, and creating a generalization for distributed memory models. Producing a formal theory of synchronization constructs and proofs of the generality of the proto-runtime approach. + + +\item[Jul '12 to Apr '13:] Consulted on applying the classification style neural network chip produced by Cognimem Inc to Enterprise applications, focusing on Analytics and the major Machine Learning algorithms employed in Advanced Analytics. In addition, worked on starting a company based on the proto-runtime system. + + +\item[Jun '11 to Jun '12:] Post-doctorate researcher at Technical University Berlin. + + Oversaw 6 students who worked on the design of a low-power GPU that is free from programming and application restrictions, verifying a Fundamental Model of parallel computation (proposed in Dissertation), improvement of the proto-runtime approach (from Dissertation), and implementation of the HWSim language using proto-runtime. + +\item[Apr '08 to Apr '11:] INRIA, Paris and Ecole Normale Supereur: Performed research on Portable High Performance Parallelism. + +In 2008-2009 period demonstrated DKU and BLIS framework in Java and in C, running on multi-core shared memory machines, a heterogeneous collection of them and on the Cell processor. In 2010 and 2011 designed WorkTable language for high productivity parallel coding for Enterprise applications, and HWSim for high-performance simulation of hardware designs, using parallel host machines. In 2011 delivered the proto-runtime system, a hardware abstraction to simplify creation and implementation of parallel languages, and the basis of a software stack for performance-portable parallel software. The work there formed the main results in Sean's dissertation. + +\item[Sept '03 to Apr '08:] UC Santa Cruz: Performed research on a theory of parallel computation, and developed a programming system for performance-portable software called CodeTime, in addition to an analytic performance model for out-of-order pipelines. + +\item[Apr '02 to Sept '03:] Startup: In anticipation of starting a fabless chip company, architected an ultra low power multi-threaded high-throughput processor. Developed a detailed analytic model of the processor. Wrote behavioral code and a test suite to demonstrate its performance. Pursued series-A funding. + +\item[Dec '00 to Apr '02:] Nevik Networks: As Chief Software Architect, designed and was responsible for the team implementing a telecom abstraction layer that provides web-based end-customer provisioning of big-iron class 5 switches as well as soft-switches. Led development, drove requirements gathering and scoping of the product. + +\item[Dec '99 to Dec '00:] SRI International: A member of SRI's enterprise software consulting spin-off. Designed a high speed trading system for Deutsche Bank's fixed income securities market. Co-architected, for American Century, an integrated financial system. Contributed papers analyzing and detailing electronic exchanges. Technical lead on implementation of a financial planning services exchange. + +\item[Apr '99 to Dec '99:] Cisco Systems, contract: Member of web based ordering tool team (\$15 Billion in orders annually via this tool). Added functionality via modifying front-end servlet code, back-end business logic, and Oracle database tables. + +\item[Apr '98 to Mar '99:] Sun Microsystems, Java division, contract: Participated in debug of the AWT portion of the Java language for the 1.2 release. Contributed to specification of the automated GUI testing API that later appeared in release 1.5 of the Java language. Developed automated testing tools. + +\item[Mar '96 to Dec '97:] ProSide Inc. Acquired funding for a novel architecture of this design that fuses SIMD with SPMD. Targeted at 3D graphics, was also a general "loop accelerator" that appeared as smart-memory. Developed base programming language and tools. + +\item[Jan '95 to Jan '96:] Digital Equipment Corporation: Held position created for him by Dan Dobberpuhl to evaluate advanced technologies for use in Alpha processors. Evaluated adiabatic logic, Time-Stationary Computation, and other low power, high speed technologies. Invented five new logic families and a novel division technique based on deduction. Designed high speed pseudo-self-timed array multiplier for low cost Alpha core and StrongArm VLIW co-processor using a combination of static, domino, and differential cascode (DCVSL) logic. + + +\end{CV} + +\pagebreak +\section{Personal References} + +%\noindent These persons are familiar with my professional qualifications and my character: + +Will be provided post-interview. + + +%\begin{table}[ht] +%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} +%\textbf{Prof. Albert Cohen} \\ +%Professor and Researcher & Phone: & +33-1-44-32-21-67\\ +%INRIA & Email & albert.cohen@inria.fr\\ +%Ecole Normale Superieure \\ +%\\ +%\end{tabular} +% +%\vspace{.15in} +%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} +%\textbf{Dr Yadu Zambre} \\ +%Director & Phone: & +1-408-472-8854\\ +% Lockheed Martin & Email & yzambre@ieee.org\\ +% \\ +% +%\end{tabular} +% +%\vspace{.15in} +%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} +%\textbf{Dan Zivkovic} \\ +%Developer & Phone: & +1-650-796-8623\\ +%Google & Email & zivkovic@google.com \\ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{table} + +\section + +\cite{BLISHome, +HotPar10_w_BLIS, +HotPar11_w_Stack, +PStackHome, +VMS_LCPC_11, +VMSHome, +WorkTableHome, +BaCTiLTechRep, +CIPTechRep, +CTOSTechRep, +CTPlatformTechRep, +CTRTTechRep, +DKUTechRep_09, +EQNLangTechRep, +GainFromChaos_Halle_92, +MentalFrameworkTechRep_06, +Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, +Halle_Secure_pub, +Halle_SpreadSpect_pub} + +\bibliography{bib_for_papers_apr_2012} + + + +\end{document} + + + + + +%Tabellen +\begin{table}[htbp] \centering% +\begin{tabular}{lll}\hline\hline +1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline +1 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{2} \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{Titel\label{Tabelle: Label}} +\end{table} + + + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/bib_for_papers_apr_2012.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/bib_for_papers_apr_2012.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,916 @@ +@techrep{SyncConstr_impl_w_distr_coherence_HW_Utah_96, + author = {Carter, J. B. and Kuo, C.-C. and Kuramkote, R.}, + title = { A comparison of software and hardware synchronization mechanisms for distributed shared memory multiprocessors}, + institution = {University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT}, + year = 1996, + url = {http://www.cs.utah.edu/research/techreports/1996/pdf/UUCS-96-011.pdf}, + number = {UUCS-96-011} +} +@Article{SWCoherence_Hill_SW_for_shared_coherence_w_HW_support_93, + author = {Hill, Mark D. and Larus, James R. and Reinhardt, Steven K. and Wood, David A.}, + title = {Cooperative shared memory: software and hardware for scalable multiprocessors}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = 11, + number = 4, + year = 1993, + pages = {300--318} +} +@InProceedings{SWCache_MIT_embedSW_manages_cache_w_HW_supp, + author = {Chiou, Derek and Jain, Prabhat and Rudolph, Larry and Devadas, Srinivas}, + title = {Application-specific memory management for embedded systems using software-controlled caches}, + booktitle = {DAC}, + year = 2000, + pages = {416--419} +} +@InProceedings{SWCache_instr_trig_HW_supp_04, + author = {Janapsatya, Andhi and Parameswaran, Sri and Ignjatovic, A.}, + title = {Hardware/software managed scratchpad memory for embedded system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design}, + series = {ICCAD '04}, + year = 2004, + pages = {370--377} +} +@InProceedings{SWCache_arch_supp_OS_policy_06, + author = {Rafique, Nauman and Lim, Won-Taek and Thottethodi, Mithuna}, + title = {Architectural support for operating system-driven CMP cache management}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques}, + series = {PACT '06}, + year = 2006, + pages = {2--12} +} +@InProceedings{SWCoherence_on_Distr_Mem_90, + author = {Bennett, J.K. and Carter, J.B. and Zwaenepoel, W.}, + booktitle = {Computer Architecture, 1990. Proceedings., 17th Annual International Symposium on}, + title = {Adaptive software cache management for distributed shared memory architectures}, + year = 1990, + pages = {125 -134} +} +@InProceedings{Charm_runtime_opt_10, + author = {Mei, Chao and Zheng, Gengbin and Gioachin, Filippo and Kal{\'e}, Laxmikant V.}, + title = {Optimizing a parallel runtime system for multicore clusters: a case study}, + booktitle = {The 2010 TeraGrid Conference}, + year = 2010, + pages = {12:1--12:8} +} +@InProceedings{TCC_Hammond_ISCA_04, + author = {Hammond, Lance and al, et}, + title = {Transactional Memory Coherence and Consistency}, + series = {ISCA '04}, + pages = {102--}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {} +} +@Misc{WorkTableHome, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://musictwodotoh.com/worktable/content/refman.pdf}, + title = {The WorkTable Language Reference Manual}, + year = 2012 +} +@Misc{HWSimHome, + author = {Halle, Sean and Hausers, Stefan}, + note = {http://musictwodotoh.com/hwsim/content/refman.pdf}, + title = {The HWSim Language Reference Manual}, + year = 2012 +} +@Article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = 21, + issue = 7, + year = 1978, + pages = {558--565} +} +@Article{Lamport87, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = 5, + issue = 1, + year = 1987, + pages = {1--11} +} +@InProceedings{Dijkstra67, + author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, + title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, + series = {SOSP '67}, + year = 1967, + pages = {10.1--10.6} +} +@Article{Conway63, + author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, + title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = 6, + issue = 7, + year = 1963, + pages = {396--408} +} +@Book{ComponentModel00, + author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, + title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 2000 +} +@Misc{Hewitt10, + author = {Carl Hewitt}, + title = {Actor Model of Computation}, + year = 2010, + note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} +} +@Article{Actors97, + author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, + title = {A foundation for actor computation}, + journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, + volume = 7, + number = 01, + pages = {1-72}, + year = 1997 +} +@Article{SchedActivations, + author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, + title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = 10, + issue = 1, + month = {February}, + year = 1992, + pages = {53--79} +} +@InProceedings{BOMinManticore, + author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, + title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, + series = {DAMP '07}, + year = 2007, + pages = {37--44}, + numpages = 8 +} +@TechReport{Halle_GainFromChaos_TechRep, + author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, + title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, + year = 1992, + url = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, + number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} +} +@Article{Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, + author = {K.S. Halle and Leon O. Chua and V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova}, + title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, + pages = {290-308}, + year = 1993 +} +@Article{Halle_SpreadSpect_pub, + author = {K.S. Halle and C.W. Wu and M. Itoh and L. O. Chua}, + title = {Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos}, + journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, + pages = {469-477}, + year = 1993, + note = {cited by 232} +} +@Article{Halle_Secure_pub, + author = {V. Kocarev and K.S. Halle and K. Eckert and L. O. Chua and V. Parlitz}, + title = {Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization}, + journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, + pages = {709-713}, + year = 1992, + note = {cited by 457} +} +@InProceedings{HotPar10_w_BLIS, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {June}, + title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = 2010 +} +@InProceedings{HotPar11_w_Stack, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {Support of Collective Effort Towards Performance Portability}, + year = 2011 +} +@Article{VMS_LCPC_11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = 2011 +} +@Misc{StackTechRep_10, + author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + year = 2010 +} +@Misc{CTBigStepSemTechRep_06, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{MentalFrameworkTechRep_06, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, + title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{DKUTechRep_09, + author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, + title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{EQNLangTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, + title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{CTOSTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, + title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer for Parallelism}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{SideEffectsTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, + title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{BaCTiLTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, + title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{CTPlatformTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, + title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{CTRTTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, + title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{CIPTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, + title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for {HEC} Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, + year = 2005 +} +@Misc{DKU_Infra_site, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, + title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} +} +@Misc{DKUSourceForge, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + month = {November}, + note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, + title = {{DKU} website}, + year = 2008 +} +@Misc{BLISHome, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + month = {November}, + note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, + title = {{BLIS} website}, + year = 2008 +} +@Misc{VMSHome, + author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, + note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, + title = {{VMS} Home Page}, + year = 2010 +} +@Misc{PStackHome, + author = {Sean Halle}, + note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, + title = {{PStack} Home Page -- A Software Stack for Performantly Portable Parallelism}, + year = 2012 +} +@Misc{DeblockingCode, + note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + title = {{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} +@Misc{SampleBLISCode, + note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + title = {{Sample BLIS Code}} +} +@Misc{OMPHome, + note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage} +} +@Misc{MapReduceHome, + author = {Google Corp.}, + note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + title = {{MapReduce} Home page} +} +@Misc{TBBHome, + author = {Intel Corp.}, + note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + title = {{TBB} Home page} +} +@Misc{HPFWikipedia, + author = {Wikipedia}, + note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + title = {{HPF} wikipedia page} +} +@Misc{OpenMPHome, + author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} +@Misc{MPIHome, + author = {open-mpi organization}, + note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, + title = {{Open MPI} Home page} +} +@Misc{OpenCLHome, + author = {Kronos Group}, + note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, + title = {{OpenCL} Home page} +} +@Misc{CILKHome, + author = {Cilk group at MIT}, + note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, + title = {{CILK} homepage} +} +@InProceedings{Fri98, + author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, + title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, + booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + pages = {212--223}, + year = 1998, + address = {Montreal, Quebec}, + month = jun +} +@Misc{TitaniumHome, + note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, + title = {{Titanium} homepage} +} +@InProceedings{CnCInHotPar, + author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{CnCHome, + author = {Intel Corp.}, + note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, + title = {{CnC} homepage} +} +@Misc{SpiralHome, + author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, + note = {http://www.spiral.net}, + title = {{Spiral} homepage} +} +@Misc{ScalaHome, + author = {Scala organization}, + note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, + title = {{Scala} homepage} +} +@Misc{UPCHome, + author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, + note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, + title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage} +} +@Misc{SuifHome, + note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, + title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage} +} +@Article{SEJITS, + author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = 2009 +} +@InProceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = 2009, + pages = {404--418} +} +@Article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal = {International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = 2009, + pages = {1-12} +} +@InProceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = 2008, + pages = {225--234} +} +@InProceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = 2008, + pages = {90--100} +} +@InProceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = 2009 +} +@InProceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = 2007, + pages = {211--222} +} +@Book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} +} +@Misc{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = 1995 +} +@InProceedings{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = 2006, + pages = {247--258} +} +@InProceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = 2006, + pages = 83 +} +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = 1989 +} +@InProceedings{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = 1998, + pages = {468--471} +} +@InProceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = 2008, + pages = {154--163} +} +@InProceedings{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = 1993, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title = {{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author = {Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal = {Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume = 18, + number = {2006-183}, + pages = 19, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} +@Book{Mattson04Patterns, + title = {{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author = {Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year = 2004, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley Professional} +} +@Article{Skillicorn98, + title = {{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author = {Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + pages = {123--169}, + year = 1998 +} +@Conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title = {{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author = {Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages = {102--111}, + year = 1993, + organization = {ACM New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{McgrawSisal, + title = {{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author = {McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal = {Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume = 1 +} +@Article{Gelernter85Linda, + title = {{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author = {Gelernter, D.}, + journal = {ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume = 7, + number = 1, + pages = {80--112}, + year = 1985 +} +@Article{Lin94ZPL, + title = {{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author = {Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume = 768, + pages = {96--114}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = 40, + number = 4, + year = 1997, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal = {IEEE Computer}, + volume = 29, + number = 4, + year = 1996, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} +} +@Book{berry89, + title = {{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author = {Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year = 1989, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = 30, + number = 8, + year = 1995, + pages = {207--216} +} +@Article{burch90, + title = {{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author = {Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal = {Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages = {428--439}, + year = 1990 +} +@Article{chamberlain98, + author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, + title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, + journal = {hips}, + volume = 00, + year = 1998, + isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, + pages = 50 +} +@Article{church41, + author = {A. Church}, + title = {The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal = {Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number = 6, + year = 1941, + publisher = {Princeton University} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeWebSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} +} +@InProceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = 1994, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{emerson91, + title = {{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author = {Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages = {368--377}, + year = 1991 +} +@Article{fortune78, + title = {{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author = {Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages = {114--118}, + year = 1978, + publisher = {ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{goldberg83, + title = {{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author = {Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year = 1983, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley} +} +@InProceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = 1978, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Book{gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = 1996 +} +@Article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 32, + number = 1, + year = 2000, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{hoare78, + author = {C. A. R. Hoare}, + title = {Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + year = 1978, + volume = 21, + number = 8, + pages = {666-677} +} +@Article{huth, + title = {{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author = {Huth, M.}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages = {369--380}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 36, + number = 1, + year = 2004, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{kozen83, + title = {{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author = {Kozen, D.}, + journal = {TCS}, + volume = 27, + pages = {333--354}, + year = 1983 +} +@Article{kripke63, + title = {{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author = {Kripke, S.}, + journal = {Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume = 9, + pages = {67--96}, + year = 1963 +} +@Book{mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = 1985 +} +@Book{milner80, + title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author = {Milner, R.}, + year = 1980, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{milner92, + title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal = {Information and Computation}, + volume = 100, + number = 1, + pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {Academic Press} +} +@Book{milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 1999 +} +@Book{MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{petri62, + title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author = {Petri, C.A.}, + journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume = 62, + pages = {386--390}, + year = 1962 +} +@Book{pierce02, + title = {Types and Programming Languages}, + author = {Pierce, B. C.}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = 4, + number = 3, + pages = {211--266} +} +@Misc{pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} +} +@Unpublished{reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = 2003, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} +} +@Article{reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = 1, + number = {}, + year = 1984, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} +} +@Article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + year = 1998, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{stefik86, + title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal = {The AI Magazine}, + volume = 6, + number = 4, + year = 1986 +} +@Book{stirling92, + title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author = {Stirling, C.}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} +@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} +} +@Misc{turing38, + author = {A. Turing}, + note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year = 1938 +} +@Book{vonNeumann45, + title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author = {J. von Neumann}, + year = 1945, + publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} +} +@Book{winskel93, + title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author = {Winskel, G.}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/publication_list.pdf Binary file CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/publication_list.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/publication_list.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/CVs/12_Au__Industry_CV/publication_list.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +%&latex +%% Derived from: `cvctan.tex' + +\documentclass[a4paper]{article} + +\usepackage{tabularx} + +%\usepackage{doublespace} +%\setstretch{1.1} + +%\usepackage{ae} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{CV} + + +\oddsidemargin 0in +\evensidemargin 0in +\textwidth\paperwidth +\advance \textwidth by -2in +\topmargin 0in +\textheight\paperheight +\advance\textheight -2in +\headheight 0pt +\headsep 0pt +\footskip 0pt + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{document} + +\pagestyle{empty} +\bibliographystyle{plain} +%Ueberschrift +\begin{center} +\huge{\textsc{Publication List}} +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\Large{\textsc{Sean Halle}} +\end{center} +%\vspace{1.5\baselineskip} + + +\section{Overview} Sean has produced a large body of work, however due to a number of factors has only recently begun concentrating on publishing in major conferences and journals. As such, most of the publications in the list are technical reports, or papers downloadable from development websites. + + +\cite{BLISHome, +HotPar10_w_BLIS, +HotPar11_w_Stack, +PStackHome, +VMS_LCPC_11, +VMSHome, +WorkTableHome, +BaCTiLTechRep, +CIPTechRep, +CTOSTechRep, +CTPlatformTechRep, +CTRTTechRep, +DKUTechRep_09, +EQNLangTechRep, +GainFromChaos_Halle_92, +MentalFrameworkTechRep_06, +Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, +Halle_Secure_pub, +Halle_SpreadSpect_pub} + +\bibliography{bib_for_papers_apr_2012} + + + +\end{document} + + + + + +%Tabellen +\begin{table}[htbp] \centering% +\begin{tabular}{lll}\hline\hline +1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline +1 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{2} \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{Titel\label{Tabelle: Label}} +\end{table} + + + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/CV_w_pubs.pdf Binary file CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/CV_w_pubs.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/CV_w_pubs.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/CV_w_pubs.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +%&latex +%% Derived from: `cvctan.tex' + +\documentclass[a4paper]{article} + +\usepackage{tabularx} + +%\usepackage{doublespace} +%\setstretch{1.1} + +%\usepackage{ae} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{CV} + + +\oddsidemargin 0in +\evensidemargin 0in +\textwidth\paperwidth +\advance \textwidth by -2in +\topmargin 0in +\textheight\paperheight +\advance\textheight -2in +\headheight 0pt +\headsep 0pt +\footskip 0pt + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{document} + +\pagestyle{empty} +\bibliographystyle{plain} +%Ueberschrift +\begin{center} +\huge{\textsc{Curriculum Vitae}} +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\Large{\textsc{Sean Halle}} +\end{center} +%\vspace{1.5\baselineskip} + +\section{} +\noindent\hspace*{\tabcolsep} +\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth} + +{\large{\textsc{Address}}}\\ + Carolina Macgillavrylaan 1976\\ +Amsterdam, 1098XE Netherlands\\[3pt] +Tel~: +31-616434534\\ +\end{minipage} +\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth} + +{\large{\textsc{Personal Details}}}\\ +Nationality: US\\ +EMail~: \texttt{seanhalle@yahoo.com}\\ +Web~: OpenSourceResearchInstitute.org\\ + +\end{minipage} + +\section{Overview/Summary} Sean is a researcher and former entrepreneur. As an undergraduate and masters student, his research at UC Berkeley demonstrated the first evidence of secure communication using chaos, spread spectrum communication using a chaotic carrier signal, and gain from perturbation of chaotic circuits, with a total of 680+ citations to these papers. He left with his Masters in 1994, to pursue starting a company with technology developed during a graduate course, eventually founding a fabless chip company around a MIMD-SIMD low-power massively parallel processor for graphics (ProSide), in 1997. After the company's demise, he switched to software and worked his way up the chain, ending at Chief Software Architect at Nevik in 2000. The dot-com crash precipitated a return to academia to start his PhD in 2003, where he worked on parallelism, developing a theory of parallel computation, and a performance-portable software stack. As part of this, in 2008 he was invited by Albert Cohen to work in Paris at INRIA, the national computer science research institute for France, concentrating on new parallel languages for high productivity and high performance portability. This led to BLIS and Proto-Runtime, two technologies that became the basis of his dissertation, for which he received his PhD in 2011. He is currently advancing the software stack to support performance-portable parallel languages. + + + +\section{Education} + +\begin{CV} +\item[May 1992:] UC Berkeley, BSEE, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. +\item[May 1994:] UC Berkeley, MSEE, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. + +Thesis on \emph{Experimental Chaos}. Published the first papers in the field on "Gain from Chaos," "Spread Spectrum Communication Using Chaos," and "Secure Communication Using Chaos." The papers, combined, have garnered in excess of 680 citations. Advisor: Leon O Chua. + +\item[June 2011:] UC Santa Cruz, PhD, Dept. of Computer Engineering. + +Dissertation on \emph{theory of parallel computation and tools for delivering performance-portable parallel software}. Advisors: Albert Cohen (INRIA, Paris), and Jose Renau (UC Santa Cruz). + +\end{CV} + + +\section{Experience} + +\begin{CV} + + +\item[Apr '13 to Apr '14:] ERCIM Fellow, Post-Doctorate researcher at CWI, Amsterdam. + +Currently advancing the proto-runtime system for parallel runtime systems. Applying it to the Reo language and the ABS language, and creating a generalization for distributed memory models. Producing a formal theory of synchronization constructs and proofs of the generality of the proto-runtime approach. + + +\item[Jul '12 to Apr '13:] Consulted on applying the classification style neural network chip produced by Cognimem Inc to Enterprise applications, focusing on Analytics and the major Machine Learning algorithms employed in Advanced Analytics. In addition, worked on starting a company based on the proto-runtime system. + + +\item[Jun '11 to Jun '12:] Post-doctorate researcher at Technical University Berlin. + + Oversaw 6 students who worked on the design of a low-power GPU that is free from programming and application restrictions, verifying a Fundamental Model of parallel computation (proposed in Dissertation), improvement of the proto-runtime approach (from Dissertation), and implementation of the HWSim language using proto-runtime. + +\item[Apr '08 to Apr '11:] INRIA, Paris and Ecole Normale Supereur: Performed research on Portable High Performance Parallelism. + +In 2008-2009 period demonstrated DKU and BLIS framework in Java and in C, running on multi-core shared memory machines, a heterogeneous collection of them and on the Cell processor. In 2010 and 2011 designed WorkTable language for high productivity parallel coding for Enterprise applications, and HWSim for high-performance simulation of hardware designs, using parallel host machines. In 2011 delivered the proto-runtime system, a hardware abstraction to simplify creation and implementation of parallel languages, and the basis of a software stack for performance-portable parallel software. The work there formed the main results in Sean's dissertation. + +\item[Sept '03 to Apr '08:] UC Santa Cruz: Performed research on a theory of parallel computation, and developed a programming system for performance-portable software called CodeTime, in addition to an analytic performance model for out-of-order pipelines. + +\item[Apr '02 to Sept '03:] Startup: In anticipation of starting a fabless chip company, architected an ultra low power multi-threaded high-throughput processor. Developed a detailed analytic model of the processor. Wrote behavioral code and a test suite to demonstrate its performance. Pursued series-A funding. + +\item[Dec '00 to Apr '02:] Nevik Networks: As Chief Software Architect, designed and was responsible for the team implementing a telecom abstraction layer that provides web-based end-customer provisioning of big-iron class 5 switches as well as soft-switches. Led development, drove requirements gathering and scoping of the product. + +\item[Dec '99 to Dec '00:] SRI International: A member of SRI's enterprise software consulting spin-off. Designed a high speed trading system for Deutsche Bank's fixed income securities market. Co-architected, for American Century, an integrated financial system. Contributed papers analyzing and detailing electronic exchanges. Technical lead on implementation of a financial planning services exchange. + +\item[Apr '99 to Dec '99:] Cisco Systems, contract: Member of web based ordering tool team (\$15 Billion in orders annually via this tool). Added functionality via modifying front-end servlet code, back-end business logic, and Oracle database tables. + +\item[Apr '98 to Mar '99:] Sun Microsystems, Java division, contract: Participated in debug of the AWT portion of the Java language for the 1.2 release. Contributed to specification of the automated GUI testing API that later appeared in release 1.5 of the Java language. Developed automated testing tools. + +\item[Mar '96 to Dec '97:] ProSide Inc. Acquired funding for a novel architecture of this design that fuses SIMD with SPMD. Targeted at 3D graphics, was also a general "loop accelerator" that appeared as smart-memory. Developed base programming language and tools. + +\item[Jan '95 to Jan '96:] Digital Equipment Corporation: Held position created for him by Dan Dobberpuhl to evaluate advanced technologies for use in Alpha processors. Evaluated adiabatic logic, Time-Stationary Computation, and other low power, high speed technologies. Invented five new logic families and a novel division technique based on deduction. Designed high speed pseudo-self-timed array multiplier for low cost Alpha core and StrongArm VLIW co-processor using a combination of static, domino, and differential cascode (DCVSL) logic. + + +\end{CV} + +\pagebreak +\section{Personal References} + +%\noindent These persons are familiar with my professional qualifications and my character: + +Will be provided post-interview. + + +%\begin{table}[ht] +%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} +%\textbf{Prof. Albert Cohen} \\ +%Professor and Researcher & Phone: & +33-1-44-32-21-67\\ +%INRIA & Email & albert.cohen@inria.fr\\ +%Ecole Normale Superieure \\ +%\\ +%\end{tabular} +% +%\vspace{.15in} +%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} +%\textbf{Dr Yadu Zambre} \\ +%Director & Phone: & +1-408-472-8854\\ +% Lockheed Martin & Email & yzambre@ieee.org\\ +% \\ +% +%\end{tabular} +% +%\vspace{.15in} +%\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}} +%\textbf{Dan Zivkovic} \\ +%Developer & Phone: & +1-650-796-8623\\ +%Google & Email & zivkovic@google.com \\ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{table} + +\section + +\cite{BLISHome, +HotPar10_w_BLIS, +HotPar11_w_Stack, +PStackHome, +VMS_LCPC_11, +VMSHome, +WorkTableHome, +BaCTiLTechRep, +CIPTechRep, +CTOSTechRep, +CTPlatformTechRep, +CTRTTechRep, +DKUTechRep_09, +EQNLangTechRep, +GainFromChaos_Halle_92, +MentalFrameworkTechRep_06, +Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, +Halle_Secure_pub, +Halle_SpreadSpect_pub} + +\bibliography{bib_for_papers_apr_2012} + + + +\end{document} + + + + + +%Tabellen +\begin{table}[htbp] \centering% +\begin{tabular}{lll}\hline\hline +1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline +1 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{2} \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{Titel\label{Tabelle: Label}} +\end{table} + + + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/bib_for_papers_apr_2012.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/bib_for_papers_apr_2012.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,916 @@ +@techrep{SyncConstr_impl_w_distr_coherence_HW_Utah_96, + author = {Carter, J. B. and Kuo, C.-C. and Kuramkote, R.}, + title = { A comparison of software and hardware synchronization mechanisms for distributed shared memory multiprocessors}, + institution = {University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT}, + year = 1996, + url = {http://www.cs.utah.edu/research/techreports/1996/pdf/UUCS-96-011.pdf}, + number = {UUCS-96-011} +} +@Article{SWCoherence_Hill_SW_for_shared_coherence_w_HW_support_93, + author = {Hill, Mark D. and Larus, James R. and Reinhardt, Steven K. and Wood, David A.}, + title = {Cooperative shared memory: software and hardware for scalable multiprocessors}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = 11, + number = 4, + year = 1993, + pages = {300--318} +} +@InProceedings{SWCache_MIT_embedSW_manages_cache_w_HW_supp, + author = {Chiou, Derek and Jain, Prabhat and Rudolph, Larry and Devadas, Srinivas}, + title = {Application-specific memory management for embedded systems using software-controlled caches}, + booktitle = {DAC}, + year = 2000, + pages = {416--419} +} +@InProceedings{SWCache_instr_trig_HW_supp_04, + author = {Janapsatya, Andhi and Parameswaran, Sri and Ignjatovic, A.}, + title = {Hardware/software managed scratchpad memory for embedded system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design}, + series = {ICCAD '04}, + year = 2004, + pages = {370--377} +} +@InProceedings{SWCache_arch_supp_OS_policy_06, + author = {Rafique, Nauman and Lim, Won-Taek and Thottethodi, Mithuna}, + title = {Architectural support for operating system-driven CMP cache management}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques}, + series = {PACT '06}, + year = 2006, + pages = {2--12} +} +@InProceedings{SWCoherence_on_Distr_Mem_90, + author = {Bennett, J.K. and Carter, J.B. and Zwaenepoel, W.}, + booktitle = {Computer Architecture, 1990. Proceedings., 17th Annual International Symposium on}, + title = {Adaptive software cache management for distributed shared memory architectures}, + year = 1990, + pages = {125 -134} +} +@InProceedings{Charm_runtime_opt_10, + author = {Mei, Chao and Zheng, Gengbin and Gioachin, Filippo and Kal{\'e}, Laxmikant V.}, + title = {Optimizing a parallel runtime system for multicore clusters: a case study}, + booktitle = {The 2010 TeraGrid Conference}, + year = 2010, + pages = {12:1--12:8} +} +@InProceedings{TCC_Hammond_ISCA_04, + author = {Hammond, Lance and al, et}, + title = {Transactional Memory Coherence and Consistency}, + series = {ISCA '04}, + pages = {102--}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {} +} +@Misc{WorkTableHome, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://musictwodotoh.com/worktable/content/refman.pdf}, + title = {The WorkTable Language Reference Manual}, + year = 2012 +} +@Misc{HWSimHome, + author = {Halle, Sean and Hausers, Stefan}, + note = {http://musictwodotoh.com/hwsim/content/refman.pdf}, + title = {The HWSim Language Reference Manual}, + year = 2012 +} +@Article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = 21, + issue = 7, + year = 1978, + pages = {558--565} +} +@Article{Lamport87, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = 5, + issue = 1, + year = 1987, + pages = {1--11} +} +@InProceedings{Dijkstra67, + author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, + title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, + series = {SOSP '67}, + year = 1967, + pages = {10.1--10.6} +} +@Article{Conway63, + author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, + title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = 6, + issue = 7, + year = 1963, + pages = {396--408} +} +@Book{ComponentModel00, + author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, + title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 2000 +} +@Misc{Hewitt10, + author = {Carl Hewitt}, + title = {Actor Model of Computation}, + year = 2010, + note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} +} +@Article{Actors97, + author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, + title = {A foundation for actor computation}, + journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, + volume = 7, + number = 01, + pages = {1-72}, + year = 1997 +} +@Article{SchedActivations, + author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, + title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = 10, + issue = 1, + month = {February}, + year = 1992, + pages = {53--79} +} +@InProceedings{BOMinManticore, + author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, + title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, + series = {DAMP '07}, + year = 2007, + pages = {37--44}, + numpages = 8 +} +@TechReport{Halle_GainFromChaos_TechRep, + author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, + title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, + year = 1992, + url = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, + number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} +} +@Article{Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, + author = {K.S. Halle and Leon O. Chua and V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova}, + title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, + pages = {290-308}, + year = 1993 +} +@Article{Halle_SpreadSpect_pub, + author = {K.S. Halle and C.W. Wu and M. Itoh and L. O. Chua}, + title = {Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos}, + journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, + pages = {469-477}, + year = 1993, + note = {cited by 232} +} +@Article{Halle_Secure_pub, + author = {V. Kocarev and K.S. Halle and K. Eckert and L. O. Chua and V. Parlitz}, + title = {Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization}, + journal = {Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos }, + pages = {709-713}, + year = 1992, + note = {cited by 457} +} +@InProceedings{HotPar10_w_BLIS, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {June}, + title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = 2010 +} +@InProceedings{HotPar11_w_Stack, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {Support of Collective Effort Towards Performance Portability}, + year = 2011 +} +@Article{VMS_LCPC_11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = 2011 +} +@Misc{StackTechRep_10, + author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + year = 2010 +} +@Misc{CTBigStepSemTechRep_06, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{MentalFrameworkTechRep_06, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, + title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{DKUTechRep_09, + author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, + title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{EQNLangTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, + title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{CTOSTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, + title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer for Parallelism}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{SideEffectsTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, + title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{BaCTiLTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, + title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{CTPlatformTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, + title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{CTRTTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, + title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{CIPTechRep, + author = {Halle, Sean}, + note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, + title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for {HEC} Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, + year = 2005 +} +@Misc{DKU_Infra_site, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, + title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} +} +@Misc{DKUSourceForge, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + month = {November}, + note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, + title = {{DKU} website}, + year = 2008 +} +@Misc{BLISHome, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + month = {November}, + note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, + title = {{BLIS} website}, + year = 2008 +} +@Misc{VMSHome, + author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, + note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, + title = {{VMS} Home Page}, + year = 2010 +} +@Misc{PStackHome, + author = {Sean Halle}, + note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, + title = {{PStack} Home Page -- A Software Stack for Performantly Portable Parallelism}, + year = 2012 +} +@Misc{DeblockingCode, + note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + title = {{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} +@Misc{SampleBLISCode, + note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + title = {{Sample BLIS Code}} +} +@Misc{OMPHome, + note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage} +} +@Misc{MapReduceHome, + author = {Google Corp.}, + note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + title = {{MapReduce} Home page} +} +@Misc{TBBHome, + author = {Intel Corp.}, + note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + title = {{TBB} Home page} +} +@Misc{HPFWikipedia, + author = {Wikipedia}, + note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + title = {{HPF} wikipedia page} +} +@Misc{OpenMPHome, + author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} +@Misc{MPIHome, + author = {open-mpi organization}, + note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, + title = {{Open MPI} Home page} +} +@Misc{OpenCLHome, + author = {Kronos Group}, + note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, + title = {{OpenCL} Home page} +} +@Misc{CILKHome, + author = {Cilk group at MIT}, + note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, + title = {{CILK} homepage} +} +@InProceedings{Fri98, + author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, + title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, + booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + pages = {212--223}, + year = 1998, + address = {Montreal, Quebec}, + month = jun +} +@Misc{TitaniumHome, + note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, + title = {{Titanium} homepage} +} +@InProceedings{CnCInHotPar, + author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, + year = 2009 +} +@Misc{CnCHome, + author = {Intel Corp.}, + note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, + title = {{CnC} homepage} +} +@Misc{SpiralHome, + author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, + note = {http://www.spiral.net}, + title = {{Spiral} homepage} +} +@Misc{ScalaHome, + author = {Scala organization}, + note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, + title = {{Scala} homepage} +} +@Misc{UPCHome, + author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, + note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, + title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage} +} +@Misc{SuifHome, + note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, + title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage} +} +@Article{SEJITS, + author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = 2009 +} +@InProceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = 2009, + pages = {404--418} +} +@Article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal = {International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = 2009, + pages = {1-12} +} +@InProceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = 2008, + pages = {225--234} +} +@InProceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = 2008, + pages = {90--100} +} +@InProceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = 2009 +} +@InProceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = 2007, + pages = {211--222} +} +@Book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} +} +@Misc{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = 1995 +} +@InProceedings{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = 2006, + pages = {247--258} +} +@InProceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = 2006, + pages = 83 +} +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = 1989 +} +@InProceedings{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = 1998, + pages = {468--471} +} +@InProceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = 2008, + pages = {154--163} +} +@InProceedings{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = 1993, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title = {{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author = {Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal = {Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume = 18, + number = {2006-183}, + pages = 19, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} +@Book{Mattson04Patterns, + title = {{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author = {Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year = 2004, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley Professional} +} +@Article{Skillicorn98, + title = {{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author = {Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + pages = {123--169}, + year = 1998 +} +@Conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title = {{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author = {Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages = {102--111}, + year = 1993, + organization = {ACM New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{McgrawSisal, + title = {{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author = {McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal = {Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume = 1 +} +@Article{Gelernter85Linda, + title = {{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author = {Gelernter, D.}, + journal = {ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume = 7, + number = 1, + pages = {80--112}, + year = 1985 +} +@Article{Lin94ZPL, + title = {{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author = {Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume = 768, + pages = {96--114}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = 40, + number = 4, + year = 1997, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal = {IEEE Computer}, + volume = 29, + number = 4, + year = 1996, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} +} +@Book{berry89, + title = {{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author = {Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year = 1989, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = 30, + number = 8, + year = 1995, + pages = {207--216} +} +@Article{burch90, + title = {{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author = {Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal = {Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages = {428--439}, + year = 1990 +} +@Article{chamberlain98, + author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, + title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, + journal = {hips}, + volume = 00, + year = 1998, + isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, + pages = 50 +} +@Article{church41, + author = {A. Church}, + title = {The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal = {Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number = 6, + year = 1941, + publisher = {Princeton University} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeWebSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} +} +@InProceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = 1994, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{emerson91, + title = {{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author = {Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages = {368--377}, + year = 1991 +} +@Article{fortune78, + title = {{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author = {Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages = {114--118}, + year = 1978, + publisher = {ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{goldberg83, + title = {{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author = {Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year = 1983, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley} +} +@InProceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = 1978, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Book{gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = 1996 +} +@Article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 32, + number = 1, + year = 2000, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{hoare78, + author = {C. A. R. Hoare}, + title = {Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + year = 1978, + volume = 21, + number = 8, + pages = {666-677} +} +@Article{huth, + title = {{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author = {Huth, M.}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages = {369--380}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 36, + number = 1, + year = 2004, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{kozen83, + title = {{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author = {Kozen, D.}, + journal = {TCS}, + volume = 27, + pages = {333--354}, + year = 1983 +} +@Article{kripke63, + title = {{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author = {Kripke, S.}, + journal = {Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume = 9, + pages = {67--96}, + year = 1963 +} +@Book{mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = 1985 +} +@Book{milner80, + title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author = {Milner, R.}, + year = 1980, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{milner92, + title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal = {Information and Computation}, + volume = 100, + number = 1, + pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {Academic Press} +} +@Book{milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 1999 +} +@Book{MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{petri62, + title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author = {Petri, C.A.}, + journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume = 62, + pages = {386--390}, + year = 1962 +} +@Book{pierce02, + title = {Types and Programming Languages}, + author = {Pierce, B. C.}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = 4, + number = 3, + pages = {211--266} +} +@Misc{pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} +} +@Unpublished{reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = 2003, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} +} +@Article{reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = 1, + number = {}, + year = 1984, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} +} +@Article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + year = 1998, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{stefik86, + title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal = {The AI Magazine}, + volume = 6, + number = 4, + year = 1986 +} +@Book{stirling92, + title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author = {Stirling, C.}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} +@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} +} +@Misc{turing38, + author = {A. Turing}, + note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year = 1938 +} +@Book{vonNeumann45, + title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author = {J. von Neumann}, + year = 1945, + publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} +} +@Book{winskel93, + title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author = {Winskel, G.}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/publication_list.pdf Binary file CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/publication_list.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/publication_list.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/CVs/13_Dc__Industry_CV/publication_list.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +%&latex +%% Derived from: `cvctan.tex' + +\documentclass[a4paper]{article} + +\usepackage{tabularx} + +%\usepackage{doublespace} +%\setstretch{1.1} + +%\usepackage{ae} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{CV} + + +\oddsidemargin 0in +\evensidemargin 0in +\textwidth\paperwidth +\advance \textwidth by -2in +\topmargin 0in +\textheight\paperheight +\advance\textheight -2in +\headheight 0pt +\headsep 0pt +\footskip 0pt + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{document} + +\pagestyle{empty} +\bibliographystyle{plain} +%Ueberschrift +\begin{center} +\huge{\textsc{Publication List}} +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\Large{\textsc{Sean Halle}} +\end{center} +%\vspace{1.5\baselineskip} + + +\section{Overview} Sean has produced a large body of work, however due to a number of factors has only recently begun concentrating on publishing in major conferences and journals. As such, most of the publications in the list are technical reports, or papers downloadable from development websites. + + +\cite{BLISHome, +HotPar10_w_BLIS, +HotPar11_w_Stack, +PStackHome, +VMS_LCPC_11, +VMSHome, +WorkTableHome, +BaCTiLTechRep, +CIPTechRep, +CTOSTechRep, +CTPlatformTechRep, +CTRTTechRep, +DKUTechRep_09, +EQNLangTechRep, +GainFromChaos_Halle_92, +MentalFrameworkTechRep_06, +Halle_GainFromChaos_pub, +Halle_Secure_pub, +Halle_SpreadSpect_pub} + +\bibliography{bib_for_papers_apr_2012} + + + +\end{document} + + + + + +%Tabellen +\begin{table}[htbp] \centering% +\begin{tabular}{lll}\hline\hline +1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline +1 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{2} \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{Titel\label{Tabelle: Label}} +\end{table} + + + + + + +

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arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + 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Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1888 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2372 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2372 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 2855 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +686 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1109 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1109 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1531 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1531 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1954 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +1954 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2377 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2377 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2799 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +2799 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3222 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3222 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3644 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +3644 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +4067 448 M +0 63 V +stroke +4067 308 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8000)] +] -46.7 MCshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +112 1651 M +currentpoint gsave translate -270 rotate 0 0 moveto +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Ratio of Total Execution to Total Work)] +] -46.7 MCshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +2376 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +770 511 N +0 560 V +1491 0 V +0 -560 V +770 511 L +Z stroke +770 1071 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT0 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 1001 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT0 +1778 1001 M +399 0 V +1735 2855 M +662 -919 V +4067 1238 L +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT1 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 861 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT1 +1778 861 M +399 0 V +1748 2855 M +2555 1723 L +4067 1065 L +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 721 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +1778 721 M +399 0 V +1420 2855 M +170 -542 V +784 -867 V +3986 870 L +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 581 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +1778 581 M +399 0 V +1802 2855 M +572 -574 V +4007 1207 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,695 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_80cores_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.result.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:23:26 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def 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setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} 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plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 721 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +1778 721 M +399 0 V +618 2134 R +476 -856 V +796 -271 V +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +1694 581 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +1778 581 M +399 0 V +166 2274 R +586 -716 V +4067 1495 L +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,884 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-out.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:45:12 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def 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{rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 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setrgbcolor +1631 98 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cycles in one Task)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3489 1931 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Vthread)] +] -46.7 MCshow +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +2744 1301 N +0 700 V +1491 0 V +0 -700 V +-1491 0 V +Z stroke +2744 1861 M +1491 0 V +% Begin plot #1 +stroke +4.000 UL +LT0 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1791 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (80 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT0 +3752 1791 M +399 0 V +718 626 M +12 -61 V +22 -36 V +42 -37 V +86 -17 V +169 -13 V +341 -7 V +681 -2 V +505 -1 V +% End plot #1 +% Begin plot #2 +stroke +LT2 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1651 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (160 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT2 +3752 1651 M +399 0 V +718 575 M +13 4 V +20 -82 V +43 -20 V +85 -6 V +170 -12 V +340 -4 V +681 -4 V +506 -1 V +% End plot #2 +% Begin plot #3 +stroke +LT3 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1511 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (320 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT3 +3752 1511 M +399 0 V +717 581 M +13 -38 V +23 -9 V +42 -41 V +85 -19 V +169 -11 V +341 -7 V +680 -5 V +506 -1 V +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT4 +LCb setrgbcolor +3668 1371 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT4 +3752 1371 M +399 0 V +718 589 M +13 -41 V +21 -29 V +43 -20 V +85 -28 V +169 -12 V +341 -4 V +680 -4 V +506 0 V +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +1890 0 V +0 2407 R +-1890 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/figures/plots_exec_vs_task_size/not_used/xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,948 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Title: xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2 +%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 26 18:32:06 2012 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 251 50 554 482 +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +% +% The following true/false flags may be edited by hand if desired. +% The unit line width and grayscale image gamma correction may also be changed. +% +/Color true def +/Blacktext false def +/Solid false def +/Dashlength 1 def +/Landscape true def +/Level1 false def +/Rounded false def +/ClipToBoundingBox false def +/TransparentPatterns false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/Gamma 1.0 def +% +/vshift -46 def +/dl1 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if +} def +/dl2 { + 10.0 Dashlength mul mul + Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul add } if +} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +Level1 {} { +/SDict 10 dict def +systemdict /pdfmark known not { + userdict /pdfmark systemdict /cleartomark get put +} if +SDict begin [ + /Title (xoanon_pthreads_vthread_40core_80_160_320_640thds__o30000__perfCtrs.meas.key-right.eps) + /Subject (gnuplot plot) + /Creator (gnuplot 4.4 patchlevel 2) + /Author (msach) +% /Producer (gnuplot) +% /Keywords () + /CreationDate (Thu Jan 26 18:32:06 2012) + /DOCINFO pdfmark +end +} ifelse +/doclip { + ClipToBoundingBox { + newpath 251 50 moveto 554 50 lineto 554 482 lineto 251 482 lineto closepath + clip + } if +} def +% +% Gnuplot Prolog Version 4.4 (August 2010) +% +%/SuppressPDFMark true def +% +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/Z {closepath} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/g {setgray} bind def +/Gshow {show} def % May be redefined later in the file to support UTF-8 +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow {currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Rshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/Cshow {currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray show grestore} {show} ifelse} def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +3.8 setmiterlimit +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL 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vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd 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[] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +/MFshow { + { dup 5 get 3 ge + { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } + {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 + get exch 4 get {Gshow} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq + {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 + get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div + dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get + show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop + pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } + ifelse } + forall} def +/Gswidth {dup type /stringtype eq {stringwidth} {pop (n) stringwidth} ifelse} def +/MFwidth {0 exch { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq { 0 } { pop } ifelse } + {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont + 6 get Gswidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} ifelse} forall} def +/MLshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 exch R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MRshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/MCshow { currentpoint stroke M + exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R + Blacktext {gsave 0 setgray MFshow grestore} {MFshow} ifelse } bind def +/XYsave { [( ) 1 2 true false 3 ()] } bind def +/XYrestore { [( ) 1 2 true false 4 ()] } bind def +end +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +gnudict begin +gsave +doclip +50 50 translate +0.100 0.100 scale +90 rotate +0 -5040 translate +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +686 922 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 922 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1405 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 1405 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] +] -46.7 MRshow +1.000 UL +LTb +686 1888 M +63 0 V +stroke +602 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+610 -7 V +1216 -5 V +905 -1 V +% End plot #3 +% Begin plot #4 +stroke +LT4 +LCb setrgbcolor +2190 2322 M +[ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (640 Threads)] +] -46.7 MRshow +LT4 +2274 2322 M +399 0 V +743 589 M +23 -41 V +38 -29 V +77 -20 V +151 -28 V +303 -12 V +610 -4 V +1217 -4 V +905 0 V +% End plot #4 +stroke +1.000 UL +LTb +686 2855 M +686 448 L +3381 0 V +0 2407 R +-3381 0 R +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica +%%Pages: 1 diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/07_F_26__The_Questions__blank.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ + + +1) What are the problems the authors are trying to solve? + When done, for each problem, how does one decide the value of a proposed solution? Suggest a priority domain for deciding whether to use a proposed solution. + +The problem is + +A priority domain for deciding the value of some proposed solution to this problem is + +The value of this solution is determined by + + + +2) What "things" does the proposed solution to this problem enable? + What benefit to reader is bought by each "thing", & what related to the "thing", gives the benefit. + What details are unique about the proposed solution that enables the thing that gives benefit? + How does that uniqueness enable or achieve the thing? + +It enables + +The benefit to me is + +Unique details of solution that enable the thing gives benefit are + +The uniqueness enables the thing that gives benefit by + + + +3) What are the fundamentals underlying the problem? + What makes this problem hard? + What are the basic elements and forces of the problem that the proposed solution has to be in terms of, avoid, use to advantage? ie: gravity, invariant relationships, market forces, human capacity (avg level of real programmers, hubris, legacy is held onto, barriers to adoption), and so on +How does the proposed solution work within/relate to/address/take advantage of/deal with the fundamentals underlying the problem? + +The fundamentals are + +The hard part is + +The basic elements are + +The proposed solution + + + +4) What are other approaches and conventional wisdom to solving these problems? + What benefits enabled by the proposed solution are not enabled by other work, and vice versa? + How does each approach address something the others miss? + Try to suggest groupings or categories for the various approaches. + Try to suggest ways multiple approaches may be combined to get more pros with fewer cons. + +Other approaches are + +A benefit enabled by the proposed that is not enabled by other work is + +Categories: + +Combining: + + + +5) What is/are the unique main "things" that enable what the proposed solution does? + Sketch the details of each of these "things". + Did you detect any drawbacks, not stated in the paper, from the details? + Did you see any really cool techniques? + +Unique main "things" are + +Drawbacks from details: + +Idea of + + + +6) What aspects of the implementation/proof/design need results given in order to convince you that the proposed solution delivers the stated benefits? + +They have to show + + + +7) What results did they show? + Did they show results in all the needed aspects (which were left out)? + Were the testing method and results shown good enough to convince you? + Did you detect any cons, not stated in the paper, from the results? + +They showed + +Con.. + + + +8) How do you think this work may provide some value to you in your future research? + +The work my provide value for me + + + +3 or more comments/questions: (pick out the most important things to you from the discussion you gave above, or add things that were not brought out by the above questions. I am asking for these as things to bring up during class). + +1) + + \ No newline at end of file diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/bib_for_papers.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1257 @@ + + + +"" +@Article{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + journal = {}, + volume = {}, + number = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@Book{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + publisher = {}, + year = {}, + pages = {} +} + + + +"" +@misc{, + author = {}, + title = {}, + url = {} +} + + +"Lamport paper with clock sync" +@article{Lamport78, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {21}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {558--565}, + } + +"Lamport paper with mutex lock algorithm" +@article{Lamport87, + author = {Lamport, Leslie}, + title = {A fast mutual exclusion algorithm}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {5}, + issue = {1}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {1--11} +} + +"Dijkstra semaphore definition paper" +@inproceedings{Dijkstra67, + author = {Dijkstra, Edsger W.}, + title = {The structure of the "{THE}"-multiprogramming system}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles}, + series = {SOSP '67}, + year = {1967}, + pages = {10.1--10.6} + } + +"Original coroutine paper" +@article{Conway63, + author = {Conway, Melvin E.}, + title = {Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler}, + journal = {Commun. ACM}, + volume = {6}, + issue = {7}, + year = {1963}, + pages = {396--408} +} + +"Component model book Leavens G, Sitaraman M(eds.). Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000" +@Book{ComponentModel00, + author = {G Leavens and M Sitaraman (eds)}, + title = {Foundations of Component-Based Systems}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {2000} +} + + +"Hewitt Actors Ref on ArXiv" +@misc{Hewitt10, + author = {Carl Hewitt}, + title = {Actor Model of Computation}, + year = {2010}, + note = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459} +} + +"Actors paper -- AGHA has a 1985 tech report looks like it introduces Actors as an execution model..?" +@article{Actors97, +author = {Agha,G. and Mason,I. and Smith,S. and Talcott,C.}, +title = {A foundation for actor computation}, +journal = {Journal of Functional Programming}, +volume = {7}, +number = {01}, +pages = {1-72}, +year = {1997}, +} + +"Scheduler Activations: M onto N thread technique" +@article{SchedActivations, + author = {Anderson, Thomas E. and Bershad, Brian N. and Lazowska, Edward D. and Levy, Henry M.}, + title = {Scheduler activations: effective kernel support for the user-level management of parallelism}, + journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}, + volume = {10}, + issue = {1}, + month = {February}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {53--79} +} + +"BOM in Manticore project: functional language for scheduling and concurrency" +@inproceedings{BOMinManticore, + author = {Fluet, Matthew and Rainey, Mike and Reppy, John and Shaw, Adam and Xiao, Yingqi}, + title = {Manticore: a heterogeneous parallel language}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Declarative aspects of multicore programming}, + series = {DAMP '07}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {37--44}, + numpages = {8} +} + + +//===================================== +"Gain from Chaos tech report" +@techreport + {Halle92, + Author = {Halle, K.S. and Chua, Leon O. and Anishchenko, V.S. and Safonova, M.A.}, + Title = {Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence}, + Institution = {EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}, + Year = {1992}, + URL = {http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1992/2223.html}, + Number = {UCB/ERL M92/130} +} + + +Reprinted in: +Madan, R. N. (1993) Chua’s Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. +"Signal Amplification via Chaos: Experimental Evidence" +K.S. Halle, Leon O. Chua, V.S. Anishchenko and M.A. Safonova +pgs 290-308 + + +"Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos" +Halle K.S., Wu C.W., Itoh M., Chua L.O. Spread Spectrum Communication Through Modulation of Chaos. Int. J. of Bifur. and Chaos, (3):469–477. 1993. +cited by 232 + + +"Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization" +Kocarev V, Halle K.S., Eckert K., Chua L.O., Parlitz V. Experimental Demonstration of Secure Communications Via Chaotic Synchronization. Int. J. Bifur. and Chaos, (2):709 713. 1992. + + +//========================================== + +"BLIS 2010 HotPar: Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware" +@inproceedings + {BLISInHotPar, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '10: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {June}, + title = {Leveraging Semantics Attached to Function Calls to Isolate Applications from Hardware}, + year = {2010} + } + +"2011 HotPar: " +@inproceedings + {HotPar11, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '11: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {May}, + title = {}, + year = {2011} + } + +"VMS in LCPC 2011" +@article{VMSLCPC, + author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + title = {A Mutable Hardware Abstraction to Replace Threads}, + journal = {24th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Languages (LCPC11)}, + year = {2011} +} + + +"A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism}, + Year = 2010 +} + +"DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software" +@misc{DKUTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-06.pdf}, + Title = {DKU Pattern for Performance Portable Parallel Software}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"An Extensible Parallel Language" +@misc{EQNLangTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-16.pdf}, + Title = {An Extensible Parallel Language}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction Layer" +@misc{CTOSTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-15.pdf}, + Title = {A Hardware-Independent Parallel Operating System Abstraction LayerParallelism}, + Year = 2009 +} + +"Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects" +@misc{SideEffectsTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2009/ucsc-soe-09-14.pdf}, + Title = {Parallel Language Extensions for Side Effects}, + Year = 2009 +} + + +"BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language" +@misc{BaCTiLTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-08.pdf}, + Title = {BaCTiL: Base CodeTime Language}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform" +@misc{CTPlatformTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-09.pdf}, + Title = {The Elements of the CodeTime Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform" +@misc{CTRTTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-10.pdf}, + Title = {A Scalable and Efficient Peer-to-Peer Run-Time System for a Hardware Independent Software Platform}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-11.pdf}, + Title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of CodeTime Circuits}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2006/ucsc-crl-06-12.pdf}, + Title = {A Mental Framework for use in Creating Hardware Independent Parallel Languages}, + Year = 2006 +} + + +"The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform" +@misc{CIPTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2005/ucsc-crl-05-05.pdf}, + Title = {The Case for an Integrated Software Platform for HEC Illustrated Using the CodeTime Platform}, + Year = 2005 +} + +//========================================== + + +"OMP Hompe page" +@misc{OMPHome, + Note = {http://www.openmediaplatform.eu/}, + Title = {{Open Media Platform} homepage}, +} + +"The OMP infrastructure site" +@misc{Halle2008, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://omp.musictwodotoh.com}, + Title = {{DKU} infrastructure server} +} + + + +"The DKU sourceforge site" +@misc{DKUSourceForge, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{DKU} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The BLIS sourceforge site" +@misc{BLISHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Albert Cohen}, + Month = {November}, + Note = {http://blisplatform.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{BLIS} website}, + Year = {2008} +} + + +"The VMS Home page" +@misc{VMSHome, + Author = {Sean Halle and Merten Sach and Ben Juurlink and Albert Cohen}, + Note = {http://virtualizedmasterslave.org}, + Title = {{VMS} Home Page}, + Year = {2010} +} + + +"The PStack Home page" +@misc{PStackHome, + Author = {Sean Halle}, + Note = {http://pstack.sourceforge.net}, + Title = {{PStack} Home Page}, + Year = {2012} +} + + +"Deblocking code in SVN" +@misc{DeblockingCode, + Note = {http://dku.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/dku/branches/DKU\_C\_\_Deblocking\_\_orig/}, + Title ={{DKU-ized Deblocking Filter} code} +} + + + +"Sample code on BLIS site" +@misc{SampleBLISCode, + Note = {http://dku.sourceforge.net/SampleCode.htm}, + Title ={{Sample BLIS Code}} +} + +"Framework Technical Report" +@misc{FrameworkTechRep, + Author = {Halle, Sean and Nadezhkin, Dmitry and Cohen, Albert}, + Note = {http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/share/technical-reports/2010/ucsc-soe-10-02.pdf}, + Title = {A Framework to Support Research on Portable High Performance Parallelism} +} + +"Map reduce" +@misc{MapReduceHome, + Author = {Google Corp.}, + Note = {http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html}, + Title = {{MapReduce} Home page}, +} + + +"TBB Thread Building Blocks" +@misc{TBBHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://www.threadingbuildingblocks.org}, + Title = {{TBB} Home page}, +} + + +"HPF Wikipedia entry" +@misc{HPFWikipedia, + Author = {Wikipedia}, + Note = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran}, + Title = {{HPF} wikipedia page}, +} + + +"OpenMP Home page" +@misc{OpenMPHome, + Author = {{OpenMP} organization}, + Note = {http://www.openmp.org}, + Title = {{OpenMP} Home page} +} + + + +"Open MPI Home page" +@misc{MPIHome, + Author = {open-mpi organization}, + Note = {http://www.open-mpi.org}, + Title = {{Open MPI} Home page} +} + +"OpenCL Home page" +@misc{OpenCLHome, + Author = {Kronos Group}, + Note = {http://www.khronos.org/opencl}, + Title = {{OpenCL} Home page} +} + + +"CILK Hompe page" +@misc{CILKHome, + Author = {Cilk group at MIT}, + Note = {http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/cilk/}, + Title = {{CILK} homepage}, +} + +@InProceedings{Fri98, + author = {M. Frigo and C. E. Leiserson and K. H. Randall}, + title = {The Implementation of the Cilk-5 Multithreaded Language}, + booktitle = {PLDI '98: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + pages = {212--223}, + year = 1998, + address = {Montreal, Quebec}, + month = jun +} + + +"Titanium Hompe page" +@misc{TitaniumHome, + Note = {http://titanium.cs.berkeley.edu}, + Title = {{Titanium} homepage} +} + + +"CnC in HotPar" +@inproceedings{CnCInHotPar, + author = {Knobe, Kathleen}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Ease of Use with Concurrent Collections {(CnC)}}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"CnC Hompe page" +@misc{CnCHome, + Author = {Intel Corp.}, + Note = {http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-concurrent-collections-for-cc/}, + Title = {{CnC} homepage}, +} + +"Spiral Home page" +@misc{SpiralHome, + Author = {Spiral Group at CMU}, + Note = {http://www.spiral.net}, + Title = {{Spiral} homepage}, +} + + +"Scala Hompe page" +@misc{ScalaHome, + Author = {Scala organization}, + Note = {http://www.scala-lang.org/}, + Title = {{Scala} homepage}, +} + + + + +"UPC Hompe page" +@misc{UPCHome, + Author = {UPC group at UC Berkeley}, + Note = {http://upc.lbl.gov/}, + Title = {{Unified Parallel C} homepage}, +} + + +"Suif Hompe page" +@misc{SuifHome, + Note = {http://suif.stanford.edu}, + Title = {{Suif} Parallelizing compiler homepage}, +} + + + +"SEJITS" +@article{SEJITS, + author = {B. Catanzaro and S. Kamil and Y. Lee and K. Asanovic and J. Demmel and K. Keutzer and J. Shalf and K. Yelick and A. Fox}, + title = {SEJITS: Getting Productivity AND Performance With Selective Embedded JIT Specialization}, + journal = {First Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques }, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Arnaldo 3D parallel on NXP chip" +@inproceedings{Arnaldo3D, + author = {Azevedo, Arnaldo and Meenderinck, Cor and Juurlink, Ben and Terechko, Andrei and Hoogerbrugge, Jan and Alvarez, Mauricio and Ramirez, Alex}, + title = {Parallel H.264 Decoding on an Embedded Multicore Processor}, + booktitle = {HiPEAC '09: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {404--418} + } + + +"Narayanan's GPU scheduling tool" +@article{NarayananGPUSched, + author = {Narayanan Sundaram and Anand Raghunathan and Srimat T. Chakradhar}, + title = {A framework for efficient and scalable execution of domain-specific templates on GPUs}, + journal ={International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium {(IPDPS)}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1-12}, +} + +"Polyhedral for GPU from Ohio State" +@inproceedings{PolyForGPU, + author = {Baskaran, Muthu Manikandan and Bondhugula, Uday and Krishnamoorthy, Sriram and Ramanujam, J. and Rountev, Atanas and Sadayappan, P.}, + title = {A compiler framework for optimization of affine loop nests for gpgpus}, + booktitle = {ICS '08: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {225--234}, + } + +"Loulou's Polyhedral loop-nest optimization paper in PLDI 08" +@inproceedings{Loulou08, + author = {Pouchet, Louis-No\"{e}l and Bastoul, C\'{e}dric and Cohen, Albert and Cavazos, John}, + title = {Iterative optimization in the polyhedral model: part ii, multidimensional time}, + booktitle = {ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation {(PLDI)} }, + year = {2008}, + pages = {90--100}, + } + + +"Merge in HotPar" +@inproceedings{MergeInHotPar, + author = {Michael D. Linderman and James Balfour and Teresa H. Meng and William J. Dally}, + booktitle = {HOTPAR '09: USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Parallelism}, + month = {March}, + title = {Embracing Heterogeneity \- Parallel Programming for Changing Hardware}, + year = {2009} +} + + +"Galois system for irregular problems" +@inproceedings{GaloisRef, + author = {Kulkarni, Milind and Pingali, Keshav and Walter, Bruce and Ramanarayanan, Ganesh and Bala, Kavita and Chew, L. Paul}, + title = {Optimistic parallelism requires abstractions}, + booktitle = {PLDI '07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {211--222} +} + +"Cool compiler book that talks about balancing task size with machine characteristics.. the one Amit had" +@book{Allen2002, + author = {Kennedy, Ken and Allen, John R.}, + title = {Optimizing compilers for modern architectures: a dependence-based approach}, + year = {2002}, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.} + } + + +"Streaming languages and tools survery paper" +@MISC{Stephens95, + author = {R. Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = {1995} +} + + +"Capsule" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {247--258} +} + +"Sequioa" +@inproceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {83} + } + + + + +"Cole meta skeletons book" +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = {1989} +} + + +"Meta programming skeletons example" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {468--471} +} + + +"Parallel Skeletons meta programming" +@inproceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {154--163} + } + + +"Random skeletons for parallel programming article with lots of citations" +@INPROCEEDINGS{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + + +"View from Berkeley paper" +@article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title={{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author={Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal={Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume={18}, + number={2006-183}, + pages={19}, + year={2006}, +} + + + + +"Berkeley Pattern Language" +@misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + Note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + Title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} + + +"Keutzer reccomended Parallel Prog Patterns book" +@book{Mattson04Patterns, + title={{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author={Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley Professional} +} + + +"Skillicorn Parallel Languages Survery book" +@article{Skillicorn98, + title={{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author={Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal={ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume={30}, + number={2}, + pages={123--169}, + year={1998} +} + + + +"NESL language" +@conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title={{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author={Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages={102--111}, + year={1993}, + organization={ACM New York, NY, USA} +} + + +"Sisal" +@article{McgrawSisal, + title={{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author={McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal={Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume={1} +} + + +"Linda" +@article{Gelernter85Linda, + title={{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author={Gelernter, D.}, + journal={ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume={7}, + number={1}, + pages={80--112}, + year={1985} +} + + +"ZPL" +@article{Lin94ZPL, + title={{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author={Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume={768}, + pages={96--114}, + year={1994} +} + + + + +// Visual programming +@article + { baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = {40}, + number = {4}, + year = {1997}, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} + } + + +// Visual programming +@article + { ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal ={IEEE Computer}, + volume = {29}, + number = {4}, + year = {1996}, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} + } + + +// Milner references this, Chemical Abstract Machine +@book + {berry89, + title={{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author={Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year={1989}, + publisher={ACM Press} +} + + +// Cilk reference +@article + {blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {8}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {207--216} + } + + +// this has 1440 citations, so throwing it in.. +// The complexity of symbolic checking of program correctness +@article + {burch90, + title={{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author={Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal={Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages={428--439}, + year={1990} +} + +@article + {chamberlain98, +author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, +title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, +journal = {hips}, +volume = {00}, +year = {1998}, +isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, +pages = {50} +} + + + +// from http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/church/church1.html#1 +@article{church41, + author={A. Church}, + title={The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal={Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number={6}, + year={1941}, + publisher={Princeton University} +} + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + + +@misc + { CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeWebSite + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} + } + + +@misc + { CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} + } + +@misc + { CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} + } + + +// Multiple inheritance: explains issues well and references LOOPS and CLOS +@inproceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} + + +// 252 Citations, shows equivalence of mu-calculus and (nondeterministic) tree automata, +// so cited as foundation a lot +@article{emerson91, + title={{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author={Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal={Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages={368--377}, + year={1991} +} + + +// Introducs PRAM model, at same time, in same conference as +@article{fortune78, + title={{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author={Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal={STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages={114--118}, + year={1978}, + publisher={ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} + + + +// Smalltalk reference +@book{goldberg83, + title={{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author={Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year={1983}, + publisher={Addison-Wesley} +} + + +// also introduces PRAM model, apparently independently +@inproceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, +} + + +// Java spec +@book + { gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = {1996} + } + + +// Survey of prototyping parallel apps +@article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {32}, + number = {1}, + year = {2000}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// Original CSP paper +@article{hoare78, + author={C. A. R. Hoare}, + title={Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal={Communications of the ACM}, + year={1978}, + volume={21}, + number={8}, + pages={666-677} +} + + +// 8 citations.. probably from self.. want a paper that ties areas together.. +// This paper does a beautiful job.. +@article{huth, + title={{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author={Huth, M.}, + journal={Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages={369--380}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Dataflow advances survey, includes large grain dataflow +@article + { johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {36}, + number = {1}, + year = {2004}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} + } + + +@book + { koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = {1993}, + publisher = {MIT Press} + } + + +// mu calculus paper with 430 citations +@article{kozen83, + title={{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author={Kozen, D.}, + journal={TCS}, + volume={27}, + pages={333--354}, + year={1983} +} + + +// original kripke structure paper +@article{kripke63, + title={{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author={Kripke, S.}, + journal={Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume={9}, + pages={67--96}, + year={1963} +} + + +@book + { mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = {1985} + } + + +// Milner's own citation to development of CCS +@book{milner80, + title={{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author={Milner, R.}, + year={1980}, + publisher={Springer-Verlag} +} + + +// Milner's own pi-calculus reference +@article{milner92, + title={{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author={Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal={Information and Computation}, + volume={100}, + number={1}, + pages={1--40 and 41--77}, + year={1992}, + publisher={Academic Press} +} + + +// more recent Pi calculus reference +@book + { milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {1999} + } + + +// MPI reference +@book + { MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = {1994} + } + + +// Petri nets original citation +@article{petri62, + title={{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author={Petri, C.A.}, + journal={Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume={62}, + pages={386--390}, + year={1962} +} + + +// Pierce Type system book +@book{pierce02, + title={Types and Programming Languages}, + author={Pierce, B. C.}, + year={2002}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + +// Survey of Visual programming +@Article + { price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal ={Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = {4}, + number = {3}, + pages = {211--266} + } + + + +@misc + { pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} + } + + +// Roadmap for Revitalization of High End Computing +@unpublished + { reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = {2003}, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} + } + + +// Parallel Pascal +@Article + { reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = {1}, + number = {}, + year = {1984}, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} + } + + +// Survey of parallel langs and models +@article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = {30}, + number = {2}, + year = {1998}, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + } + + +// LOOPS ref for multiple inheritance issues +@article{stefik86, + title={Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author={Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal={The AI Magazine}, + volume={6}, + number={4}, + year={1986} +} + + +// 240 citations to this book, so seems safe.. covers modal logics which is superset +// of temporal logics +@book{stirling92, + title={{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author={Stirling, C.}, + year={1992}, + publisher={University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} + + +// Titanium website +@misc + { TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} + } + + +// website with scans of original work by Turing +@misc{turing38, + author={A. Turing}, + note={http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and +http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and +http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year={1938} +} + + +// First mention of von Neumann's architecture ideas +@book{vonNeumann45, + title={First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author={J. von Neumann}, + year={1945}, + publisher={United States Army Ordnance Department} +} + + +// The 203 Glynn Winskel book for Formal Semantics +@book{winskel93, + title={{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author={Winskel, G.}, + year={1993}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/plain.bst --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/plain.bst Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@ +% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' + % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. + % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved. + % Copying of this file is authorized only if either + % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or + % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than + % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst. + % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical. + % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style. + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + edition + editor + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label } + +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } + +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} + +STRINGS { s t } + +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} + +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem{" write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka} +{ empty$ + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.sentence + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names + editor num.names$ #1 > + { ", editors" * } + { ", editor" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title "t" change.case$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year empty$ + { month empty$ + { "" } + { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ + month + } + if$ + } + { month empty$ + 'year + { month " " * year * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title emphasize +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { " of " * series emphasize * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "number" } + { "Number" } + if$ + number tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } + { " in " * series * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * } + { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check + { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } + { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + number empty$ + 'skip$ + { "(" number * ")" * * + volume empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ format.pages } + { ":" * pages n.dashify * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { "chapter" } + { type "l" change.case$ } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.connect + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { editor empty$ + { "In " booktitle emphasize * } + { "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} +{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ + month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ + and and and and and + key empty$ not and + { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ + type "t" change.case$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ type empty$ + { "Technical Report" } + 'type + if$ + number empty$ + { "t" change.case$ } + { number tie.or.space.connect } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ key empty$ + { journal empty$ + { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * + warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} +{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + editor num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ " et~al." * } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + "In " + } + { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect + " of " * + } + if$ + editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { series empty$ + { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" * + } + { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { key * } + if$ + } + { format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ editor empty$ + editor field.or.null author field.or.null = + or + { key empty$ + { booktitle empty$ + { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * + crossref * warning$ + "" + } + { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } + if$ + } + { "In " key * } + if$ + } + { "In " format.crossref.editor * } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { journal emphasize "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished address new.block.checkb + howpublished output + address output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.number.series output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + } + { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + new.block + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.chapter.pages output + new.sentence + publisher "publisher" output.check + address output + format.edition output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.pages output + address empty$ + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + organization output + publisher output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output.nonnull + address output + } + if$ + } + { format.authors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { address new.block.checka + address output + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + { organization address new.block.checkb + organization output + address output + } + if$ + format.edition output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + title howpublished new.block.checkb + format.title output + howpublished new.block.checka + howpublished output + format.date output + new.block + note output + fin.entry + empty.misc.check +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + new.block + "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + editor empty$ + { organization output } + { format.editors output.nonnull } + if$ + new.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + address empty$ + { editor empty$ + { publisher new.sentence.checka } + { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb + organization output + } + if$ + publisher output + format.date "year" output.check + } + { address output.nonnull + format.date "year" output.check + new.sentence + editor empty$ + 'skip$ + { organization output } + if$ + publisher output + } + if$ + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" output.check + address output + format.date "year" output.check + new.block + note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + new.block + format.title "title" output.check + new.block + note "note" output.check + format.date output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +MACRO {jan} {"January"} + +MACRO {feb} {"February"} + +MACRO {mar} {"March"} + +MACRO {apr} {"April"} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"June"} + +MACRO {jul} {"July"} + +MACRO {aug} {"August"} + +MACRO {sep} {"September"} + +MACRO {oct} {"October"} + +MACRO {nov} {"November"} + +MACRO {dec} {"December"} + +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"} + +MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"} + +MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"} + +READ + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { nameptr #1 > + { " " * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr numnames = t "others" = and + { "et al" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.organization.sort} +{ author empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { organization empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {presort} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.organization.sort + { type$ "manual" = + 'author.organization.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { longest.label } + +INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } + +FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} +{ "" 'longest.label := + #1 'number.label := + #0 'longest.label.width := +} + +FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} +{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label := + number.label #1 + 'number.label := + label width$ longest.label.width > + { label 'longest.label := + label width$ 'longest.label.width := + } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} + +ITERATE {longest.label.pass} + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/helpers/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/.pdf --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/.pdf Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: PDF2EPS - 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Can't find image\n) print flush +%%EndDocument diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/Ownership_def_notes.txt --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/Ownership_def_notes.txt Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ + +Proposed to Albert: + +Goal: formal definition of synchronization construct, that can then be used to prove that tie-point is capable of implementing all sync constructs. + +Problem: The notion of "synchronization" is subtly different from the notion of "synchronization construct".. common approach is to say sync-construct is something that causes synchronization to happen. + +Two sides of thinking about it: sync pattern just happens to arise, versus an active construct that forces the sync pattern to materialize. + +In this paper, take approach of avoiding defining synchronization -- C11, Java, and other approaches attempt to define what "synchronization" is, and end up in all kinds of details about the memory system behavior. Avoid all that, and focus instead on having an active entity that enforces. Of all the possible behaviors, it disallows many, and only allows ones to exhibit that are consistent with the definition of the construct. State that definition in terms of constraints on grant and revoke of ownership of "things", where a thing has state, and ownership is required in order to affect that state, or to observe that state (either directly or indirectly, which implies ownership is required in order to make a thing take actions whose behaviors are affected by the state). + +Ownership is the basic primitive, that all the rest are stated in terms of. + +"Ownership is something that is granted and revoked. Ownership of things is granted to timelines and subsequently revoked. While a timeline has ownership of a thing, depending upon the type of ownership, it can cause the state of the thing to change, and/or it can observe the state of the thing, and/or it can cause the thing to take action whose behavior is related to the state of the thing." + + +More concise statements: + +-] A "thing" is defined as a collection of state that can be identified as a collection by inspection of the code alone. It can be hierarchical. It can be either implied or explicit, at some step in transforms of the source code. + +-] A timeline is an ordered collection of events. + +-] Grant of ownership and revoke of ownership are types of events, which happen on a timeline and attach to the thing that is owned. + +-] Read and write of a location are events (which require ownership of the location, of appropriate type) + +-] send and receive of a value or message are events (which are accompanied by ownership consequences) + +-] The execution of any synchronization construct is an event (which may trigger other events such as ownership grant/revoke events on multiple timelines). + +-] A timeline is defined to "have" a granted ownership after the grant event and before the revoke event, given the ordering of events on the timeline. + +-] A timeline can only place events that require ownership within segments in which it has that required ownership. + +-] A "synchronization construct" states constraints on the granting and revoking of ownership of particular things by particular timelines. + +-] A timeline is invalidly stated if it contains events that require ownership, but those events land at a point where the timeline did not have the required ownership. The statement of such a timeline cannot occur by definition. If such a timeline is measured, then there is an error in the measurement, most likely due to incorrectly measured grant and revoke of ownership events. + +As an example, the implementation of a synchronization construct may fail to constrain ownership grants and revokes in a way consistent with the construct's specification. But only the construct events are measured, not the individual grant and revoke of ownership events. Hence, the visualization displays the specified grant/revoke, not the actual. As a result, it displayed ownership-requiring events that are in the wrong place relative to the displayed grants and revokes (the actual, not displayed, grants and revokes lie in different positions which do, in fact, allow the measured and displayed locations of the ownership-requiring events ((by definition they must)) ). + +-] If there is no way to directly measure the grants/revokes, then must deduce where the actual grants/revokes lie by searching for the closest consistent placement of them. + +== +Something about simple reads and writes, basic primitives of the hardware, can be arranged in particular ways that the combination precludes certain patterns of operations in the hardware. That is how Dijkstra and Lamport style mutexes constructed out of simple reads and writes can control the operations performed on the collection of locations inside a critical section. The pattern disallows particular patterns of access, even though the basic hardware itself has no way to enforce. +== + + + +=========================== +Created controversy, the idea of defining what a synchronization construct is + +one person wanted to confound it with "synchronize" -- as in synchronized swimming, or synchronize calendars, as in make data same in both.. (but both are distinguished by i, involving two or more, and ii, having a time behavior specified -- those seem to be the two constants: multiple timelines, and specify time-behavior -- where the time behavior relates points in time on between the timelines, ie points on one are related to points on another, in a specified way) + +Farhad like "atomic" as the definition of synchronization construct.. thinks that any time ordering can be cast in terms of atomic.. + +Maybe discuss that view point in paper for a while, show that establishing ordering means can establish atomicity, and probably vice versa.. so can choose either view as the "fundamental" according to aesthetic taste.. so, have to show the equivalence formally, by implementing each in terms of the other.. + +Then, free to pick the one most convenient as the moment for a particular purpose, and work with that.. any result shown for one is valid for the other.. + +Sung brought up case of mutex/critical section, and what-does-CAS-atomic-do + +So, in writing it down, have a number of "corner" cases: +mutex/critical section -- atomize multiple primitives +CAS-atomic +synch send-receive (CSP style, SSR, MPI) +asynch send-receive ("normal" communication -- mem read or write) +Transaction -- state start and end of one, nest them.. what is that!? +Escrow service when buy a house +HWSim -- it defines relation between simulated timelines and physical timelines +Cilk style -- its all about primitives +Dependency upholding +Causality +Communication -- implies causality -- implies ordering between send pt and receive pt + + +What these all have common among them, that a non-synchronization construct CANNOT have, is i) involving two or more timelines, and ii) time behavior specified -- the specification states some relation among timepoints across timelines -- the relation must include points from more than one timeline in the same relation. + +Those seem to be the two constants: multiple timelines, and specify time-behavior -- where the time behavior relates points in time between the timelines, ie points on one are related to points on another, in a specified way -- doesn't matter the nature of the specification -- it can be partial ordering, or mutual exclusion, or whatever constraints desired.. + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/Ownership_def_of_Sync_constr.tex --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/Ownership_def_of_Sync_constr.tex Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2310 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% Template for sigplanconf LaTeX Class +% +% Name: sigplanconf-template.tex +% +% Purpose: A template for sigplanconf.cls, which is a LaTeX 2e class +% file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% +% Guide: Refer to "Author's Guide to the ACM SIGPLAN Class," +% sigplanconf-guide.pdf +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul@windfall.com +% +% Created: 15 February 2005 +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\documentclass[preprint]{sigplanconf} + +% The following \documentclass options may be useful: +% +% 10pt To set in 10-point type instead of 9-point. +% 11pt To set in 11-point type instead of 9-point. +% authoryear To obtain author/year citation style instead of numeric. +\usepackage{amssymb,graphicx,calc,ifthen,subfig,dblfloatfix,fixltx2e} + + +% correct bad hyphenation here +\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} + +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{amstext} + +\begin{document} + +\bibliographystyle{plain} +% + +\conferenceinfo{WXYZ '05}{date, City.} +\copyrightyear{2005} +\copyrightdata{[to be supplied]} + +\titlebanner{banner above paper title} % These are ignored unless +\preprintfooter{short description of paper} % 'preprint' option specified. + + +\title{ \\ The Proto-Runtime Toolkit for Construction of \\ Runtime +Systems of Domain Specific Parallel Languages} + + +\authorinfo{Sean Halle} + {Open Source Research Institute, INRIA, + and TU Berlin} + {seanhalle@opensourceresearchinstitute.org} +\authorinfo{Albert Cohen} + {Ecole Normal Supereur, and INRIA} + {albert.cohen@inria.fr} + +\maketitle + + +\begin{abstract} + + + +\end{abstract} + + + + +\section{The tie-point model.}\label{subsec:TiePoints} + + +\subsection{timelines} +A tie-point relates timelines, so we talk a bit, first, about timelines. A timeline is the common element in parallelism. If you look at any parallel language, it involves a number of independent timelines. It then controls which timelines are actively progressing relative to the others. + +For example, take a thread library, which we consider +a parallel language. It provides a command to create a thread, where that thread represents an independent timeline. The library also provides the mutex acquire and release commands, which control which of those timelines advance relative to each other. When an acquire executes, it can cause the thread to block, which means the associated timeline suspends; it stops +making forward progress. The release in a different thread clears the block, which resumes the timeline. That linkage between suspend and resume of different timelines is the control the language exerts over which timelines are actively progressing. + +To build up to tie-points, we look at the nature of points on +a single timeline, by reviewing mutex behavior in detail. See the timeline shown in Fig \ref{fig:singleTimeline}. Thread A, which is timeline A, tries to acquire the mutex, M, +by executing the acquire command. Timeline A stops, at point 1.S, then something external to it happens, and the timeline starts again at point 1.R. The gap between is not seen by the code executed within the thread. Rather, from the code-execution viewpoint, the acquire command is a single command, and hence the gap between 1.S and 1.R collapses to a single point on the timeline. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 0.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_single.pdf} + \caption{The timeline suspends at 1.S and resumes + at 1.R. From the viewpoint of the timeline, the gap collapses into a single point.} + \label{fig:singleTimeline} +\end{figure} + + + Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimeline} shows two timelines: timeline A executing acquire and timeline B executing release. The release still suspends its timeline, but +it quickly resumes again because it is not blocked. +The release causes timeline A to also resume. The fact +of the release on one timeline has caused the end of the acquire on the other. This makes +the two collapsed points become what we term \textit{tied together} into a \textit{tie-point}. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.2in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points. +Point 1 on timeline A forms a tie-point with point +2 on timeline B. +It is hidden activity that takes place inside the gaps that +establishes a causal relationship that ties them together.} + \label{fig:dualTimeline} +\end{figure} + +Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} adds detail about +how the release goes about causing the end of the block +on the acquire. It reveals +a hidden timeline, which is what performs the behavior of the +acquire and release constructs. As seen, acquire starts +with a suspend, which is accompanied by a communication +sent to the hidden timeline. The hidden timeline then +checks whether the mutex is free, sees that it isn't +and leaves timeline A suspended. Later, timeline +B performs release, which suspends it and sends a communication +to the same hidden timeline. That then sees that timeline +A is waiting for the release and performs a special +control action that resumes timeline A, followed by +doing the control action again to resume timeline B. + It is inside the hidden timeline that the acquire +gets linked to the release, tying the constructs together. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.9in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_dual_w_hidden.pdf} + \caption{Two timelines with tied together ``collapsed'' +points showing the detail of a hidden timeline that +performs the behavior that ties the points together. +Vertical dashed lines represent communication sent +as part of the suspend action, and the curvy arrows +represent special control that causes resume of the +target timelines. During the gaps in timelines A and +B, activity takes place in the hidden timeline, which +calculates that the timelines should be resumed, then +exercises control to make resume happen.} + \label{fig:dualTimelineWHidden} +\end{figure} + + + +We show in \S\ref{sec:FormalTiePoint} that the pattern +of communications to and from the hidden timeline establishes +an ordering relationship between events before and +after the tied points. That implies a relation on +the visibility of events. + +Fig \ref{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} shows the ordering relationship and the implied visibility of operations between +the timelines. Operations that execute in +the first timeline before the tie-point are visible +in the second after the tie point, and vice versa. Likewise, operations that execute in one timeline after the tie-point are not visible in the other timeline before the tie-point. Such an ordering satisfies +the requirements +of a synchronization construct. + + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.8in, height = 1.25in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_tie_point_ordering.pdf} + \caption{The +visibility guarantees that result from a tie-point. Shows which + operations, such as writes, performed on one timeline can be seen by the other +timeline. These visibilities are equivalent to establishing +an order between events before the tied points versus those after the tied +points. Both timelines agree on what events are before +versus after the tied point. } + \label{fig:tie-pointGuarantees} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Formal definitions} \label{sec:FormalTiePoint} + +We take two different views of a system, and move between them. The first is the logical view of a system that is presented to a programmer. The second is a physical view of the system, which represents the actual hardware. Our formal definitions cover both views. + +In a moment we will show how any and all synchronization constructs +can be defined in terms of tie-points. Before getting +there, we must choose an, unavoidably arguable, definition of synchronization +construct. We then provide a formal definition of tie-point +and use it to show that a tie point +satisfies the conditions of any +such synchronization +construct. + +Our formalism defines timelines, communication between +timelines, and suspend and resume of a timeline. It then shows a particular pattern, which is the characteristic pattern that defines a tie-point. We then show that when that characteristic pattern exists, then relations exist between timelines that have certain properties. +We conclude by showing a few classical definitions +of synchronization and show that those definitions +are upheld when the tie-point pattern is present. Hence, those classical definitions can be satisfied via creation of a tie-point. + +\subsubsection{} + +\begin{description} + +\item[Thing:] +\(G =\{st_{0},st_{1}, ..\} \cup \{g_{0},g_{1}, ..\}\). A thing is a collection of elements of state, and also other things. Loops in the graph of things are allowed. Any thing in the loop refers to all the things in the loop, and all things reachable from those. + +\item[timeline:] +\(T = E \times\mathbb{N}, (E, <)\). A timeline is an ordered +sequence of events. Given two events $e_\alpha, e_\beta \in E$ from a timeline, the events are ordered by the +subscripts, so: $e_\alpha < e_\beta$ iff $\alpha < \beta$. + + + + +\item[event:] +\(E =\{c_{0,t},c_{1,t}, ..\} \cup \{s_{n,\alpha ,t}\} \cup \{r_{n,\beta , t}\} +\cup \{z_{\gamma ,t} \} \). There are four kinds of event +that can happen on a timeline, namely $c$, a step of computation, +which modifies the memory local to the timeline; $s$, a +send of a communication which pushes out contents from +the timeline's local memory; $r$, a receive of a communication +which modifies the timeline's local memory; and $z$, +a synchronization +construct which suspends then resumes the timeline in such a way +as to establish a relation between events on this timeline +versus events on a remote timeline. Suspend is denoted +$z\_s_{\gamma ,t}$ while resume is denoted $z\_r_{\gamma +,t}$ where $s$ +and $r$ are literal while $\gamma$ denotes the position +on the timeline and $t$ is the timeline that executes +the synchronization construct. + + + +\item[ownership:] +\(O =\{g_{0,t,th},g_{1,t,th}, ..\} \cup \{k_{0,t,th},k_{1,t,th}, ..\} \). + + + +Grant of ownership and revoke of ownership are types of events, which happen on a timeline and attach to the thing that is owned. + +When a thing contains loops in its collection, then all things reachable and all state within those things are treated as a single thing. Grants and revokes of ownership of the one thing are grants and revokes of ownership of all the things. + + + + +\item[communication:] +\(C = \{s,r\}, s < r\). A communication is a set of +one send event from one timeline plus one or more receive events +from other timelines, with the send +event ordered before the receive event(s). Denoted $s_{n,\alpha, t}\mapsto +r_{n,\beta,t}$ the $n$ distinguishes the communication +set, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the ordering upon the +timeline, and $t$ denotes the timeline an event is on. A communication +orders events on one timeline relative to events on another. +However, the ordering is only between two points. In +particular for two sends from timeline 1 to timeline +2, if \(s_{1,\_,1} < s_{2,\_,1}\) on timeline 1, then on +timeline 2, both \(r_{1,\_,2} < r_{2,\_,2}\) and \(r_{2,\_,2} < r_{1,\_,2}\) are valid, where ``$\_$'' in the position +of the ordering integer represents a wild +card. However, $s_{1,\_,1} \mapsto r_{1,\_,2}$ +followed by $s_{2,\_,2} \mapsto r_{2,\_,1}$ where $r_{1,\_,2} +< s_{2,\_,2}$ + implies that $s_{1,\_,1} < r_{2,\_,1}$ always. + + +\item[memory timeline:] +Any and all memory locations in a physical system are part + of exactly one timeline. This differs from the logical view of a shared memory system, in which multiple locations in different cache memory arrays are mapped to the same address. That address is treated as referring to a single location. In contrast, in this work we treat each physical memory array as a separate timeline. For multi-ported arrays, we treat each port as a timeline that communicates with the physical array timeline. + + + +The timelines within which code executes are separate from the memory timelines. It is the choice of the person performing an analysis how they wish to mix physical timelines with logical. The model must capture phenomenon of interest to the person, but does not need to include detail beyond that. For example, a person interested in phenomenon inside the hardware that implements the consistency model of a system is likely to include all of the physical memory array timelines in their model. In contrast, a person interested in code behavior will trust the compiler plus hardware to enforce whatever model they publish for the memory, and so adopt that logical model. There is always a mapping from any given logical model of memory to a physical model in which each memory array has a separate timeline. + +A thing is a logical view of a system, while a memory timeline is a physical view. In a shared memory system, the state of a thing will map onto locations within physical timelines. However, the map will change as the computation proceeds, even though the collection of the thing remains constant (only the values of the elements of state change). A particular element of state may be moved by the system from one cache array to a different one, or out to a DRAM array. The system of hardware plus toolchain plus runtime must enforce the logical view of thing that was specified by the programming language used. + +\item[hidden timeline:] We define a special kind of "hidden" timeline that is not +seen by application code. It has an additional +kind of event available, which ends a synchronization +event on a different timeline. + We denote this $fro_{\delta,h}$ where $fro$ is literal, + standing for ``force resume other (timeline)", $\delta$ is the position + on the timeline and $h$ is the (hidden) timeline the +event is on. Additionally, a suspend event on an application +visible timeline implies a send from that timeline +to a hidden timeline. Hence $z\_s_{\gamma,t} \Rightarrow +s_{n,\gamma,t} \mapsto r_{n,\_,h}$ + +\item[tie-point:] Now, we define a tie-point as a set of two or more +synchronization points from different timelines which +are related by a particular pattern of communications. +As a result of the pattern, the points in the set are considered the same point in time, which implies particular characteristics. The pattern is that communications from the suspend synchronization events converge on a common hidden timeline and causally interact through that timeline's state. That timeline then emits resume events, as an outcome of the interaction, for the suspended timelines, +as shown back in Fig. \ref{fig:dualTimelineWHidden}. + +\end{description} + +We now show that from these definitions it follows: +[math here] which says that any event that comes after a tie point on one timeline is ordered after any event on a different timeline that precedes the tie-point on that timeline (note that the same tie point is common to both timelines). The dual also holds true. + +We take the event immediately preceding and the event +immediately following two synchronization events on +two timelines. The synchronization events begin with +a suspend half-event and ends with a resume half-event. +The suspend half-event is accompanied by a send to +a hidden timeline. That hidden timeline has a receive, +and later in its sequence it has a receive for the +synchronization event from the second timeline. The +hidden timeline then performs resume of both timelines. + +From that, we get the following relations: + +Which shows that the event following on timeline 1 comes after the event preceding on timeline 2 and vice versa. + +This property of ordering events on two timelines in this way is the key requirement for several classical definitions of synchronization. Hence, any implementation that exhibits this pattern of synchronization communications converging on a common hidden timeline, which subsequently resumes the synchronizations, in turn satisfies the conditions for a synchronization. + +\subsubsection{What is different about tie-point?} +Many readers will be wondering "so, how is implementing +a synchronization construct this way any different +from how they're currently implemented?" The answer +is that currently, synchronization constructs are +implemented on top of other synchronization constructs, +where we consider an atomic Compare and Swap instruction +to be a synchronization construct. It is only in the +hardware that a synchronization construct is assembled +from pieces. We further claim that the hardware implements +according to the tie-point pattern described in our formal definition. + +What we consider to be a tie-point is any point that +has this pattern, independent of the semantics added. +For example, for the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, +the comparison and swap are the semantics of what the +instruction does, while the atomicity, or exclusive +access is the part that provides the ordering relations. +So, the presence of the ordering relations is the tie-point +portion, while the comparison and swap are the plugged-in +semantics portion associated with the tie point. + +In that way, tie-point can be considered to simply +say ``has the ordering relation of a synchronization +construct". Tie-point is nothing new, when viewed that way. However, a tie-point is not a given, but rather +has to be constructed. To get a tie-point, one must +create a construction from which the givens for a synchronization +can be derived. Further, tie points can be constructed +for things that most would not readily consider a synchronization +construct. For example, any asynchronous communication +establishes a half tie-point, because ordering can +be derived. This is useful, for example, in defining +memory consistency models. + +The key here is the elements of the model within which +tie-point is defined. In particular, memory does not +exist outside a timeline, the points on a timeline +have no ordering relative to points on another timeline, +ordering between timelines is only established by a communication, and timelines can suspend themselves +(or be suspended by a different timeline), +and be resumed by a different timeline. + +Within this model, the characteristics of a synchronization +can be derived. That is the key difference, as usually +one states as a \textit{given} that a construct exists that has the synchronization properties. Tie-point +is derived, versus synchronization is given. + +True, the two are equally powerful. + +More low level, less junk on top, more efficiency and +more control -- w/sync like threads, it has its own +scheduler, have no control over where and when work +happens. + +It is different because it only directly provides half +the behavior, the time half. in the sense that + +The claim is that from a theory standpoint, tie-point +is not more powerful -- proto-runtime can implement +synchronization constructs, and sync constructs can +implement other sync constructs.. + +But, sync constructs CANNOT implement all of proto-runtime! They can't do the communications nor the hidden timeline nor create VPs +nor scheduling.. also, proto-runtime can do distributed +memory things that sync constructs cannot. + +The sync constructs can be used together with shared +memory-based communication in order to make more complex +sync constructs.. but they can't be used in a distributed +memory system to make distributed memory things. + +Unless use communication to implement shared memory +on top of distributed memory.. things like that.. It's +a question of what's fair game in the comparison -- +proto-runtime the behavior is in the hidden timeline, +which is "inside" the construct, in a sense.. but using sync constructs to implement others, you lose +that "inside" notion.. it just becomes application +code that uses sync constructs.. with the app code +running in an application timeline.. so.. need to +get at that notion of animator, which has the "hidden" +timeline, versus function call.. + +What about this.. it's a matter of constructing from +equally powerful versus from less powerful.. mmmm want +that notion of animator in there.. and want to get +at when an arrangement qualifies as having "switched +over to the animator" -- does implementing mutex from +just memory ops qualify as switching over to the animator +just by entering the code that implements the mutex? +Say, place that code in-line in the application code +everywhere it's used.. + +Hmmmm.. could use the relation model to show that the +pure memory based implementation contains a tie-point, +which is how the more-primitive operations are able +to construct the more powerful mutex. That might +be a more fruitful, easier to gain acceptance, approach.. +show that things that have no time-related semantics, +only simple one-way communication, are able to construct +the time-related semantics.. and it is the presence +of the tie-point convergence pattern that does it. + +In fact, might take the Dijkstra original mutex from +must memory implementation and show the tie-point pattern +within it.. then also show the tie-point pattern within lock-free implementations.. the point being that all +you have to show is the presence of the tie-point pattern, +in order to prove synchronization properties.. where +"synchronization properties" is the existence of the ordering relation.. which is equivalent to agreement of before vs after.. which is equivalent to the visibility +relation, which is what a programmer cares about.. +the visibility is what a programmer requires in a "mutual +exclusion". + +This visibility guarantees is how it can be guaranteed that +those that are still "before" the mutex cannot influence +the one "after" the mutex, which is inside the critical section. And also require vice versa, +that the one "after" the mutex, inside the critical +section, cannot take actions +that influence any "before" it.. similarly at the +end of the critical section, need the same isolation. + + +Let's see.. the relation model said that something +with synchronization constraints can be created from +just communication plus hidden timeline.. as long +as get the convergence on that hidden timeline. + +What Henning was saying was that sync is defined as +the end-constraints. So, the end-constraints IS what +a synchronization construct is. It doesn't matter +how to implement one, it only matters the end constraints. + +So, what the relation thing showed was how to construct +a synchronization. What need to show is that the relation +thing can also construct stuff that cannot be constructed +with a synchronization construct. + +I guess the question would be: if one starts with a +synchronization construct existing within a distributed +system.. well, then one can construct other sync constructs +from that one.. + +For them, the question of "more primitive" is: can the more primitive +thing do stuff the "full" one cannot? + +For me, the question of "more primitive"\ is: can one +of them be constructed from the other, which ONLY\ +has simpler pieces? Constructing one from itself says nothing.. +but being able to construct one from something that +is NOT one, whose individual components all have less +than one.. that thing's pieces are all less powerful.. +then it is a particular combination that brings the extra +time-related behavior of a sync construct into existence. +It is recognizing the particular pattern that brings +that extra into existence that is of value. + +It is that pattern that tells you how to get one from +simpler pieces. + +So, the story is: using only pieces that lack the "special" +synchronization construct property, construct something +that does have the synchronization property. That, +is building something more powerful from pieces that +are less powerful. + +The other part of the story is: the proto-runtime cannot +be used by itself. It requires addition before it +can be used. That is, have to add the $M\mapsto M$, to arrive +at the $T\times M\mapsto M$, then can use the $T\times +M\mapsto M$.. but can't +use just the $T\times$ by itself -- that's non-sensical. +So, provides a $(M\mapsto M, f)$ that is used to get the $T\times M\mapsto M$, +but can't use the $f$ inside an application.. it doesn't +do anything other than add the Tx.. so it doesn't +accomplish any steps of computation, nor does it provide +$T\times$ to any application code.. the $(M\mapsto M, f)$ is outside +of any language -- that's what CREATES a language. + +*****Can't define $(M\mapsto M, f)$ as part of its own language, +because it doesn't do anything. No computation is +performed by it. **** (so, what's the definition of +computation, then?) + +The other part of the story is the HWSim time behavior +-- those aren't sync constructs.. rather that is a +particular set of constraints on time.. constructed +out of primitives none of which have sych nor time +behavior by themselves beyond "comes after" of comm. + +Another part of the story is the singleton thing, constructed +directly.. Q: can that be built from sync constructs +in distributed system? Does using sync constructs +do something that using primitives doesn't? Does it +add something, fundamentally? Well, it is in terms +of something that already has the property being constructed.. +that's the issue.. in one case, taking something that +has the property and building something else that has +it.. in other case taking something that doesn't and +building something that does. + +So.. in the consistency model, just using the comes-after +property of communication to derive compound communication, +of particular write to particular read, via memory +locations. + +So, what is a tie-point in that consistency model? It is the pattern that allows deriving an ordering, between different computation timelines. There, the +tie-point was tying a write on one to a read on the +other, and thereby establishing a half-ordering between +the two timelines. + +Right.. so that should be it.. that a chain of communications results in an ordering between the end-points. And that a synchronization is nothing more than two communication chains that are tied together.. where the tie equals the chains SHARING one link, on some intermediate timeline. + +Right.. thinking about mutex acquire and release.. +the release is asynch.. the sending timeline resumes before +the hidden timeline receives notice.. but that just +establishes a half tie-point, no? + +In the async case, operations after the construct can be seen BEFORE the construct in the other timeline. Right. So that's a half tie-point. A full tie-point is that nothing after in either can be seen before by the other. + +Right.. so one distinction is this: a half tie-point +cannot be created using sync constructs "directly". + A sync construct is a full tie-point. + + +================================================ + + +\subsubsection{Lifeline, Timeline, and Projection} +We define a formal entity that we call a lifeline, +where a timeline is a type of lifeline. +We define event-types and specific occurrences of event-types, and show how multiple lifelines can observe the same occurrence. A projection between +lifelines is defined as an event initiated upon one lifeline being observed on a different lifeline. The projection is from initiator to observer. + +\begin{description} +\item[event:] +\(E \) represents an event, which is something that +can be initiated or observed. +\item[occurrence:] +\(O\in E \times\mathbb{N}\) is the set of occurrences, where each occurrence associates a specific event with a unique identifier. A particular occurrence is denoted by subscripting with the value of the associated +integer, for example: \(O_{7}\) + +\item[clock:] +\(t:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) maps each integer +onto a real number, such that \(I_{1} \) + is a lifeline, where \(\alpha\) +is a sequence over \(Dom(t)\) and each element of \(\alpha\) is either an initiation of an occurrence, or an observation +of one. A \textit{beat} of the lifeline is one tuple, denoted \(l(i)\), while the occurrence associated +to the beat is denoted\(\) \(O(l(i)) \) or equivalently \(O(\alpha(i)). \) The real value +associated with the beat is denoted \(t(l(i))\). For a given lifeline, not every element of \(t\) must have an associated +\(\alpha\), but every \(\alpha\) must have a unique associated +\(I\) from the clock \(t\). Note that \(\forall i , t(l(i)) < t(l(i+1))\). At most one beat from one +lifeline can initiate an occurrence. However, multiple +beats +from a given lifeline can observe the same occurrence, +including one initiated earlier in the sequence of +the lifeline, +and multiple lifelines may observe the same occurrence, +each multiple times. + +\item[projection:] +Given \(l_{1} = <\alpha , t_{1}> \), \(l_{2} = <\beta , t_{2}> \) then a projection from \(l_{1}\) to \(l_{2}\) + is denoted \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) \), where \(l_{1}(i) \uparrow l_{2}(j) +\equiv O(l_{1}(i)) = O(l_{2}(j))\). + This says that the occurrence initiated by the ith beat of the first lifeline is observed by the jth beat +of the second lifeline. + +\item[ordering tuple:] \(OT_{}\) is a tuple consisting +of a set of two beats from two different lifelines, which do +not participate in projections, plus a set of projections +that cross the two beats in the forward direction. +Given \(OT =<[l_{1}(x) , l_{2}(y)], [projections]> \) then \(OT\) is an +ordering tuple iff \( [projections] \neq0 \forall p(i,j) \in projections \nexists p(i,j) +|iy\ \) +\item[program run:] \(\mathcal{R} \) is a particular set of lifelines. +The program run begins with the creation of any lifeline, and +ends with the end of all lifelines. + +\item[equivalent positions in different sequences:] a partial ordering is defined. +Given two positions within different sequences, if +one or both both can be +validly rearranged, by using the partial ordering to +define valid rearrangements, so they occupy + the same position in their rearranged sequences, then +they are equivalent positions. + +\item[equivalent occurrences:] two occurrences are +equivalent if their event instances cannot be distinguished, given the observation +measurements of interest. If the observation measurement +involves sequences, then the two events must lie at +equivalent positions within their respective sequences. + +\item[equivalent lifelines:] two lifelines whose beats +can be paired, such that every beat in one lifeline +has an equivalent beat in the other. The beats do +not have to occur in the same order in both lifelines. +Beats associated to occurrences that are not of interest can be dropped. + +\item[equivalent program runs:] two runs such that +their lifelines can be paired one-to-one, with every lifeline in one paired to an equivalent +lifeline in the other. The projections between lifelines +in one run can be different from the projections in +the other run. + +\item[tie-point:] a set of beats, one from each of two lifelines, such that this set of beats forms a separation set in all equivalent program runs. +\end{description} + + +Some things to note: A particular occurrence +can be associated to at most one beat from a given +lifeline, but that same occurrence can also be associated +to beats from multiple other lifelines. Also, an occurrence may +be initiated by a lifeline but never observed by any. +Every \(O\) has a set of projections associated with it. + +For example, the event could +be writing a value into a variable. Two separate +write events are considered equivalent occurrences if +they both write the same particular value into whatever memory location +is associated to the same particular +variable, and happen within valid partial orderings +relative to the other occurrences. This is normally +compared across re-creations of the "universe" that +provides the context for the orderings of events instances. + +========= + + Okay, talked it over with Sung -- what about making distinguished beats +-- as Sung poked around for, make the PR\ "suspend" be the +distinguished beat. Then, as we worked out talking it +through, make the code that happens on the hidden timeline be the linkage between the beats -- so a tie-point is any number of distinguished beats such that the hidden calculation on one of the beats executed the resume for all of the other beats in the tie point. That establishes how a tie point gets created.. separately, need a universal statement of what is guaranteed by a tie point. + +So, one thing, is that the hidden calc is normally chosen such that every equivalent program run reproduces equivalent tie points -- but defining equivalent relies upon defining the "meaning"\ of the constructs.. but maybe that thing above about equivalent in terms of partial order can be used, by saying all constructs +are associated with a partial ordering -- but, still can have truly non-deterministic behavior being the correct behavior.. hmmm, but that should still have a partial ordering! + + What I\ really want to do is define tie-point in terms of the write-to-read. A half tie point says what's before the pre is visible after in the post timeline. And a full tie-point says that goes both ways. So, acquire-release is only a half tie-point, because what's after the release in its timeline can be seen before the acquire in its timeline. That makes it a half tie-point. Also, whats before the acquire in its timeline does not necessarily have to be seen after the release in its timeline.. that also makes it a half tie-point. + +So, use the project definition, and the crossing definition, to say which crossing projects are allowed by a half tie point, and which of those must be eliminated to make it a full tie-point. Then THAT\ defines the behaviors of a tie-point, independently from how it is created. + +The full definition of tie-point, in terms of proto-runtime value, has both those -- the hidden timeline "math" thing along with the causality, gives the "creation" aspect of tie-point, and the allowed projections gives the "behavior" aspect of tie-point. + +From the projection "behavior" I can simply state "this +defines what all synchronization constructs do" -- +the projection behavior is the whole purpose of a sync construct -- to ensure particular communication pattern when comm is via side-effect + +======= + +From first model, have the real-value constraints for slide of suspend and resume relative to each other.. + +The behavior of full tie-point is no back-cross projections, and there is a set of forward-crossing projections, which may be empty, and any of the tied timelines may +be the initiating timeline. For a half tie-point, have the origin lifeline. There is a set of forward-crossing projections with initiation on the origin lifeline, +and backward crossing are allowed whose initiation +is on non-origin lifeline. + +But a tie-point is more than just the behavior it defines. + In order for a pair of special beats to form a tie-point, +they must be causally linked on their internal lifelines. This means that a sequence of changes of the internal +state links the internal activity of one of the special beats to the internal activity of another special beat +that executes the resume that ends the second special beat. All special beats that are resumed inside the +same internal activity will have the behavior of a +full tie-point. Half tie-points can have both halves +resumed in different internal activities. + +A special beat has a variable-length span, as measured in the real-number of the clock. A special beat is associated to an isolated atomic span on a hidden lifeline. The only way to end the span of a special beat is via a "resume" beat on the hidden lifeline, which names the special beat to be ended. + +The internal activity on the hidden lifeline enforces some description. + +For +example, send-receive descriptions are: send = if paired +receiver is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. receive: if paired send is in shared context then resume both else place self into shared context. + +For acquire-release.. acquire: if lock-owner inside shared +context is empty then place self-name into lock-owner +and resume self else place self onto end of sequence +of special beats. release: remove self from lock-owner +and place the next in sequence of special beats into +lock-owner. If non-empty then resume the new lock-owner. +in every case, resume self. Note, acquire-release can +form either a half tie-point or a full tie-point. +? + +==== + +Note to the reader. This is a first pass at a formal description of tie-point. It likely contains more constraints than necessary. It should not be taken as the final formalism, nor is it implied to be elegant in any way, but simply an existence proof for a formal description +of a useful subset of what the intuition of tie-point associates to. + + + + + +\subsection{How a synchronization construct relates +to tie-points} + +To prepare for stating how the tie-point model can be used to +specify a synchronization construct, we first state +clearly what we mean by a ``synchronization construct''. + +The top of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} shows two +independent timelines, both performing reads and writes +within a machine that has coherent shared memory. The +timelines have no relative ordering defined, so any +write on Timeline A can be received by any read of +the same address on +Timeline B, and vice versa. This means that, in general, +the use of a variable that is read and written by both will result in non-deterministic behavior. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2.0in, height = 2.8in] + {../figures/PR__timeline_sync_def.pdf} + \caption{Depicts the meaning we adopt for `synchronization construct'. One of them controls communications between timelines +by controlling the slide of timelines relative to each +other. They imply certain visibility between writes and reads on different timelines.} + \label{fig:PRSyncConstrDef} +\end{figure} + + + +To control the behavior of writes and reads to the +same addresses, a common point must be established, which +limits the ``sliding'' of the timelines relative to +each other. A synchronization construct is used for +this. +The net effect of such a construct is to establish +a common point that both timelines agree on. This +point separates reads and writes before it from reads +and writes after it. + +For example, consider a simple lock used to protect a critical section. The lock is acquired by one timeline +before entering the critical section. Any writes performed +on other timelines before the lock was granted must be complete before the critical section starts, so that reads performed inside the critical section see them. This is illustrated in the middle of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}. + +The critical section ends by releasing the lock, which allows a different timeline to acquire and enter the critical section. As seen in the bottom of Fig \ref{fig:PRSyncConstrDef}, +any writes performed by that new +timeline after it acquires the lock must not be visible +to reads performed by the old timeline before it released +the lock. + +With this intuition, we define a synchronization construct +as an operation preformed on a timeline, which has +the property that it creates +a tie-point together with an operation performed on a different +timeline. Such operations that establish a tie-point +fit our definition of synchronization constructs. + + +\subsection{More on tie-points} + +Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} showed how a tie-point can be generated. The establishment was accomplished by +a combination of primitive mechanisms. These include: 1) suspend; 2) an `invisible' timeline that executes +behavior in the gaps; 3) resume +called from that invisible timeline; and 4) enforcement +of instruction completion relative to resume. + +What an established tie-point provides is the notion that the tied points are the same ``instant" for both tied timelines. What that means is that both timelines see events ordered relative to that point in the same way. + + +Notice that the primitives that establish a tie-point +do not involve any notion of dependency or constraint +on order of execution. It is the behavior code that runs on the invisible + timeline that embodies notions such as dependency + between units of work, mutual exclusion, + partial ordering of work, and so on. However, the + primitives do provide the notion of causality, the ordering implied by causality, and enforcing completion +of reads/writes. + +It is up to the language to supply the behavior that happens inside +the gaps, which executes on the invisible timeline. This behavior is what decides which timelines end up +sharing a tie point. It is that decision making, of which timelines to tie together, that implements the +semantics of a synchronization construct. + +A workshop paper also discusses tie points +[]. A formal treatment of tie-points is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a formal framework has been substantially completed and +will be published in a future paper. + + + +\subsection{Tie-points within a proto-runtime} + + Fig \ref{fig:dualTimeline} didn't say what entity owns the hidden timeline that executes the behavior that takes place in the gaps. This is what the proto-runtime does. An instance of the +proto-runtime executes the language plugin behavior. +It acts as the hidden timeline. + + The proto-runtime code module also supplies implementations +of the primitives that are used to establish a tie-point, including these: + + %It provides the primitive that suspends a timeline and then causes language plugin behavior to execute in the gap. + +%The plugin behavior that runs in the proto-runtime when one timeline suspends is what chooses another timeline to resume as a consequence. That choice establishes causality between the suspensions of the two timelines, and in the process ensures that a valid tie will exist between the two collapsed timeline points. The code of the primitives is provided as part of the proto-runtime code module, while the plugin behavior is executed by an instance of a running proto-runtime. + +%The running proto-runtime instance is also known as the Master, while the application timelines are known as Slaves. The behavior of the language constructs executes within the Master's timeline, while the behavior of application code executes within Slave timelines. + +%\subsection{More about the proto-runtime} + +\begin{itemize} +\item create a virtual processor (which has a suspendible timeline) +\item create a task (which has an atomic timeline that runs to completion) + +\item suspend a timeline, then invoke a function to handle the suspension -- handler is supplied with +parameters from application +\item resume a timeline, which makes it ready for execution +\item end a timeline +\item trigger choosing which virtual processor or task to begin execution on an offered +core + +\end{itemize} + +Virtual processors and tasks, both, have associated timelines. The reason for having both is a practical one, as tasks are simpler, with less overhead, +and many languages have the semantics of short, atomic, units of work that +are not intended to suspend. Thus, tasks are treated differently inside the +proto-runtime, and incur less overhead to create and run. + +A special feature of the proto-runtime is that if a task happens to execute +a language command that causes suspension, then the proto-runtime automatically +converts that task to a suspendible virtual processor. This helps support the mixing of different +languages within the same program. + + +The proto-runtime provides a mechanism for communicating information from the application code to the plugin function that was invoked to handle suspension. For example, the identity of a particular mutex a thread wishes to acquire +can be communicated from the wrapper library to the plugin. + + +Because the proto-runtime tracks all the timelines, the end of a timeline has to be explicitly stated in the application code, by calling a wrapper library function. That then invokes the proto-runtime primitive, +which informs the proto-runtime instance. The proto-runtime performs internal bookkeeping related to the ending of the timeline, and notes that the core is now free and offers it to the plugin's Assigner function. + +The proto-runtime involves the language into the process of choosing which core a given task +or virtual processor executes on. The proto-runtime maintains control, but offers free cores to the Assigner +portion of the plugin. It responds by then assigning a task or virtual processor to the core. The proto-runtime just offers, it is up to the language to decide what work that core should receive at that point in time. + + + +\subsection{Concrete Example}\label{subsec:Example} + +To make this concrete, consider the example of implementing +acquire mutex and release mutex. The semantics are: + +\begin{itemize} +\item Acquire Mutex: A thread calls the construct, +and +provides the name of the mutex. If no thread owns the +mutex, the calling thread is given ownership and it +continues to make progress. However, if a different thread +already owns the mutex, the calling thread is put into a queue +of waiting threads, and stops making progress. +\item Release Mutex: A thread calls the construct and +provides the name of the mutex. If the mutex has waiting threads in its queue, then the next thread is taken out and given ownership of the mutex. That thread is resumed, to once again make progress, as it the thread +that called the release construct.. +\end{itemize} + +This calls for a data structure that has two fields: +one holds the thread that currently owns the mutex, +the other holds a queue of threads waiting to acquire +the mutex. The semantics of a construct involve multiple +reads +and writes of the data structure. Hence, the + structure must be protected +from races between different threads. + +The protection +is where the difficulty comes into the implementation, +and where performance issues come into the picture. +It could be accomplished with a single global lock + that uses hardware primitives, or accomplished +with wait-free data structures that only rely upon the coherence +mechanism of the memory system, or even by message passing plus +quorum techniques. + +However, the implementation of the semantics is independent +of the implementation of the protection. They are orthogonal, +and an interface can be placed between them. One side +of the interface implements checking and updating the fields of +the data structure, while the other side implements +protecting the first side from interference. + +The side that provides protection requires fields, +for its use, to be placed into the data structure used +to represent a thread. To hide those details, +the protection side should also provide +primitives to create and destroy threads, as well as suspend +and resume them. + +This interface that separates the semantic side from +the protection +side is the proto-runtime interface. It is what enables +the modularization of runtime system implementations. + +The tie-point concept provides a model for thinking +about how the semantic side controls ordering among multiple threads, without exposing any details of the protection side. The tie-point model involves thinking only about actions taken during suspension of timelines (threads). It assumes that those actions are protected from interference, and that suspend and resume of timelines are primitive operations made available. The model remains constant regardless of implementation details. + That provides a cross-hardware way of specifying synchronization +behavior using just sequential thinking. The proto-runtime primitives implement the elements of the tie-point model. + + %Currently, these constructs are either implemented directly in terms of hardware level synchronization constructs such as the atomic Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or else are a thin wrapper that invokes operating system behavior. However, the behavior of the OS\ kernel's threading primitives are themselves implemented in terms of hardware level synchronization +%constructs. Either way, developing the behavior proves +%time consuming due to the difficulty of debugging hardware level synchronization behavior, and due to the difficulty of performance tuning such low level code across the full spectrum of patterns caused by applications. + + + + + +\section{Concrete Details} +Now that we have seen the concepts of how to modularize +a runtime system, using the tie-point model, it is +time to make the concepts concrete by showing code +segments that implement each of the concepts, and code +segments that use the concepts. We will start with +the big picture and work down. + +The first stop will be the development process, showing +how it is fractured into three separate and independent +development activities. Next, we will show examples +of how application +code invokes constructs, and follow the path of calls +down to the point it switches over to the runtime system. Lastly, +we will look at the flow of control inside the runtime, +where we will focus on the interaction between plugin +code and proto-runtime code. + +In this last portion, we will show how the +interface supplies the plugin with a consistent ``inside +the runtime" environment. Along with that, we will +show how providing +a consistent environment + is an implementation of the "single hidden timeline" portion + of the tie-point model. We will also show how it is + the existence of a \textit{single} hidden timeline + that allows the semantic portion of the language constructs +to be written in a sequential style, without regard to concurrency issues. + + +\subsection{Three independent development efforts} + +To get a handle on the big picture, we describe the +three independent paths that development takes: +one for development of proto-runtime code, one for +development of language implementation, and one for +application development. Each of these produces a separate +installable artifact. +The proto-runtime development produces a dynamic library, for each machine. The language development produces a dynamic library to plug into whichever proto-runtime library is installed on a given machine. It may also produce development tools that are used during compilation, distribution, and even installation and during the run. The application development produces a single source, which the language tools may then turn into multiple executables. + +The proto-runtime code is developed separately from +both language and application code, and packaged as a dynamic library. This library has multiple implementations. Each kind of hardware platform has a proto-runtime implemented specifically for it, and is tuned for low overhead on that hardware. The administrator of a particular machine chooses the proto-runtime implementation best suited to that hardware, and installs that. + +The language code is likewise developed separately from both proto-runtime and application code. Although multiple versions of a language may be implemented, there are significantly fewer versions than the number of proto-runtime versions. That is because most of the hardware details are abstracted away by the proto-runtime interface. + +However, the interface does expose hardware features related to placement of work onto cores, so some variations may exist for the same interface. Again, the administrator chooses which language implementation best suits their machine and installs the corresponding dynamic library. + +The wrapper library, however, is not +installed on the machine where code runs. Rather, it +is only used during development of an application, +and remains independent of hardware. + +Ideally the application is developed only once. It makes calls to the wrapper library, which in turn invokes the dynamic libraries of the language and proto-runtime. +When an application is executed, the loader binds the +dynamic libraries, connecting them to the application. + In this way, a single, +unchanging, executable gains access to machine-specific implementations of language and proto-runtime. + +However, the success of the compile-once approach has +limits in practice. Each machine's characteristics determine the size of unit of work that gives the best performance. When too small, the overhead in the runtime system that is required to create the work, manage constraints, and perform assignment becomes larger than the work +itself. When work-unit size is too large, then not enough units exist to keep all the cores busy. Thankfully, the range between is wide enough, for most applications, that neither limit is hit, on most machines. As machines evolve, though, this happy circumstance is likely to change, necessitating recompiling and possibly hand modifying the application code or some meta-form. + +\subsection{Walk through of activity during execution} + +At this point, we present a picture of the flow of control on each +of two cores, as the core is switched between application +code and runtime code. It is too early to understand +the details, but this figure can be referred back to +as each portion is discussed in the coming sub-sections. +Each portion of the figure is labelled with the sub-section that describes that portion of activity. + +At the top is the main program, which starts the proto-runtime, +and creates a proto-runtime process. Below that is +depicted the creation of proto-runtime virtual processors, +along with the animation of application code by those virtual +processors. + +? + +The application passes information to a wrapper library +call, +such as the ID of the mutex to acquire. The library function packages the +information into a request data structure, then invokes a proto-runtime +primitive. That suspends the virtual processor (timeline) that is executing +that code. The call to the primitive passes as arguments the request structure and a pointer +to the plugin function that will handle the request. +The handler runs inside the Master and chooses which +other timelines to resume as a consequence of the wrapper-library +call. Those timelines will then resume, returning from +whatever wrapper-library call caused them to suspend. In this way, the request handle implements the behavior of a +synchronization construct. + +However, there is one last step between the request +handler marking a timeline as ready to resume +and it becoming re-animated. That step is where the +assignment half of the language plugin comes into play. +The request handlers stack up work that is free to +be executed, but it is the assigner that chooses which +of those to place onto an offered core. + + + + + +\begin{figure*}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 7.0in, height = 4.5in] + {../figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf} + \caption{Illustration of the physical time sequence of the timelines of multiple virtual processors executing on multiple +cores. The timelines run top to bottom, while calls +between modules and returns run horizontally. The colors of Fn names indicate whether the +code is part of the application (green), the proto-runtime module (blue), or the language (red). The top two timelines are animated +by core 1, while the bottom 2 are animated by core +2. The boxes +represent virtual processors, each with its associated +timeline next to it. The timelines have no relative +ordering, except at tie-points established by the Request +Handlers. Gaps in the timelines are caused by suspension, +which is effected by primitives within the proto-runtime +code module.} + \label{fig:physTimeSeq} +\end{figure*} + + + +\subsection{Using language constructs} +In the simple form of an eDSL, the language constructs +take the form of function calls. The reader familiar +with posix threads will have used function calls to +perform mutex acquire commands and mutex release commands. +Here, we illustrate invoking language commands in the +same way. + +We use posix threads for our example because it is +a familiar language that the reader already knows well. +It allows us to illustrate the concepts new to proto-runtime without introducing potential confusion about what the language semantics are. + +\subsubsection{Main and startup} +Before using a proto-runtime based language, the proto-runtime +system must be started, and a proto-runtime process +must be created. Fig X shows this. Notice that the +create process was given a pointer +to a function. This function is the seed of the proto-runtime +based application code. This seed must start all proto-runtime +based languages that will be used in the application, +and must create the virtual processors and tasks that +perform the work and may in turn create more VPs and/or tasks that perform work. + +==main, with PR\_\_start and PR\_\_create\_process == + +\subsubsection{Seed birth function and thread birth +function} +Fig X shows our example seed function. It first starts +the language that will be used, which is Vthread. It +is an implementation of posix threads that is on top of proto-runtime. +Next, the seed uses Vthread commands to create two +threads, and then uses Vthread join to wait for both +threads to die. Lastly it "dissipates", which is the +command that kills the virtual processor that is animating +the function. + +==seed\_birth\_Fn, with Vthread\_\_start(), Vthread\_\_create\_thread, +Vthread\_\_join, Vthread\_\_stop, and dissipate== + +Notice the signature +of the seed birth function. It returns void, and takes a pointer +to void plus a pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is +the standard signature that must be used for all birth functions for +proto-runtime created virtual processors or tasks. + + +Also, notice that the standard signature includes a +pointer to a SlaveVP struct. This is a proto-runtime +defined structure, which holds the meta-information +about a virtual processor. The birth function is handed +the structure of the virtual processor that is animating +it. + +An illuminating aside is that the birth function for +a posix thread doesn't need +to be handed the structure representing the animating thread. +That is because the operating system tracks which thread +is assigned to which core. Posix thread constructs work by executing +an instruction that suspends the code executing on +the core and switches +the core over to animating the OS kernel code. The OS kernel +then looks up the data structure that is assigned to +the core. + +That lookup is how the OS kernel gains the +pointer to the thread that was animating the application +code that called the posix construct. But the implementation +of proto-runtime illustrated in this paper doesn't +have such a hardware based suspend instruction available, +and so proto-runtime-based application code must explicitly pass around the pointer to the data +structure of the virtual processor performing the animation. + +Fig X shows the birth function of the threads created +by the seed birth function. It uses the Vthread equivalent +of mutex acquire and release to protect access to +a critical section. Notice that the signature +is the same as the signature of the seed birth function. +Also notice that the SlaveVP structure is handed to +each invocation of a Vthread construct. In the next +several sub sections we will track how this SlaveVP structure +is used. + +==thread birth function.. uses Vthread acquire and +release to protect a counter plus print of count value== + + +\subsection{Language Wrapper Library} + +Looking at the implementation of the Vthread calls +reveals code such as in Fig X. + +==wrapper lib code for mutex acquire== + +There's nothing much to it. It just creates a data +structure, fills it, then hands it to a proto-runtime +call. This is a starnd form for wrapper library +calls. The data structure is used to carry information +into the proto-runtime (the proto-runtime that was +started by the PR\_\_start command). The PR call is +the equivalent of the hardware instruction that suspends +application code and switches to the kernel. For the +implementation of PR illustrated in this paper, this +call is implemented with assembly instructions. + +This wrapper library code is placed on the machine +used during development of the application, and is +compiled into the application executable. However, +the proto-runtime call is a link to a dynamic library, +and is not part of the application executable. + +Notice that the PR\ primitive is given a pointer to +a function. This is called the handler function, and +is part of the language plugin. The proto-runtime +will actually perform the call to the handler function, but in a carefully controlled +way. It will provide the handler function with a carefully controlled environment +to use while it handles this wrapper-library call. +We will see in a moment how proto-runtime invokes the +handler function, and what such a handler function +looks like. + +First, here's the assembly that suspends the application code and +switches to the proto-runtime code, as seen in Fig X + +==assembly of suspend and switch== + +All it does is save the program counter and stack pointer +into the SlaveVP structure, then load in the program +counter and stack pointer of the proto-runtime code, +which was previously saved in different fields of that same SlaveVP structure. + +\subsubsection{proto-runtime code that is switched +to} + +The PR assembly code switches the core to executing +the (psuedo) code seen in Fig X. + +==animation master code, which calls plugin fns== + +All this does is invoke the handler function named +in the wrapper library, and hands it an environmen. +This is the hidden environment referred to in the tie-point +model. It must be accessed in an isolated, atomic, +fashion. The proto-runtime code seen here happens +to use a global lock for each language's environment. + However other implementations are possible. In order + to keep overhead low, it uses the Compare And Swap + instruction to acquire the lock, and an exponential random + backoff scheme when contention for the lock arises. + + The handler function is the hidden behavior that executes + on the hidden timeline that is mentioned in the tie-point + model. The suspend primitive is what begins a special + beat on the lifeline of the virtual processor that + executed the wrapper library call. It is this handler + code that then establishes the causal connections + between such special beats, and so ties them together. + The causal connection is via the changes make to the + language environment. + + So, in summary, the proto-runtime is the hidden timeline. + The suspend primitive is what starts a special beat + and starts the behavior on the hidden timeline. The + lock is what isolates and sequentializes + the behavior on the hidden timeline. The language + environment is the hidden state used to establish + causal connection between special beats. + + + +This is not the plugin code, this is the library that the application executable includes. It's equivalent to the pthread library. When you look at the source of the pthread library, it's just a wrapper that invokes the OS. It doesn't do anything itself. The language libraries are the same thing, just wrappers that invoke the proto-runtime primitives. Those suspend the VP and send a message to the proto-runtime. When the message arrives, it invokes the plugin to handle the task. + +Here's how the wrapper library connects a request to the request handler: via this function pointer, right here Fig X, given to the proto-runtime "suspend and send" primitive. The pointed-to function is part of the plugin. That runs inside the proto-runtime, and is what handles the message created in the wrapper library. + + +If we go and look at that handler function, Fig X, we see that it has a standard prototype, so it takes a standard set of arguments. One of those, here in Fig X, is a language environment. This is the special sauce, it is the thing that is shared among all the cores. This language environment is where tasks are placed that are not yet ready to execute, and where suspended virtual processors are placed that are not yet ready to resume. + +Here, Fig X, you can see there's a hash table. The language environment contains that hash table. The tasks get parked in this hash table. Each time a task completes, it looks in the hash table, finds all tasks waiting for its completion, and updates the status of those waiting tasks. If this was the last task being waited for, the waiter is taken out of the hash table and put into the queue of ready to execute tasks. + +This is the semantics of the language. This is how the semantics of the language defines what dependencies are, and how it defines when a task's dependencies have been satisfied. The implementation is just a data structure in the shared language environment. It is the proto-runtime that takes care of creating the tasks, creating the virtual processors, execute those, suspend them and resume them. The proto-runtime handles the mechanics of all that stuff. The language just figures out what are the constraints on making it ready. + +? + +Separately, the proto-runtime calls the Assigner function, which is also part of the plugin dynamic library. Each time a task completes or a virtual processor suspends, the wrapper library invokes a proto-runtime primitive. Among other things, that primitive informs the proto-runtime about the completion of that work, which tells the proto-runtime that hardware resources have just been freed up. + +The proto-runtime then invokes the Assigner function, passing it information about the hardware that was just freed. The assigner is implemented by the language and uses some language-specific way to choose which of the ready work-units to execute on that hardware (a work-unit is either a ready-to-execute task or a ready-to-resume virtual processors). This is how the language is given control over placement of work onto cores. + +=================== + + +\subsection{not sure} +A task is an atomic unit of work. It runs to completion, without suspending. That characteristic allows the proto-runtime to internally treat a task differently than a virtual processor. The fact that it never suspends means it doesn't need a stack, and needs less bookkeeping, which makes a task faster to create and faster to assign, for lower overhead. + +However, a task may optionally choose at some point to execute a language command that causes it to suspend. At the point it does that, the proto-runtime internally converts the task to a virtual processor. That allows the task to suspend and later resume, at the cost of gaining the normal virtual processor overhead. However, the virtual processor the task is converted to comes from a recycle pool and returns when the task completes. + +As an application programmer, you can create processes directly with an OS-like language built on top of the proto-runtime. But you use a programming language to create tasks or virtual processors. For example, VSs has a way to create tasks. VSs internally then uses a proto-runtime command to have the proto-runtime create a task for it. Then VSs decorates the task with its own meta-data. It uses that meta-data to track when a task should be executed. + +? + +The only thing you're allowed to do outside a language is create the environment in which you start a language. + +? + +The implementation of the language behavior is the plugin. The plugin has two parts: request handlers, which handle the messages that come when a VP suspends, and an assigner, which picks where particular VP resumes onto or a task runs. With VSs, the plugin provides the behavior of "submit task". +The request handler plus plugin together provide the two halves of what people normally call a scheduler. + +================= + +\subsection{more on tie-points} +Any event visible before in one is visible in both after. The guarantee is between before in one and after in both. + +From the program point of view, that acquire statement is one instant. That entire gap in physical time is seen as a single instant to the code. + +However, the tie point is just one instant in the timelines. After the point, one of the timelines could perform an event that interferes with an event from before the tie-point, and no guarantees are given about what the other timeline sees. However, if another tie-point is created between them, then they are both guaranteed to see that second, interfering event, after the second tie-point. + +Take the example of a mutex, M. The purpose of the only-one semantics of a mutex is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by other threads, which own before or after it. + +The mutex behavior is illustrated in Fig X. Timeline 1 writes to variable A at point 1, then releases the M at point 2. Timeline 2 acquires M, at the tied point 2 and reads A at point 3. For M to provide isolation, it must guarantee that the A write operation at point 1 is seen by the other timeline's read operation, at point 3. Likewise, it has to guarantees that nothing that happens in timeline 2 after the acquire of M, at point 2, will be seen by timeline 1 before its release, also at point 2. + +That ordering guarantee is what we think of when we imagine the behavior of a mutex acquire-release pair. All writes done by the releasing thread are seen as completed, by reads performed in the acquiring thread, and no writes in the acquiring thread are seen before the release by the releasing thread. That is required in order to have value for the semantics of only one thread owns the mutex at any point. The purpose of only-one is to isolate read and write operations done by the owning thread from those done by the threads that own before or after it. + + +The behavior is implemented in terms of a data structure that lives inside the controlling entity's environment. The controlling entity looks up the data structure for the mutex being requested. This data structure has a field that contains the name of the thread that current owns the mutex, plus a queue of threads waiting to acquire it. So, the controlling entity first looks at the field that holds the current owner, sees that it is occupied, and then puts the thread's name into the queue of waiting threads. + +At some point later, the waiting thread reaches the top of the queue. At the point the owning thread executes the release operation, that owning thread also suspends, the controlling entity sees that suspend and that the thread wants to perform the release behavior. It looks up the release behavior and performs it. This behavior looks up the mutex data structure in the controlling entity's environment, removes the releasing thread from the owner field, takes the top thread off the waiters, writes its name into the current owner, then marks both those threads as ready to resume their timelines. + +The proto-runtime is the controlling entity, which looks up the behaviors and performs them. It also manages the environment that holds the data structures used by the behaviors. + +=========== + +The purpose of the M is to guarantee that what gets written to A here in this timeline is seen over here, in this other timeline. + +So, to turn this simple mechanism into a synchronization construct, you add semantics on top, which determine the end of suspend in the two timelines. The timelines voluntarily place themselves into suspend, and it is up to the controlling entity to decide at what point to end that suspension. It is this choice of ending suspension that ties events in one timeline to events in another. The semantics of deciding that end of suspension is the semantics of the synchronization construct. + +For example, take mutual exclusion within Threads. One thread executes a construct that asks to acquire the mutex. At the point of executing, that thread suspends, so that timeline ceases advancing. At some point later, the controlling entity sees that suspend, and sees that the timeline is attempting the acquire mutex activity. It looks up the behavior for acquire mutex, which is then performed inside that controlling entity. + +============ + + +\subsection{More on eDSLs} +%====================================== + +%We expand on the hypothesis that an embedded style Domain Specfic Language (eDSL) provides high programmer productivity, with a low learning curve. We also show (\S ) that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler, because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly (\S ), we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. + +%In \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is mainly expended in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We use this to support the case that speeding up runtime creation makes eDSLs more viable. + +%In \S we take a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. + + +% ============== + +%Further, in \S we show that when an application is written in a well designed eDSL, porting it to new hardware becomes simpler because often only the language needs to be ported. That is because the elements of the problem being solved that require large amounts of computation are often pulled into the language. Lastly, in \S we hypothesize that switching from sequential programming to using an eDSL is low disruption because the base language remains the same, along with most of the development tools and practices. Hence, we cover how the three issues currently making parallel programming unattractive are addressed by embedded-style DSLs. + +%We next show what the blocks to eDSLs are, and where the main effort in implementing an eDSL lies. Specifically, in \S \ref{sec:DSLHypothesis} we show that the small number of users of an eDSL means that the eDSL must be very low effort to create, and also low effort to port to new hardware. At the same time, the eDSL must remain very high performance across hardware targets. + +%In \S we analyze where the effort of creating an eDSL is expended. It turns out that in the traditional approach, it is expended in creating the translator for the custom DSL syntax, in creating the runtime, and in performance tuning the major domain-specific constructs. We propose that the MetaBorg[] or Rose[] translation approaches cover creating translators for custom syntax, and that tuning constructs is inescapable, leaving the question of runtime implementation time. + +%In \S we explore the effects of runtime implementation time by taking a step back and examine what the industry-wide picture would be if the eDSL approach were adopted. A large number of eDSLs will come into existence, each with its own set of runtimes, one runtime for each hardware target. That causes a multiplicative effect: the number of runtimes will equal the number of eDSLs times the number of hardware targets. Unless the effort of implementing runtimes reduces, this multiplicative effect could dominate, which would retard the uptake of eDSLs. Thus, showing that an approach that mitigates this multiplicative effect is valuable, and is the role that the proto-runtime plays. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Details} +\label{subsec:Details} + + what responsibilities are encapsulated in which modules, and what the interfaces between them look like. + +modularization and its interface is what makes the proto-runtime reusable by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages on that hardware. + +? + + + + overhead measurements + +implementation time measurements + + discuss why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. + + give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk, and OMPSs, on large multi-core servers. + + summary of development time of the various embedded languages created so far. Unfortunately, no control is available to compare against, but we provide estimates based on anecdotal evidence of the time taken to develop the versions compared against for overhead. In the +least, the same effort would have to be expended on +each and every language that we expended on performance +tuning our proto-runtime. + + We continue with a bigger picture discussion of the difference in design methods between traditional approaches and the proto-runtime implementations (\S ). We discuss OpenMP versus the equivalent proto-runtime version called VOMP (\S ). Then (\S ) we discuss Cilk 5.4 vs the proto-runtime VCilk. Next we discuss pthread vs Vthread (\S ), and OMPSs vs VSs (\S ). These discussions attempt to give the two design philosophies and paint a picture of the development process in the two competing approaches. The goal is to + +illustrate how the proto-runtime approach maintains many of the features, through its centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + +Then, with the full understanding of the proto-runtime approach in hand, we discuss how it compares to related work (\S ). + +Finally, we highlight the main conclusions drawn from the work (\S ). + + + +? + + + + + The behavior module creates work and determines when work is free the execute, it tracks constraints on work imposed by language semantics, and constraints +due to data dependencies. + + a copy of the proto-runtime with language modules runs separately on each core and they communicate via shared variables in a shared language environment. The proto-runtime protects access to the shared language environment so that language modules can be written in sequential style. + +? + +The proto-runtime also implements "centralized" services that it makes available to all languages. Hardware specific functions include communicating between processors and protecting the internal state used by the language modules. + + + + this makes the proto-runtime be reused by all languages on given hardware, and the low-level tuning of the proto-runtime for specific hardware automatically benefits all the languages that run on that hardware. + + implementing language logic, + +show how the proto-runtime interface allows it to use sequential thinking. + +give similar detail on the implementation of the assigner, +we discuss how that has the potential to improve application performance by reducing communication between cores and reducing idle time of cores. + +support belief that the patterns we followed when modularizing are indeed fundamental and will remain valid for future languages and hardware. + + discuss some of the centralized services provided by the current proto-runtime implementation, as well as planned future ones. + +reusing language logic from one language implementation to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} +With the background on eDSLs and description of the proto-runtime approach behind us, we then provide overhead measurements in \S\ref{subsec:OverheadMeas} and implementation time measurements in \S\ref{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} + +\subsection{Overhead Measurements} \label{subsec:OverheadMeas} +For the following, we use a 4-core single socket 2.4Ghz laptop, and a 4 socket by 10 core each server. + +For runtime performance: + +-- Vthread vs pthread: laptop and server on exe vs task (and fibonacci?) + +-- VCilk vs Cilk: laptop and server on fibonacci (from Albert) + +-- VOMP vs OpenMP: laptop and server on exe vs task and fibonacci + +-- VSs vs OMPSs: laptop and server on fibonacci and jpeg + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & 2 & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +a & a & a & a & a & a & a \\\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{} +\label{tab} + +As seen, we didn't include application performance because we have not yet taken advantage of the opportunity to use language information to predict locality. That research is in progress and will be reported in future papers. + + +\subsubsection{Vthread Versus Highly Tuned Posix Threads} +\label{sec:VthreadVsPthread} +Measurements indicate that the proto-runtime approach has far lower overhead than even the current highly tuned Linux thread implementation, and discusses why equivalent user-level M to N thread packages haven't been pursued, leaving no viable user-level libraries to compare against. +\subsubsection{VCilk Versus Cilk 5.4} +In \S we give numbers that indicate that the proto-runtime approach is also competitive with Cilk +\subsubsection{VSs Versus StarSs (OMPSs)} +OMPSs +\subsubsection{VOMP Versus OpenMP} +VOMP + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Development Time Measurements}\label{subsec:ImplTimeMeas} +Here we summarize the time to develop each of the epDSLs and each copy-cat language created so far. As a control, we estimate, based on anecdotal evidence, the time required to create the equivalent functionality, using the traditional approach. + +Table \ref{tabPersonHoursLang}, summarizes measurements +of the time we spent to design, code, and debug an initial version working for each of the languages we created. The results are shown in the same order we created them, with SSR the first. As we gained experience, design and coding became more efficient. These are hours spent at the keyboard or with pen and paper, and don't include think time during other activities in the day. + + +\begin{centering} +\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} + \cline{2-8} + \multicolumn{1}{r|}{} & SSR & Vthread & VCilk & HWSim & VOMP & VSs & Reo\\ + \cline{2-8} + \noalign{\vskip2pt} + \hline + Design & 19 & 6 & 3 & 52 & 18& 6 & 14\\ + Code & 13 & 3 & 3& 32 & 9& 12 & 18\\ + Test & 7 & 2 & 2& 12 & 8& 5 & 10\\ + L.O.C. & 470 & 290 & 310& 3000 & 690 & 780 & 920\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\caption +{Hours to design, code, and test each embedded language. L.O.C. is lines of (original) C code, excluding libraries and comments. +} +\end{centering} +\label{tabPersonHoursLang} + +%\subsubsection{Comparison of Design Approaches} +%We give the bigger picture of the difference in approach for each language, between the proto-runtime implementation and the distributed implementation. The goal is to illustrate how the proto-runtime centralized services, while significantly reducing implementation time, through reuse of the services, elimination of concurrency concerns in design and debugging, and in the simplifications in design and implementation caused by the clean modularization of the proto-runtime approach, and the regularization of implementation from one language to another. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} \label{sec:Related} + +We discuss how proto-runtime compares to other approaches to implementing the runtimes of domain specific languages. The criteria for comparison are: level of effort to implement the runtime, effort to port the runtime, runtime performance, and support for application performance. The main alternative implementation approaches are: posix threads, user-level threads, TBB, modifying libGomp, and using hardware primitives to make a custom runtime. + +We summarize the conclusions in Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach}. + + +\begin{center} +\caption{Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows how well each approach scores in the measures important to implementors of runtimes for DSLs. On the left are the implementation approaches. At the top are the measures. In a cell is the score on the measure for +the approach. One plus is the lowest score, indicating the implementation approach is undesirable, 5 indicates the highest desirability. The reasons for the scores are discussed in the text. } \label{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} + +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline +Runtime Creation & \textbf{impl.}& \textbf{porting} & \textbf{runtime} & \textbf{application} \\ +\textbf{} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{ease} & \textbf{perf.} & \textbf{perf.}\\\hline +\textbf{OS Threads} & ++ & ++ & + & + \\\hline +%\textbf{User Threads} & ++& ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{TBB} & ++ & ++ & ++ & + \\\hline +\textbf{libGomp} & +++ & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\\hline +\textbf{HW primitives} & + & + & +++++ & +++++ \\\hline +\textbf{Proto-runtime} & +++++ & +++++ & ++++ & +++++\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + + + +The first two methods have poor runtime and application +performance. They involve building the DSL runtime on top of OS threads\ or TBB, both of which have runtimes in their own right. So the DSL runtime runs on top of the lower-level runtime. This places control of work placement inside the lower-level runtime, blocking the DSL runtime, which hurts application-code performance, due to inability to use data locality. In addition, OS threads have operating system overhead and OS-imposed fairness requirements, which keeps runtime performance poor as seen in Section \ref{sec:VthreadVsPthread}. + +Both also force the DSL implementation to manage concurrency explicitly, using lower-level runtime constructs such as locks. TBB may have a slight advantage due to its task-scheduling commands, but only for task-based languages. Hence, implementation effort is poor for these approaches. + +For the same reason, porting is poor for these two +approaches. The DSL's runtime code needs to be rewritten and tuned for each hardware platform, or else some form of hardware-abstraction placed into the runtime. But putting in a hardware abstraction is essentially an alternative way of implementing half of the proto-runtime approach, but without the centralization, reuse, and modularization benefits. + +Moving on to libGomp. Some language researchers use libGomp (based on informal discussions) because of its very simple structure, which makes it relatively easy to modify, especially for simple languages. However, it provides no services such as debugging or performance tuning, and it has no modularization or reuse across languages benefits. As the price of the simplicity, performance suffers, as seen in the experiments []. Also, re-writes of the DSL runtime are required for each platform in order to tune it to hardware characteristics. However, because the runtime is directly modified, the language gains control over placement of work, enabling good application performance, if the extra +effort is expended to take advantage. + +Lastly, we consider the alternative of writing a custom runtime from scratch, using hardware primitives such as the Compare And Swap (CAS) instruction, or similar atomic read-modify-write instructions. This approach requires the highest degree of implementation effort, and the worst portability across hardware. However, if sufficient effort is expended on tuning, it can achieve the best runtime performance and equal the best performance of application code. So far, the gap has proven small between highly tuned language-specific custom runtime performance and that of our proto-runtime, but we only have the CILK implementation as a comparison point. + +Putting this all together, Table \ref{tab:CriteriaVsApproach} shows that the proto-runtime approach is the only one that scores high in all of the measures. It makes initial language implementation fast, as well as reduces porting effort, while keeping runtime performance high and enabling high application performance. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +The main takeaways from the paper are first, the potential for embedded style Domain Specific Languages (eDSLs) to address the issues that are holding-back parallel programming, and second the role that the proto-runtime approach can play in making eDSLs practical, by simplifying the runtime aspect of implementing a large number of eDSLs across the many hardware targets. +%The proto-runtime approach does this by modularizing the runtimes, providing reuse of centralized services, and reuse of the hardware-specific performance tuning, which is performed once per hardware, on the proto-runtime, then enjoyed by all the eDSLs. Hence, the proto-runtime approach provides a significant piece of the puzzle of providing eDSLs, to bring parallel programming into the mainstream. + + +%[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + + +Specifically, we have shown how the approach modularizes runtime code, in a way that appears applicable to any language or execution model. It isolates the hardware-specific portion from language behavior as well as from the language-driven placement of work onto resources, providing interfaces between them. + + The modularization reduces the effort of implementing a new language, especially for an embedded-style one where runtime creation is a significant portion of total effort. It causes the low level hardware portion to be reused by each language. And, the behavior implementation is simplified, by handling shared state inside the proto-runtime and exporting a sequential interface for the behavior module to use. The simplification reduces effort, as does reuse of the hardware-specific portion, reuse of behavior code from one language to another, reuse of assignment code, and familiarity with the modular structure by implementors. Overall effort reduction was supported by measurements of implementation effort. + +The proto-runtime approach makes it practical to maintain high overall runtime performance, with low effort for the language implementor. It is practical because high effort is put into performance-tuning the hardware-specific proto-runtime, which is then reused by each language. In this way the performance derived from the high tuning effort is inherited without extra effort by the language creators, thus amortizing the cost. + +Centralized services were implemented inside the proto-runtime portion, such as debugging facilities, automated verification, concurrency handling, hardware performance information gathering, and so on. We showed how they are reused by the languages. + +Although we didn't measure it, we indicated how application performance can be increased due to giving the language direct control over placement of work, to take advantage of data affinity or application-generated communication patterns. This ability is due to the assignment module, which provides the language implementor with control over which core work is assigned to, and the order of executing each work unit. + +Work on the proto-runtime approach is in its infancy, and much remains to be done, including: +\begin{itemize} +\item Creating related interfaces for use with distributed memory hardware, and interfaces for hierarchical runtimes, to improve performance on many-level hardware such as high-performance computers, and to tie together runtimes for different types of architecture, to cover heterogeneous architectures and machines. +\item Extending the proto-runtime interface to present hardware information that a work-assigner will need, but in a generic way that remains constant across many hardware configurations yet exposes all relevant information. +\item Exploring work assignment implementations that take advantage of language and application knowledge to improve placement of work to gain higher application performance. +\item Applying the proto-runtime approach to support a portability software stack, and supply OS services to applications via the proto-runtime, to further increase application-code portability. +\end{itemize} + + +\end{document} +============================================= +== +== +== +== +== +============================================= + +\section{The Problem} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +While talking about the problems encountered by Domain Specific Languages (DSLs), we focus on implications for the runtime system, due to its central role in the claims. At the same time we will support the hypothesis that embedded-style DSLs are high-productivity for application programmers, have a low learning curve, and cause low disruption to current programming practices. While doing this we set the ground work for the next section, where we show that the main effort of implementing embedded-style DSLs is creating the runtime, and that when using the proto-runtime approach, embedded-style DSLs are low-effort to create and port and move the effort of porting for high performance out of the application and into the language. + +To give the needed depth, we'll first talk about a way to classify parallel languages according to the structure of their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:ClassifyingLangs}). Then we'll talk about the sub-class of domain specific parallel languages, what sets them apart, and the implications for their runtime implementations (subsection \ref{subsec:DomSpecLangs}). That segues into the embedded style of language, and how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime (subsection \ref{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs}). + +Once that reduction from parallel languages in general to embedded style domain specific ones in particular is done, we'll give more on what embedded style DSLs look like from an application programmer's view (subsection \ref{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL}). We will include depth on a particular embedded-style language, showing sample code that uses the constructs, then delving into needs within the implementation of that language, and behavior of the constructs during a run (subsection []). + +The main implications for runtime systems, which were uncovered within the section, are summarized at the end (subsection []). + +\subsection{Classifying parallel languages by virtual processor based vs task based} +\label{subsec:ClassifyingLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One major axis for classifying parallel languages is whether they are virtual processor based or task based, which has implications for the structure of the runtime. + +A virtual processor is long-lived, and has a context that persists across suspend and resume, while a task has no preceding context to fit into and leaves no implied context when done. Posix threads is a standard example of a virtual processor based parallel language, as are UPC, Charm, TBB, and so forth. All of these create virtual processors (aka threads), which suspend when they invoke synchronizations and other parallel-language constructs then resume after the construct completes. Such virtual processors have their own private stack to save the information that is needed upon resume. + +In contrast, dataflow is a standard example of a task based language, as is CnC. For these languages, a task is passed all the information it needs at the point of creation, and is expected to run to completion. If a task needs to invoke a parallelism construct, that invocation normally ends the task, while information needed by following tasks is saved explicitly in shared variables, or passed to the runtime as a continuation that is then handed to the task created when the construct completes. + +Hybrids of the two also exist, such as OpenMP which implies thread creation, via the parallel-pragma, but also creates tasks via the for-pragma. As well, StarSs (OMPSs) mixes the two, with a main thread that creates meta-tasks that have to resolve their dependencies before being turned into executable tasks. Those tasks are also able to invoke barriers and other synchronization constructs, then resume. + +The runtime implementations of the two different types of execution model differ markedly. Virtual processor (VP) based runtimes have to create a stack for each VP created, and manage the interleaving of the CPU's hardware stack. They also require a mechanism to suspend and resume the VPs, and save them in internal structures while suspended. + +In contrast, task based runtimes need ultra-fast creation of tasks, and fast linkage from the end of one to the start of the next. They tend to keep the task-structures in a queue and discard them when complete. + +Hence, VP based runtimes revolve around storing suspended VPs inside structures that embody the constraints on when the VP can resume. But task based runtimes revolve around the conditions upon which to create new tasks, and the organization of the inputs to them. The runtimes for hybrid languages have characteristics of both. + + +\subsection{Domain specific parallel languages} +\label{subsec:DomSpecLangs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Now we'll talk about the sub-class of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs): what sets them apart from other parallel languages, how they potentially solve the issues with parallel programming, and the implications for their runtime implementations. + +DSLs can be any of the three basic language types (VP based, task-based or hybrid), but they are distinguished by having constructs that correspond to features of one narrow domain of applications. For example, we have implemented a DSL that is just for use in building hardware simulators [cite the HWSim wiki]. Its constructs embody the structure of simulators, and make building one fast and even simpler than when using a sequential language, as will be shown in Subsection []. The programmer doesn't think about concurrency, nor even about control flow, they simply define behavior of individual hardware elements and connect them to each other. + +It is this fit between language constructs and the mental model of the application that makes DSLs highly productive and easy to learn, at the same time, it is also what makes applications written in them more portable. Application patterns that have strong impact on parallel performance are captured as language constructs. The rest of the source code has less impact on parallel performance, so just porting the language is enough to get high performance on each hardware target. + +In practice, designing such a language is an art, and for some hardware targets, the language can become intrusive. For example, for porting to GPGPUs, their performance is driven by decomposition into many small, simple, kernels, which access memory in contiguous chunks. Fitting into this pattern forces rearrangement of the base sequential code, and even constrains choice of algorithm. Hence, a DSL that is portable to standard architectures as well as GPUs would place the GPU restrictions onto the code for all machines. However, much excellent work [polyhedral, others] is being done on automated tools to transform standard code to GPU form, which would lift the restrictions. Also, constructs such as the DKU pattern [] map well onto GPUs as well as standard hardware. + +\subsection{The embedded style of DSL} +\label{subsec:EmbeddedDSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We segue now into the embedded style of language, and show how the work of implementing them is mainly the work of implementing their runtime plus their complex domain constructs. We focus on embedded style domain specific languages because it is the least effort-to-create form of DSL, and making DSLs practical requires it to be low effort to create them and port them to various hardware targets. + + +An embedded-style language is one that uses the syntax of a base language, like C or Java, and adds constructs that are specific to the domain. An added construct may be expressed in custom syntax that is translated to into a library call, or else directly invoked by making a library call, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:EmbeddedEx}. Inside the library call, a primitive is used to escape the base language and enter the embedded language's runtime, which then performs the behavior of the construct. + + +\begin{figure}[h!tb] +{\noindent +{\footnotesize +{\normalsize Creating a new virtual processor (VP):} +\begin{verbatim} +newVP = SSR__create_VP( &top_VP_fn, paramsPtr, animatingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize sending a message between VPs:}} +\begin{verbatim} +SSR__send_from_to( messagePtr, sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} + +{\noindent {\normalsize receiving the message (executed in a different VP):}} +\begin{verbatim} +messagePtr = SSR__receive_from_to( sendingVP, receivingVP ); +\end{verbatim} +} +} + +\caption +{Examples of invoking embedded-style constructs. +} +\label{fig:EmbeddedEx} +\end{figure} +An embedded-style language differs from a library in that it has a runtime system, and a way to switch from the behavior of the base language to the behavior inside the runtime. In contrast, libraries never leave the base language. Notice that this means, for example, that a posix threads library is not a library at all, but an embedded language. + +As a practical matter, embedded-style constructs normally have a thin wrapper that invokes the runtime. However, some DSLs perform significant effort inside the library before switching to the runtime, or else after returning from the runtime. These look more like traditional libraries, but still involve an escape from the base language and more importantly are designed to work in concert with the parallel aspects of the language. They concentrate key performance-critical aspects of the application inside the language, such as dividing work up, or, for example, implementing a solver for differential equations that accepts structures created by the divider. + +It is the appearance of constructs being library calls that brings the low-disruption benefit of embedded-style DSLs. The syntax is that of the base language, so the existing development tools and work flows remain intact when moving to an embedded style DSL. In addition, the fit between domain concepts and language constructs minimizes mental-model disruption when switching and makes the learning curve to adopt the DSL very low. + +\subsection{Application programmer's view of embedded-style DSLs} +\label{subsec:AppProgViewOfDSL} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Well designed DSLs have very few constructs, yet capture the most performance-critical domain patterns, in a way that feels natural to the application programmer. This often means that data structures and usage patterns are part of the language. + +For example, a linear-equation-solving language would define a standard data structure for the coefficients of the equations, and supply a construct by which the language is asked to perform the work of solving them. This feels very much like a library, but the runtime system dynamically performs division of work according to the hardware, and implements communication between cores and a scheduler that load balances and tries to take advantage of data affinity and even computational accelerators. All of which puts performance in the hands of the runtime and is simple to use. + +An example of a DSL that we created using the proto-runtime approach is HWSim [], which is designed to be used for writing architectural simulators. + +When using HWSim, a simulator application is composed of just three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions. These are all sequential code that call HWSim constructs at boundaries, such as the end of behavior, and use HWSim supplied data structures. To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths that connect them. A communication path connects an outport of the sending element to an inport of the receiving element. An action is then attached to the inport. The action is triggered when a communication arrives. The action has a behavior function, which changes the state of the element, and a timing function which calculates how much simulated time the behavior takes. + +The language itself consists of only a few standard data structures, such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, \texttt{Outport}, and a small number of constructs, such as \texttt{send\_comm} and \texttt{end\_behavior}. The advancement of simulated time is performed by a triggered action, and so is implied. The parallelism is also implied, by the only constraints on order of execution of actions being consistency. + +The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. Parallel work is created within the system by outports that connect to multiple destination inports which means one output triggers multiple actions, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + +Overall, simulator writers have fewer issues to deal with because time-related code has been brought inside the language, where it is reused across simulators, and because parallelism issues reduce to simply being restricted to data local to the attached element. Both these increase productivity of simulator writers, despite using a parallel language. The language has so few commands that it takes only a matter of days to become proficient (as demonstrated informally by new users of HWSim). Also, parallelism related constructs in the language are generic across hardware, eliminating the need to modify application code when porting to new hardware (if the language is used according to the recommended coding style). + +\subsection{Implementation of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +When it comes to implementing an embedded-style of DSL, the bulk of the effort is in the runtime and the more complex domain specific constructs. + +Examples of constructs implemented for DSLs include Abstract Data Types (ADTs), like linked lists, hash tables, and priority queues. Also, full algorithms, like solvers for systems of equations, or even linear algebra operations on matrices. It will be seen in subsection[] that the proto-runtime approach causes the implementation for such constructs to be reused, with high performance, across all the hardware targets in a hardware class such as the class of shared-memory multi-core platforms. + +In addition, embedded style DSLs rely heavily on data types that are part of the language. These are often domain-specific such as \texttt{Netlist}, \texttt{Inport}, and \texttt{Outport} in HWSim, or \texttt{Protein} in a bio-informatics DSL, but can also be common such as \texttt{SparseMatrix} in domains like data mining and scientific applications. + + + During language design, common patterns that consume significant development time or computation are placed into the language. Also, any patterns that expose hardware configuration, such as the number and size of pieces of work should be pulled into the language to aid portability. + +If such design is successful then porting the application reduces to just porting the language. When the language has successfully captured the main computational patterns of the domain, then the application code encapsulates only a small portion of the performance, so it does not need to be tuned. Further, when patterns that expose hardware-motivated choices or hardware-specific commands are in the language, then the application code has nothing that needs to change when the hardware changes. + +For example, HWSim pulls hardware-specific patterns inside the language by handling all inter-core communications inside the language, and also by aggregating multiple elements together on the same core to tune work-unit size. + +The advantage of placing these into the language, instead of application code, is portability and productivity. + + +\subsection{Implementation Details of Embedded-style DSLs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + +Figure [] shows\ the implementation of the wrapper library for HWSim's send\_and\_idle construct, which sends a communication on the specified outport, and then causes the sending element to go idle. Of note is the packaging of information for the runtime. It is placing into the HWSimSemReq data structure, and then the application work is ended by switching to the runtime. The switch is via the send\_and\_suspend call, which is a primitive implemented in assembly that jumps out of the base C language and into the runtime. + +The switch to the runtime can be done in multiple ways. Our proto-runtime uses assembly to manipulate the stack and registers. For posix threads language, when implemented in Linux, the hardware trap instruction is used to switch from application to the OS. The OS serves as the runtime that implements the thread behavior. + +The core is used by the construct implementation differently for VP based languages vs for task based languages. + +For VP based languages, once inside the runtime, a synchronization construct performs the behavior shown abstractly in Figure []. In essence, a synchronization construct is a variable length delay, which waits for activities outside the calling code to cause specific conditions to become true. These activities could be actions taken by other pieces of application code, such as releasing a lock, or they could be hardware related, such as waiting for a DMA transfer to complete. + +While one piece of application code (in a VP) is suspended, waiting, other pieces can use the core to perform their work, as long as the conditions for those other pieces are satisfied. Hence, the runtime's construct implementation checks if conditions are met, and if not stores the suspended piece (VP). If the construct can change conditions for others, it updates them. For example, the lock-release construct updates state for VPs waiting for the lock. Separately, for VPs whose conditions have been met, when a core becomes available, the runtime chooses which VP to assign to which core. + +These are the two behaviors a construct performs inside the runtime: managing conditions on which work is free, and managing assignment of free work onto cores. + +For task based languages, a task runs to completion then always switches to the runtime at the end. Hence, no suspend and resume exists. Once inside, the runtime's job is to track conditions on which tasks are ready to run, or which to create. For example, in dataflow, a task is created only once all conditions for starting it are met. Hence, the only language constructs are "instantiate a task-creator", "connect a task creator to others", and "end a task". During a run, all of the runtime behavior takes place inside the "end a task" construct, where the runtime sends outputs from the ending task to the inputs of connected task-creators. The "send" action modifies internal runtime state, which represents the order of inputs to a creator on all of its input ports. When all inputs are ready, it creates a new task, then when hardware is ready, assigns the task to a core. + + +One survey[] discusses DSLs for a variety of domains, and this list of DSLs was copied from their paper: +\begin{itemize} +\item In Software Engineering: Financial products [12, 22, 24], behavior control and coordination [9, 10], software architectures [54], and databases [39]. +\item Systems Software: Description and analysis of abstract syntax trees [77, 19, 51], video device driver specifications [76], cache coherence protocols [15], data structures in C [72], and operating system specialization [63]. +\item Multi-Media: Web computing [14, 35, 4, 33], image manipulation [73], 3D animation [29], and drawing [44]. +\item Telecommunications: String and tree languages for model checking [48], communication protocols [6], telecommunication switches [50], and signature computing [11]. +\item Miscellaneous: Simulation [2, 13], mobile agents [36], robot control [61], solving partial differential equations [26], and digital hardware design [41]. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Summary of Section} + [[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +This section illustrated the promise of DSLs for solving the issues with parallel programming. The HWSim example showed that well designed parallel DSLs can actually improve productivity, and have a low learning curve, as well as reduce the need for touching application code when moving to new target hardware. The section showed that the effort of implementing an embedded style DSL is mainly that of implementing its runtime and complex domain constructs, and that a well-designed DSL captures most of the performance-critical aspects of an application inside the DSL constructs. Hence, porting effort reduces to just performance-tuning the language (with caveats for some hardware). This effort is, in turn, reused by all the applications that use the DSL. + +The stumbling point of DSLs is the small number of users, after all, how many people write hardware simulators? Perhaps a few thousand people a year write or modify applications suitable for HWSim. That means the effort to implement HWSim has to be so low as to make it no more effort than writing a library, effectively a small percentage of a simulator project. + +The runtime is a major piece of the DSL implementation, so reducing the effort of implementing the runtime goes a long way to reducing the effort of implementing a new DSL. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Description} +\label{sec:idea} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +? + + +Now that we have made the case that embedded style DSLs have potential to solve many parallel programming issues, and that a major obstacle to uptake of them is their implementation effort, we describe the proto-runtime concept and show how it addresses this obstacle to DSLs. As shown, embedded style DSL implementation effort and porting effort is mainly that of creating the runtime and implementing the more complex language constructs. We show here that the proto-runtime approach dramatically reduces the effort of creating a DSL runtime, through a number of features. + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/PR_three_pieces.pdf} + \caption{Shows how the proto-runtime approach modularizes the implementation of a runtime. The three pieces are the proto-runtime implementation, an implementation of the language construct behaviors, and an implementation of the portion of a scheduler that chooses which work is assigned to which processor. } + \label{fig:PR_three_pieces} +\end{figure} + + +The main feature is the proto-runtime's approach to modularizing the runtime code. As shown in Fig \ref{fig:PR_three_pieces}, it breaks the runtime into three pieces: a cross-language piece, which is the proto-runtime implementation, a piece that implements the language's constructs and plugs into the proto-runtime, and a piece that assigns work onto hardware and also plugs into the proto-runtime. + +The modularization appears to remain valid across parallel languages and execution models, and we present underlying patterns that support this observation. We analyze the basic structure of a synchronization construct, and point out how the proto-runtime modularization is consistent with it. + +\subsection{Creating an eDSL} + + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/eDSL_two_pieces.pdf} + \caption{An embedded style DSL consists of two parts: a runtime and a wrapper library that invokes the runtime} + \label{fig:eDSL_two_pieces} +\end{figure} + +As shown in Fix \ref{fig:eDSL_two_pieces}, to create an embedded style DSL (eDSL), do two things: create the runtime and create a wrapper-library that invokes the runtime and also implements the more complex language constructs. + +As seen in Fig X, a library call that invokes a language construct is normally a thin wrapper that only communicates to the runtime. It places information to be sent to the runtime into a carrier, then invokes the runtime via a primitive. The primitive suspends the base language execution and switches the processor over to the runtime code. + +\subsection{The Proto-Runtime Modularization} + +\subsubsection{Dispatch pattern} +-- standardizes runtime code +-- makes familiar going from one lang to another +-- makes reuse realistic, as demonstrated by VSs taking SSR constructs + +-- show the enums, and the switch table + +-- point out how the handler receives critical info -- the semEnv, req struct and calling slave + +\subsubsection{The Request Handler} +-- cover what a request handler does.. connect it to the wrapper lib, and the info loaded into a request struct. + +-- give code of a request handler.. within on-going example of implementing pthreads, or possibly HWSim, or pick a new DSL + +\subsection{Exporting a performance-oriented machine view } +The proto-runtime interface exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects. Machines that share the same architectural approach have the same performance-critical aspects, and differ only in the values. + +For example, the interface models cache-coherent shared-memory architectures as a collection of memory pools connected by networks. The essential variations among processor-chips are the sizes of the pools, the connections between them, such as which cores share the same L2 cache, and the latency and bandwidth between them. + +Hence, a single plugin can be written that gathers this information from the proto-runtime and uses it when deciding which work to assign to which core. Such a plugin will then be efficient across all machines that share the same basic architecture. + +This saves significant effort by allowing the same plugin to be reused for all the machines in the category. + +\subsection{Services Provided by the Proto-runtime} + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging, perf counters.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + +-- -- examples of iherited lang services inside current proto-runtime: debugging and perf-tuning.. verification, playback have been started (?) + +-- -- examples of plugin services: creation of base VP, the switch primitives, the dispatch pattern (which reduces effort by cleanly separating code for each construct), handling consistency model (?), handling concurrency + +\subsection{eDSLs talking to each other} +-- show how VSs is example of three different DSLs, and H264 code is three different languages interacting (pthreads, OpenMP, StarSs) + +-- make case that proto-runtime is what makes this practical ! Their point of interaction is the common proto-runtime innards, which provides the interaction services.. they all use the same proto-runtime, and all have common proto-runtime objects, which is how the interaction becomes possible. + +\subsection{The Proto-runtime Approach Within the Big Picture} + +-- Give background on industry-wide, how have langs times machines.. +-- say that proto-runtime has synergistic advantages within this context. -- repeat that eDSLs talk to each other. +-- give subsubsection on MetaBorg for rewriting eDSL syntax into base lang syntax. +-- bring up the tools issue with custom syntax -- compiling is covered by metaborg re-writing.. can address debugging with eclipse.. should be possible in straight forward way that covers ALL eDSLs.. their custom syntax being stepped through in one window, and stepping through what they generate in separate window (by integrating generation step into eclipse).. even adding eclipse understanding of proto-runtime.. so tracks the sequence of scheduling units.. and shows the request handling in action in third window.. + +Preview idea that many players will contribute, and will get people that specialize in creating new eDSLs (such as one of authors).. +-- For them, code-reuse is reality, as supported by VSs example, +-- and the uniformity of the pattern becomes familiar, also speeding up development, as also supported by VSs, HWSim, VOMP, and DKU examples. +-- for those who only create a single eDSL, the pattern becomes a lowering of the learning curve, aiding adoption + +-- Restate and summarize the points below (covered above), showing how they combine to shrink the wide-spot where all the runtimes are. + +-- The low-level part implemented on each machine, exports a view of the machine that shows performance-critical aspects + +-- Collect machines into groups, based on performance critical aspects of hardware.. provides reduction in effort because only one plugin for entire group. + +-- Put services into the low-level piece.. plugins have those available, and inherit lang independent such as debugging.. provides effort reduction because lang doesn't have to implement these services. + + +\section{(outline and notes)} + +-- What a plugin looks like: + +-- -- pattern of parallel constructs.. ideas of Timeline, tie-point, animation, suspension, VP states, constraints, causality, work-units, meta-units, updates in constraint states attached to the meta-units + +-- -- a sych construct is something that creates a tie between two work-units. So, the logic of the construct simply establishes causality -- the ending of one work-unit causes the freedom to start animation of another. + +-- -- -- Examples: mutex is end of work-unit that frees lock causes freedom to start work-unit that gets the lock. They are causally tied. The semantics of the construct is the particular conditions existing inside the runtime (in this case ownership condition of a mutex), and what changes those conditions (in this case releasing lock removes one from owner, plus acquire-lock sets one as wanting the lock), and how freedom to be animated is affected by the changes in conditions (in this case, removal of ownership must precede gaining ownership) on what makes a work-unit free (in this case, being given ownership of the mutex), + +-- Hence, precisely, the parallelism model of the language defines constraints, which are implemented as state inside the runtime. Constructs provided do a number of things: signal bringing a set of constraints into existence (create a mutex), signal update to the state of those constraints (release mutex, state desire to acquire), and trigger the runtime to propagate those changes, which results in additional changes to states, including marking meta-units as free to be animated. cause creation of meta-units (explicitly as in VSs, or via creating entities that trigger creation as in dataflow, or via creating entities that consist of consecutive work-units as in pthreads). + + +-- Recipe for how to make the language plugin: time reduction is part due to simplifying the parallelism construct logic.. + + + + +\subsection{The Cross-language Patterns Behind the Proto-runtime} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +An application switches to the runtime, which does scheduling work then switches back to application code. + + +\subsection{Some Definitions} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +We adopt the concepts of work-unit, virtual processor (VP), animation, and tie-point as discussed in a previous paper []. A work-unit is the trace of instructions executed between two successive switches to the runtime, along with the data consumed and produced during that trace. A Virtual Processor is defined as being able to animate either the code of a work-unit or else another VP, and has state that it uses during animation, organized as a stack. Animation is definedd as causing time of a virtual processor to advance, which is equivalent to causing state changes according to instructions, while suspension halts animation, and consequently causes the end of a work-unit (a more complete definition of animation can be found in the dissertation of Halle[]). A tie-point connects the end of one work-unit to the beginning of one in a different VP, so a tie-point represents a causal relationship between two work-units, and establishes an ordering between those work-units, effectively tying the time-line of the VP animating one to the time-line of the VP animating the other work-unit. + +In addition, we introduce a definition of the word task, which is a single work-unit coupled to a virtual-processor that comes into existence to animate the work-unit and dissipates at completion of the work-unit. By definition of work-unit, a task cannot suspend, but rather runs to completion. If the language defines an entity that has a timeline that can be suspended by switching to the runtime, then such an entity is not a task. Pure Dataflow[] specifies tasks that fit our definition. + +\subsection{Handling Memory Consistency Models} + +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Weak memory models can cause undesired behavior when work-units on different cores communicate through shared variables. Specifically, the receiving work-unit can see memory operations complete in a different order than the code of the sending work-unit specifies. + +For example, consider a proto-runtime implemented on shared memory hardware that has a weak consistency model, along with a language that implements a traditional mutex lock. All memory operations performed in the VP that releases the lock should be seen as complete by the VP that next acquires the lock. + +It is up to the proto-runtime to enforce this, using hardware primitives. It has to ensure that all memory operations performed, by a task or VP, before switching to the runtime are completed before any dependent task or VP is switched into from the runtime. More precisely, the proto-runtime has to ensure that all memory operations performed by a work-unit are visible in program order to any tied work-units. In some cases the language plugin has to alert the proto-runtime of the causality between work-units. + + +The proto-runtime does not, however, protect application code that attempts to communicate between VPs or tasks directly, without using a parallelism construct to protect the communication. + + + +======= + + I plan to explain VMS as a universal pattern that exists in all runtimes: that is, that the application switches to runtime, which does a scheduling decision and then switches back. I'll explain it first with just master and slaves, leaving out the core\_loop. Explain it as a normal runtime that has had two key pieces removed and replaced with interfaces. The language supplies the missing pieces. Then, introduce the core\_loop stuff as a performance enhancement used when lock acquisition dominates (as it does on the 4 socket 40 core machine). + Next, give HWSim as an example of a real domain specific (it's working, ref manual attached), and focus on how the modularity allowed pulling constructs from other languages (singleton and atomic), and a breakdown of implementation time vs design time, and so on. Highlight how VMS's features for productivity and encapsulation solve the practical problems for domain-specific languages. + Finally, show that VMS performance is good enough, by going head-to-head with pthreads and OpenMP (doing a VMS OpenMP implementation now). And also StarSs if I have time. I'll run overhead-measuring on them, and also regular benchmarks. + +================= + +\subsection{The patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + + +Soln: modularize runtime, to reduce part have to mess with, hide part that has low-level details, reuse low-level tuning effort, and reuse lang-spec parts. + +Benefits: lang impl doesn't have to touch low-level details, inherit centralized services, can reuse code from other languages to add features. + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + + +\subsubsection{Views of synchronization constructs} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +One view of sync constructs is that they are variable-length calls. The +basic hardware does this by stalling the pipeline. + +Another view is that they mark the boundary of a communication made via shared read/write. A load or store of a single location has a precise boundary enforced by the hardware, but if a pipeline desires to load, modify, then write a single location it has to have additional hardware. It has to make the multiple primitive load/store operations appear as a single operation. + +Moving up to the application level, the same pattern exists: an operation the application wants to do may involve many loads and stores, but it wants the collection to appear as a single indivisible operation. So the application-level equivalent of a load or store involves multiple memory locations but is to be treated as a single indivisible operation. This requires the application-level equivalent of the hardware that made the read-modify-write into a single indivisible operation. That equivalent is what a synchronization construct is. The reason a sync construct takes a variable amount of time is that it waits until all other indivisible operations that might conflict have completed. + +Another way to think of the sync construct is that it enforces sharp communication boundaries. The multiple read and write operations are treated as a single communication with the shared-state. If any other part of the application sees only part of the communication, it sees something inconsistent and thus wrong. So the sync constructs ensure that communications are complete, so the parts of the application only see complete communications from other parts. + +\subsubsection{Universal Runtime Patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Unified pattern within parallel languages: create multiple timelines, then control relative progress of them, and control location each chunk of progress takes place. + +Another universal pattern: code runs, switches to runtime, some point later switches back to code, making application run be a collection of trace segments bounded by runtime calls. +The runtime tracks constraints (dependencies) among units, creates and destroys units, and assigns ready units to hardware. + +Units have a life-line, which is fundamental to parallel computation, as demonstrated in a paper by some of the authors []. + +Every unit has a meta-unit that represents it in the runtime. A unit is defined as the trace of application code that exists between two scheduling decisions. Looking at this in more detail, every runtime has some form of internal bookkeeping state for a unit, used to track constraints on it and make decisions about when and where to execute. This exists even if that state is just a pointer to a function that sits in a queue. We call this bookkeeping state for a unit the meta-unit. + +Each unit also has a life-line, which progresses so: creation of the meta-unit \pointer , state updates that affect constraints on the unit \pointer, the decision is made to animate the unit \pointer, movement of the meta-unit plus data to physical resources that do the animation \pointer , animation of the unit, which does the work \pointer, communication of state-update, that unit has completed, and hardware is free \pointer , constraint updates within runtime, possibly causing new meta-unit creations or freeing other meta-units to be chosen for animation. This repeats for each unit. Each step is part of the model. + +Note a few implications: first, many activities internal to the runtime are part of a unit's life-line, and take place when only the meta-unit exists, before or after the work of the actual unit; second, communication that is internal to the runtime is part of the unit life-line, such as state updates; third, creation may be implied, such as in pthreads, or triggered such as in dataflow, or be by explicit command such as in StarSs, and once created, a meta-unit may languish before the unit it represents is free to be animated. + +\subsubsection{Putting synchronization constructs together with universal runtime patterns} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Putting these together, gives us that any parallelism construct that has a synchronization behavior causes the end of a work-unit, and a switch to the runtime. The code following the construct is a different work-unit that will begin after the constraint implied by the construct is satisfied. + +The runtime is made up of the infrastructure for the constraints and assignment, such as communicating bookkeeping state between cores, and protecting internal runtime updates of shared information. Plus, the logic of the constructs and logic of choosing an assignment of work to cores. + +For large machines, the infrastructure dominates the time to execute a parallelism construct, while for smaller machines, like single-socket, the logic of constructs and assignments has a chance to be significant. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width = 2in, height = 1.8in]{../figures/SCG_stylized_for_expl.pdf} + \caption{Something to help understanding} + \label{fig:SCG_expl} +\end{figure} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The Details} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -> high productivity + low learning curve + low disruption + low app-port AND quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] +[[Claims: modularize runtime, mod is fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable & lang inherit internal perf tune & inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +The interfaces between lang logic and proto-runtime. + +Demonstrate: modular runtime, how reduces part have to mess with, hides part that has low-level details, reuses low-level tuning effort, and reuses lang-spec parts. + +Demonstrate Benefits: lang impl doesn't touch low-level details, inherits centralized services (debug support), reuses code from other languages to add features. + +\subsection{Reuse of Language Logic} +[[Hypothesis: Embedded-style DSLs -\textgreater\ high productivity + low learning curve + low app-port + low disruption]] + +[[Bridge: Few users-\textgreater\ must be quick time to create + low effort to lang-port + high perf across targets]] + +[[Bridge: effort to create = runtime + effort port = runtime + perf on new target = runtime]] + +[[Bridge: big picture = langs * runtimes -\textgreater runtime effort critical]] + + +[[Claims: given big picture, runtime effort minimized -\textgreater modularize runtime, mod works across langs bec. fund patterns, mod sep lang logic from RT internals, mod makes internal reusable + lang inherit internal perf tune +inherit centralized serv, mod makes lang logic sequential, mod makes constructs reusable one lang to next, mod causes lang assigner to own HW]] + +Demonstrate reuse of language logic: +All the languages have copied singleton, atomic, critical section and transaction. In VOMP, took the task code from VSS, in VSS, took the send and receive code from SSR.. for DKU, took the code almost verbatim from earlier incarnation of these ideas, and welded it into SSR, and took VSs tasks and put into SSR. Thus, circle completes.. VSs took from SSR, now SSR takes from VSs.. pieces and parts are being borrowed all over the place and welded in where they're needed. + +Part of what makes this so easy is the dispatch pattern.. adding a construct reduces to adding into switch and writing handler.. borrow constructs by taking the handler from the other lang. + +Another part is that code for the constructs is isolated from concurrency details, which are inside the proto-runtime. All the dynamic system issues, and best way to impl locks, and need for fences, and so on is isolated from the construct logic. This isolation is also how porting effort is lowered (or in many cases eliminated), and is how runtime performance is kept high. + +? + +Performance must be high, or the labor savings don't matter. By isolating the low-level details inside the proto-runtime, they can be intensively tuned, then all the languages inherit the effort. Compare that to current practices, where the runtime code is monolithic.. each language has to separately modify the runtime, understanding and dealing with the concurrency, and then on a new machine, each language has to re-tune the low-level details, worrying about the consistency model on that machine, how its particular fence and atomic instructions work, and so on. +We spent 2 months performance tuning the current version, but only 18 hours implementing VSs on top of it, and VSs inherited the benefit from all that effort. So did VOMP, and SSR, and VCilk, and so on.. each time we improved the proto-runtime, all the languages improved, with no effort on the part of the language creator. + +? + +In addition to runtime performance, application level performance must be high. The runtime's performance only affects overhead, and so is only a factor for small work-unit (task) sizes. But data affinity affects performance for all work. + +The proto-runtime approach partially addresses this by giving the language the opportunity to directly control placement of work. This isn't possible when building on top of threads, because the scheduling is in a separate, lower-level, layer where assignment of work to core is made in isolation, blind to language constructs and +other application features. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Measurements} + +\subsection{Implementation time} + + +\subsection{Runtime and Application Performance} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Related Work} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} + + + +\end{document} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +Here is an example of netlist creation: + +The circuit has two elements, each with one input port, one output port, and a single activity-type. The elements are cross-coupled, so output port of one connects to input port of the other. The input port has the activity-type attached as its trigger. The activity is empty, and just sends a NULL message on the output port. The activity's duration in simulated time and the resulting communication's flight duration in simulated time are both constants. + + Note that HWSimElem data type is generic. An elem is specialized by declaring inports and outports, and by connecting activity types to in-ports. Behavior is attached to an element by attaching activity types to in-ports of the element. + +First, here is the top-level function that creates and returns the netlist structure: + +To use HWSim, one creates a netlist composed of elements and communication paths connecting them. An element has a number of in-ports and outports, and a communication path connects an outport of the source element to an inport of the destination elements. The inport has an action attached, which in turn has a behavior function and a timing function, both of which are triggered by the arrival of a communication. The behavior function has local persistent state of the element available to use, and can generate out-going communications. The timing function calculates how much Guest (simulated) time the behavior spanned. In addition, communication paths have an attached function that calculates time from being sent until arrival of the communication. Both the behavior and timing function are application-programmer provided. The entire simulator application is composed of those three things: netlist, behavior functions and timing functions, and all are sequential code. + +The embedded DSL consists of standard data structures, such as netlist, inport, outport, that the application must use in the language-defined way, and a small number of language calls, such as send_comm and end_behavior. The advancement of simulated time is implied, and the parallelism is implied. The only parallelism-related restriction is that a behavior function may only use data local to the element it is attached to. If state in the hardware is shared, such as registers or memory, then other elements access that state by sending communications to the element that contains the state. Parallelism is created within the system by outports that connect to muliple destination inports, and by behavior functions that generate multiple output communications each. + + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimNetlist * +createPingPongNetlist() + { HWSimNetlist *netlist; + HWSimElem **elems; + HWSimActivityType **activityTypes; + HWSimCommPath **commPaths; + int32 numElems, numActivityTypes, numCommPaths; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The first thing to do is create the netlist structure, which holds three things: element structs, activity type structs, and communication path structs. It also has two collections of pointers to the traces collected during the run, but these are handled internally by HWSim. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + netlist = malloc( sizeof(HWSimNetlist) ); + + numElems = 2; + elems = malloc( numElems * sizeof(HWSimElem *) ); + + numCommPaths = 2; + commPaths = malloc( numCommPaths * sizeof(HWSimCommPath *) ); + + numActivityTypes = 1; + activityTypes = malloc( numActivityTypes * sizeof(HWSimActivityType *) ); + + netlist->numElems = numElems; + netlist->elems = elems; + netlist->numCommPaths = numCommPaths; + netlist->commPaths = commPaths; + netlist->numActivityTypes = numActivityTypes; + netlist->activityTypes = activityTypes; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, create the activity types. During the run, an activity instance is created each time a communication arrives on an in-port. The activity instance is a data structure that points to the activity type. The activity type holds the pointers to the behavior and timing functions. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //have to create activity types before create elements + //PING_PONG_ACTIVITY is just a #define for readability + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY] = createPingPongActivityType(); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Next, create the elements, and pass the netlist structure to the creator. It will take pointers to activity types out of the netlist and place them into the in-ports of the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + elems[0] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); //use activity types from netlist + elems[1] = createAPingPongElem( netlist ); +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, the reset in-port of one of the elements has to be set up to trigger an activity. Every element has a reset in-port, but normally they are set to NULL activity type. Here, we want only one of the two elements to have an activity triggered when the reset signal is sent to start the simulation. + +Note that during initialization, all the elements become active, each with its own timeline, but unless an activity is triggered in them they remain idle, with their timeline suspended and not making progress. Only ones that have an activity type attached to their reset in-port will begin to do something in simulated time when simulation starts. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //make reset trigger an action on one of the elements + elems[1]->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = + netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Now, connect the elements together by creating commPath structures. A comm path connects the out-port of one element to the in-port of another. A given port may have many comm paths attached. However, an in-port has only one kind of activity type attached, and all incoming communications fire that same activity. There are multiple kinds of activity, including kinds that have no timing, and so can act as a dispatcher. These end themselves with a continuation activity, which is chosen according to the code in the behavior function. So, a commPath only connects an out port to an in port. + +This code sets fixed timing on the comm paths. It also uses a macro for setting the connections. The format is: sending elem-index, out-port, dest elem-index, in-port: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + //elem 0, out-port 0 to elem 1, in-port 0 + commPaths[0]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[0],0,0,1,0); + commPaths[0]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[0]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units + + //elem 1, out-port 0 to elem 0, in-port 0 + commPaths[1]= malloc(sizeof(HWSimCommPath)); + setCommPathValuesTo(commPaths[1], 1,0,0,0); + commPaths[1]->hasFixedTiming = TRUE; + commPaths[1]->fixedFlightTime = 10; //all time is stated in (integer) units +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +done building netlist, return it +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} + return netlist; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +The macro that sets the connections inside a comm path struct +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +#define setCommPathValuesTo( commPath, fromElIdx, outPort, toElIdx, inPort)\ +do{\ + commPath->idxOfFromElem = fromElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfFromOutPort = outPort; \ + commPath->idxOfToElem = toElIdx; \ + commPath->idxOfToInPort = inPort; \ + }while(0); //macro magic for namespace +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an element involves creating arrays for the in-ports and out-ports, then configuring the in-ports. The out-ports are automatically filled in during simulation start-up, by HWSim. The most interesting feature is that each in-port is assigned an activity type, which all arriving communications trigger. During the simulation, each incoming communication creates an activity instance, which points to this triggered activity type. The behavior and timing of the instance are calculated by the behavior and timing functions in the activity type. Notice that the activity type pointers are taken from the netlist, so they have to be created before creating the elements. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimElem * +createAPingPongElem( HWSimNetlist *netlist ) + { HWSimElem *elem; + elem = malloc( sizeof(HWSimElem) ); + elem->numInPorts = 1; + elem->numOutPorts = 1; + elem->inPorts = HWSim_ext__make_inPortsArray( elem->numInPorts ); + elem->inPorts[-1].triggeredActivityType = IDLE_SPAN; //reset port + elem->inPorts[0].triggeredActivityType = netlist->activityTypes[PING_PONG_ACTIVITY]; + return elem; + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +Creating an activity type involves setting the pointers to the behavior and timing functions, which are defined inside a separate directory where all the behavior and timing functions are defined. An activity may have behavior set to NULL, or timing set to NULL, and may have fixed timing. The structure has flags to state the combination. +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimActivityType * +createPingPongActivityType( ) + { HWSimActivityType *pingPongActivityType; + pingPongActivityType = malloc( sizeof(HWSimActivityType) ); + + pingPongActivityType->hasBehavior = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->hasTiming = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->timingIsFixed = TRUE; + pingPongActivityType->fixedTime = 10; + pingPongActivityType->behaviorFn = &pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior; + return pingPongActivityType; + } +\end{verbatim} \end{small} + + +========= + +All behavior functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are executing the behavior of. The instance contains a pointer to the elem, and most behaviors will use the element's elemState field. It holds all the persistent state of the element, which remains between activities. + +Here is the behavior function from the ping-pong example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +void +pingPongElem_PingActivity_behavior( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { //NO_MSG is #define'd to NULL, and PORT0 to 0 + HWSim__send_comm_on_port_and_idle( NO_MSG, PORT0, activityInst ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +There are four ways a behavior can end: +\begin{description} +\item end, no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_idle( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance )\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__end_activity_then_cont( HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance, + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with no continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_idle( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance)\end{verbatim}\end{small} +\item end by sending a communication, with continuation: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} HWSim__send_comm_on_port_then_cont( void *msg, int32 outPort, + HWSimActivityInst *endingActivityInstance + HWSimActivityType *continuationActivityType)\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + +============= + + +\subsection{Activity Timing Functions} +All activity timing functions take a ptr to the activity instance they are calculating the timing of. The instance contains a pointer to the element the activity is in. The behavior function is free to communicate to the timing function by leaving special data inside the element state. The timing function might also simply depend on the current state of the element. + +Here's an example: +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +sampleElem_sampleActivity_timing( HWSimActivityInst *activityInst ) + { + return doSomethingWithStateOfElem( sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + +\subsection{Calculating the time-in-flight of a communication path} + +The timing function for a communication path is similar to that of an activity. Except, the timing might also depend on configuration data or state stored inside the comm path struct, so that is passed to the timing function as well. + +\begin{small}\begin{verbatim} +HWSimTimeSpan +commPath_TimeSpanCalc( HWSimCommPath *commPath, HWSimActivityInst *sendingActivity ) + { return doSomethingWithStateOfPathAndElem( commPath, sendingActivity->elem->elemState ); + } +\end{verbatim}\end{small} + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/bib_for_papers_jun_2012.bib Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,942 @@ + +@inbook{PerfToolPoem, +title = {The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe, Complete edition}, +chapter = {The Blind Men and the Elephant}, +author = {John Godfrey Saxe}, +publisher = {Boston: James R. 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Stephens}, + title = {A Survey Of Stream Processing}, + year = 1995 +} +@InProceedings{Palatin06, + author = {P Palatin and Y Lhuillier and O Temam}, + title = {CAPSULE: Hardware-assisted parallel execution of componentbased programs}, + booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, + year = 2006, + pages = {247--258} +} +@InProceedings{Sequioa06, + author = {Fatahalian,, Kayvon and Horn,, Daniel Reiter and Knight,, Timothy J. and Leem,, Larkhoon and Houston,, Mike and Park,, Ji Young and Erez,, Mattan and Ren,, Manman and Aiken,, Alex and Dally,, William J. and Hanrahan,, Pat}, + title = {Sequoia: programming the memory hierarchy}, + booktitle = {SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing}, + year = 2006, + pages = 83 +} +@Book{Cole89, + author = {M Cole}, + title = {Algorithmic skeletons: Structured management of parallel computation}, + publisher = {Pitman}, + year = 1989 +} +@InProceedings{Ginhac98, + author = {Dominique Ginhac and Jocelyn Serot and Jean Pierre Derutin}, + title = {Fast prototyping of image processing applications using functional skeletons on a MIMD-DM architecture}, + booktitle = {In IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision and Applications}, + year = 1998, + pages = {468--471} +} +@InProceedings{Serot08MetaParallel, + author = {Serot, Jocelyn and Falcou, Joel}, + title = {Functional Meta-programming for Parallel Skeletons}, + booktitle = {ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part I}, + year = 2008, + pages = {154--163} +} +@InProceedings{Darlington93, + author = {J. Darlington and A. J. Field and P. G. Harrison and P. H. J. Kelly and D. W. N. Sharp and Q. Wu}, + title = {Parallel programming using skeleton functions}, + booktitle = {}, + year = 1993, + pages = {146--160}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{Asanovic06BerkeleyView, + title = {{The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from berkeley}}, + author = {Asanovic, K. and Bodik, R. and Catanzaro, B.C. and Gebis, J.J. and Husbands, P. and Keutzer, K. and Patterson, D.A. and Plishker, W.L. and Shalf, J. and Williams, S.W. and others}, + journal = {Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183, December}, + volume = 18, + number = {2006-183}, + pages = 19, + year = 2006 +} +@Misc{BerkeleyPattLang, + note = {http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns}, + title = {{Berkeley Pattern Language}} +} +@Book{Mattson04Patterns, + title = {{Patterns for parallel programming}}, + author = {Mattson, T. and Sanders, B. and Massingill, B.}, + year = 2004, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley Professional} +} +@Article{Skillicorn98, + title = {{Models and languages for parallel computation}}, + author = {Skillicorn, D.B. and Talia, D.}, + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + pages = {123--169}, + year = 1998 +} +@Conference{Blelloch93NESL, + title = {{Implementation of a portable nested data-parallel language}}, + author = {Blelloch, G.E. and Hardwick, J.C. and Chatterjee, S. and Sipelstein, J. and Zagha, M.}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming}, + pages = {102--111}, + year = 1993, + organization = {ACM New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{McgrawSisal, + title = {{SISAL: Streams and iteration in a single assignment language: Reference manual version 1.2}}, + author = {McGraw, J. and Skedzielewski, SK and Allan, SJ and Oldehoeft, RR and Glauert, J. and Kirkham, C. and Noyce, B. and Thomas, R.}, + journal = {Manual M-146, Rev}, + volume = 1 +} +@Article{Gelernter85Linda, + title = {{Generative communication in Linda}}, + author = {Gelernter, D.}, + journal = {ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)}, + volume = 7, + number = 1, + pages = {80--112}, + year = 1985 +} +@Article{Lin94ZPL, + title = {{ZPL: An array sublanguage}}, + author = {Lin, C. and Snyder, L.}, + journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + volume = 768, + pages = {96--114}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{baecker97, + author = {Ron Baecker and Chris DiGiano and Aaron Marcus}, + title = {Software visualization for debugging}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + volume = 40, + number = 4, + year = 1997, + issn = {0001-0782}, + pages = {44--54}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{ball96, + author = {T. A. Ball and S. G. Eick}, + title = {Software Visualization in the Large}, + journal = {IEEE Computer}, + volume = 29, + number = 4, + year = 1996, + month = {apr}, + pages = {33--43} +} +@Book{berry89, + title = {{The chemical abstract machine}}, + author = {Berry, G. and Boudol, G.}, + year = 1989, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{blumofe95, + author = {Robert D. Blumofe and Christopher F. Joerg and Bradley C. Kuszmaul and Charles E. Leiserson and Keith H. Randall and Yuli Zhou}, + title = {Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system}, + journal = {SIGPLAN Not.}, + volume = 30, + number = 8, + year = 1995, + pages = {207--216} +} +@Article{burch90, + title = {{Symbolic model checking: 10^{20} states and beyond}}, + author = {Burch, JR and Clarke, EM and McMillan, KL and Dill, DL and Hwang, LJ}, + journal = {Logic in Computer Science, 1990. LICS'90, Proceedings}, + pages = {428--439}, + year = 1990 +} +@Article{chamberlain98, + author = {B. Chamberlain and S. Choi and E. Lewis and C. Lin and L. Snyder and W. Weathersby}, + title = {ZPL's WYSIWYG Performance Model}, + journal = {hips}, + volume = 00, + year = 1998, + isbn = {0-8186-8412-7}, + pages = 50 +} +@Article{church41, + author = {A. Church}, + title = {The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion}, + journal = {Annals of Mathematics Studies}, + number = 6, + year = 1941, + publisher = {Princeton University} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {Homepage for The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimePlatform, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Platform.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeVS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Specification of the CodeTime Platform's Virtual Server}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Virtual\_Server.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeOS, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Hardware Independent OS}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_OS.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeSem, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Big-Step Operational Semantics of the CodeTime Computational Model}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Semantics.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {A Mental Framework for Use in Creating Hardware-Independent Parallel Languages}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTiime\_Theoretical\_Framework.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh1, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeTh2, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeRT, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeWebSite, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Parallel Software Platform}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeBaCTiL, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The Base CodeTime Language}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_BaCTiL.pdf}} +} +@Misc{CodeTimeCert, + author = {Sean Halle}, + key = {CodeTime}, + title = {The CodeTime Certification Strategy}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://codetime.sourceforge.net/content/CodeTime\_Certification.pdf}} +} +@InProceedings{ducournau94, + author = {R. Ducournau and M. Habib and M. Huchard and M. L. Mugnier}, + title = {Proposal for a monotonic multiple inheritance linearization}, + booktitle = {OOPSLA '94: Proceedings of the ninth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, language, and applications}, + year = 1994, + pages = {164--175}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Article{emerson91, + title = {{Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy}}, + author = {Emerson, EA and Jutla, CS}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science}, + pages = {368--377}, + year = 1991 +} +@Article{fortune78, + title = {{Parallelism in random access machines}}, + author = {Fortune, S. and Wyllie, J.}, + journal = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + pages = {114--118}, + year = 1978, + publisher = {ACM Press New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{goldberg83, + title = {{Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation}}, + author = {Goldberg, A. and Robson, D.}, + year = 1983, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley} +} +@InProceedings{goldschlager78, + author = {Leslie M. Goldschlager}, + title = {A unified approach to models of synchronous parallel machines}, + booktitle = {STOC '78: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing}, + year = 1978, + pages = {89--94}, + location = {San Diego, California, United States}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800133.804336}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} +@Book{gosling96, + author = {J. Gosling and B. Joy and G. Steele and G. Bracha}, + title = {The Java Language Specification}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + year = 1996 +} +@Article{hasselbring00, + author = {Wilhelm Hasselbring}, + title = {Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 32, + number = 1, + year = 2000, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {43--79}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/349194.349199}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{hoare78, + author = {C. A. R. Hoare}, + title = {Communicating Sequential Processes}, + journal = {Communications of the ACM}, + year = 1978, + volume = 21, + number = 8, + pages = {666-677} +} +@Article{huth, + title = {{A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems}}, + author = {Huth, M.}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology \& Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, + pages = {369--380}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{johnston04, + author = {Wesley M. Johnston and J. R. Paul Hanna and Richard J. Millar}, + title = {Advances in dataflow programming languages}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 36, + number = 1, + year = 2004, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {1--34}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1013208.1013209}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Book{koelbel93, + author = {C. H. Koelbel and D. Loveman and R. Schreiber and G. Steele Jr}, + title = {High Performance Fortran Handbook}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{kozen83, + title = {{Results on the Propositional mu-Calculus}}, + author = {Kozen, D.}, + journal = {TCS}, + volume = 27, + pages = {333--354}, + year = 1983 +} +@Article{kripke63, + title = {{Semantical analysis of modal logic}}, + author = {Kripke, S.}, + journal = {Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, + volume = 9, + pages = {67--96}, + year = 1963 +} +@Book{mcGraw85, + author = {J McGraw and S. Skedzielewski and S. Allan and R Odefoeft}, + title = {SISAL: Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language: Reference Manual Version 1.2}, + note = {Manual M-146 Rev. 1}, + publisher = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + year = 1985 +} +@Book{milner80, + title = {{A Calculus of Communicating Systems, volume 92 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, + author = {Milner, R.}, + year = 1980, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} +@Article{milner92, + title = {{A calculus of mobile processes, parts I and II}}, + author = {Milner, R. and Parrow, J. and Walker, D.}, + journal = {Information and Computation}, + volume = 100, + number = 1, + pages = {1--40 and 41--77}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {Academic Press} +} +@Book{milner99, + author = {Robin Milner}, + title = {Communicating and Mobile Systems: The pi-Calculus}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = 1999 +} +@Book{MPIForum94, + author = {M. P. I. Forum}, + title = {MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard}, + year = 1994 +} +@Article{petri62, + title = {{Fundamentals of a theory of asynchronous information flow}}, + author = {Petri, C.A.}, + journal = {Proc. IFIP Congress}, + volume = 62, + pages = {386--390}, + year = 1962 +} +@Book{pierce02, + title = {Types and Programming Languages}, + author = {Pierce, B. C.}, + year = 2002, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} +@Article{price, + author = {B. A. Price and R. M. Baecker and L. S. Small}, + title = {A Principled Taxonomy of Software Visualization}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, + volume = 4, + number = 3, + pages = {211--266} +} +@Misc{pythonWebSite, + key = {Python}, + title = {The Python Software Foundation Mission Statement}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.python.org/psf/mission.html}} +} +@Unpublished{reed03, + editor = {Daniel A. Reed}, + title = {Workshop on The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing}, + day = {16--18}, + month = {jun}, + year = 2003, + note = {Available at {\ttfamily http://www.cra.org/reports/supercomputing.web.pdf}} +} +@Article{reeves84, + author = {A. P. Reeves}, + title = {Parallel Pascal -- An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers}, + journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + volume = 1, + number = {}, + year = 1984, + month = {aug}, + pages = {64--80} +} +@Article{skillicorn98, + author = {David B. Skillicorn and Domenico Talia}, + title = {Models and languages for parallel computation}, + journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, + volume = 30, + number = 2, + year = 1998, + issn = {0360-0300}, + pages = {123--169}, + doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280277.280278}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + address = {New York, NY, USA} +} +@Article{stefik86, + title = {Object Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations}, + author = {Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D. G.}, + journal = {The AI Magazine}, + volume = 6, + number = 4, + year = 1986 +} +@Book{stirling92, + title = {{Modal and Temporal Logics}}, + author = {Stirling, C.}, + year = 1992, + publisher = {University of Edinburgh, Department of Computer Science} +} +@Misc{TitaniumWebSite, + author = {Paul Hilfinger and et. al.}, + title = {The Titanium Project Home Page}, + note = {{\ttfamily http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/titanium}} +} +@Misc{turing38, + author = {A. Turing}, + note = {http://www.turingarchive.org/intro/, and http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio4.html, and http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}, + year = 1938 +} +@Book{vonNeumann45, + title = {First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC}, + author = {J. von Neumann}, + year = 1945, + publisher = {United States Army Ordnance Department} +} +@Book{winskel93, + title = {{The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages}}, + author = {Winskel, G.}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {MIT Press} +} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/sigplanconf.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/sigplanconf.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@ +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% +% LaTeX Class/Style File +% +% Name: sigplanconf.cls +% +% Purpose: A LaTeX 2e class file for SIGPLAN conference proceedings. +% This class file supercedes acm_proc_article-sp, +% sig-alternate, and sigplan-proc. +% +% Author: Paul C. Anagnostopoulos +% Windfall Software +% 978 371-2316 +% paul [atsign] windfall.com +% +% Created: 12 September 2004 +% +% Revisions: See end of file. +% +% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. +% To view a copy of this license, visit +% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ +% or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, +% San Francisco, California, 94105, U.S.A. +% +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] +\ProvidesClass{sigplanconf}[2011/11/08 v2.5 ACM SIGPLAN Proceedings] + +% The following few pages contain LaTeX programming extensions adapted +% from the ZzTeX macro package. + +% Token Hackery +% ----- ------- + + +\def \@expandaftertwice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} +\def \@expandafterthrice {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter} + +% This macro discards the next token. + +\def \@discardtok #1{}% token + +% This macro removes the `pt' following a dimension. + +{\catcode `\p = 12 \catcode `\t = 12 + +\gdef \@remover #1pt{#1} + +} % \catcode + +% This macro extracts the contents of a macro and returns it as plain text. +% Usage: \expandafter\@defof \meaning\macro\@mark + +\def \@defof #1:->#2\@mark{#2} + +% Control Sequence Names +% ------- -------- ----- + + +\def \@name #1{% {\tokens} + \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname} + +\def \@withname #1#2{% {\command}{\tokens} + \expandafter#1\csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#2\endcsname} + +% Flags (Booleans) +% ----- ---------- + +% The boolean literals \@true and \@false are appropriate for use with +% the \if command, which tests the codes of the next two characters. + +\def \@true {TT} +\def \@false {FL} + +\def \@setflag #1=#2{\edef #1{#2}}% \flag = boolean + +% IF and Predicates +% -- --- ---------- + +% A "predicate" is a macro that returns \@true or \@false as its value. +% Such values are suitable for use with the \if conditional. For example: +% +% \if \@oddp{\x} \else \fi + +% A predicate can be used with \@setflag as follows: +% +% \@setflag \flag = {} + +% Here are the predicates for TeX's repertoire of conditional +% commands. These might be more appropriately interspersed with +% other definitions in this module, but what the heck. +% Some additional "obvious" predicates are defined. + +\def \@eqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@neqlp #1#2{\ifnum #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@lssp #1#2{\ifnum #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@gtrp #1#2{\ifnum #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@zerop #1{\ifnum #1 = 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@onep #1{\ifnum #1 = 1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@posp #1{\ifnum #1 > 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@negp #1{\ifnum #1 < 0\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@oddp #1{\ifodd #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@evenp #1{\ifodd #1\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@rangep #1#2#3{\if \@orp{\@lssp{#1}{#2}}{\@gtrp{#1}{#3}}\@false \else + \@true \fi} +\def \@tensp #1{\@rangep{#1}{10}{19}} + +\def \@dimeqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimneqlp #1#2{\ifdim #1 = #2\@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@dimlssp #1#2{\ifdim #1 < #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimgtrp #1#2{\ifdim #1 > #2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimzerop #1{\ifdim #1 = 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimposp #1{\ifdim #1 > 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@dimnegp #1{\ifdim #1 < 0pt\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@vmodep {\ifvmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hmodep {\ifhmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@mathmodep {\ifmmode \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@textmodep {\ifmmode \@false \else \@true \fi} +\def \@innermodep {\ifinner \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@codeeqlp #1#2{\if #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@cateqlp #1#2{\ifcat #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@tokeqlp #1#2{\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} +\long\def \@xtokeqlp #1#2{\expandafter\ifx #1#2\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\long\def \@definedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@false \else \@true \fi} + +\long\def \@undefinedp #1{% + \expandafter\ifx \csname \expandafter\@discardtok \string#1\endcsname + \relax \@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@emptydefp #1{\ifx #1\@empty \@true \else \@false \fi}% {\name} + +\let \@emptylistp = \@emptydefp + +\long\def \@emptyargp #1{% {#n} + \@empargp #1\@empargq\@mark} +\long\def \@empargp #1#2\@mark{% + \ifx #1\@empargq \@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@empargq {\@empargq} + +\def \@emptytoksp #1{% {\tokenreg} + \expandafter\@emptoksp \the#1\@mark} + +\long\def \@emptoksp #1\@mark{\@emptyargp{#1}} + +\def \@voidboxp #1{\ifvoid #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@hboxp #1{\ifhbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} +\def \@vboxp #1{\ifvbox #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + +\def \@eofp #1{\ifeof #1\@true \else \@false \fi} + + +% Flags can also be used as predicates, as in: +% +% \if \flaga \else \fi + + +% Now here we have predicates for the common logical operators. + +\def \@notp #1{\if #1\@false \else \@true \fi} + +\def \@andp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \else + \@false + \fi} + +\def \@orp #1#2{\if #1% + \@true + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +\def \@xorp #1#2{\if #1% + \if #2\@false \else \@true \fi + \else + \if #2\@true \else \@false \fi + \fi} + +% Arithmetic +% ---------- + +\def \@increment #1{\advance #1 by 1\relax}% {\count} + +\def \@decrement #1{\advance #1 by -1\relax}% {\count} + +% Options +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false +\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false +\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@true +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\@setflag \@mathtime = \@false +\@setflag \@natbib = \@true +\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true +\newcount{\@numheaddepth} \@numheaddepth = 3 +\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false +\@setflag \@preprint = \@false +\@setflag \@reprint = \@false +\@setflag \@tenpoint = \@false +\@setflag \@times = \@false + +% Note that all the dangerous article class options are trapped. + +\DeclareOption{9pt}{\@setflag \@ninepoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{10pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{10pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@tenpoint = \@true + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{11pt}{\PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \@setflag \@explicitsize = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{12pt}{\@unsupportedoption{12pt}} + +\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a4paper}} + +\DeclareOption{a5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{a5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{authoryear}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{b5paper}{\@unsupportedoption{b5paper}} + +\DeclareOption{blockstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{cm}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{computermodern}{\@setflag \@times = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{executivepaper}{\@unsupportedoption{executivepaper}} + +\DeclareOption{indentedstyle}{\@setflag \@blockstyle = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{landscape}{\@unsupportedoption{landscape}} + +\DeclareOption{legalpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{legalpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\@unsupportedoption{letterpaper}} + +\DeclareOption{mathtime}{\@setflag \@mathtime = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{natbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{nonatbib}{\@setflag \@natbib = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{nocopyrightspace}{\@setflag \@copyrightwanted = \@false} + +\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{notitlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{numberedpars}{\@numheaddepth = 4} + +\DeclareOption{numbers}{\@setflag \@authoryear = \@false} + +%%%\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{preprint}{\@setflag \@preprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{reprint}{\@setflag \@reprint = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{times}{\@setflag \@times = \@true} + +\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@unsupportedoption{titlepage}} + +\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@setflag \@onecolumn = \@false} + +\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} + +\ExecuteOptions{9pt,indentedstyle,times} +\@setflag \@explicitsize = \@false +\ProcessOptions + +\if \@onecolumn + \if \@notp{\@explicitsize}% + \@setflag \@ninepoint = \@false + \PassOptionsToClass{11pt}{article}% + \fi + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,onecolumn}{article} +\else + \PassOptionsToClass{twoside,twocolumn}{article} +\fi +\LoadClass{article} + +\def \@unsupportedoption #1{% + \ClassError{proc}{The standard '#1' option is not supported.}} + +% This can be used with the 'reprint' option to get the final folios. + +\def \setpagenumber #1{% + \setcounter{page}{#1}} + +\AtEndDocument{\label{sigplanconf@finalpage}} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\setvspace}[2]{% + #1 = #2 + \advance #1 by -1\parskip} + +% Document Parameters +% -------- ---------- + + +% Page: + +\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in} +\setlength{\voffset}{-1in} + +\setlength{\topmargin}{1in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0pt} +\setlength{\headsep}{0pt} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\else + \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.75in} + \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.75in} +\fi + +% Text area: + +\newdimen{\standardtextwidth} +\setlength{\standardtextwidth}{42pc} + +\if \@onecolumn + \setlength{\textwidth}{40.5pc} +\else + \setlength{\textwidth}{\standardtextwidth} +\fi + +\setlength{\topskip}{8pt} +\setlength{\columnsep}{2pc} +\setlength{\textheight}{54.5pc} + +% Running foot: + +\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} + +% Paragraphs: + +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\parskip}{5pt plus .1pt minus .5pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\else + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt} + \setlength{\parindent}{12pt} +\fi + +\setlength{\lineskip}{.5pt} +\setlength{\lineskiplimit}{\lineskip} + +\frenchspacing +\pretolerance = 400 +\tolerance = \pretolerance +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{5pt} +\clubpenalty = 10000 +\widowpenalty = 10000 +\setlength{\hfuzz}{.5pt} + +% Standard vertical spaces: + +\newskip{\standardvspace} +\setvspace{\standardvspace}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt} + +% Margin paragraphs: + +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{36pt} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{2pt} +\setlength{\marginparpush}{8pt} + + +\setlength{\skip\footins}{8pt plus 3pt minus 1pt} +\setlength{\footnotesep}{9pt} + +\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% + \hrule width .5\columnwidth height .33pt depth 0pt} + +\renewcommand{\@makefntext}[1]{% + \noindent \@makefnmark \hspace{1pt}#1} + +% Floats: + +\setcounter{topnumber}{4} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\fps@figure}{tp} +\renewcommand{\fps@table}{tp} +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.90} +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.30} +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.10} +\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} + +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4} + +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{\topfraction} +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{\floatpagefraction} + +\setlength{\floatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\textfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} +\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +\setlength{\dblfloatsep}{18pt plus 4pt minus 2pt} +\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{20pt plus 4pt minus 3pt} + +% Miscellaneous: + +\errorcontextlines = 5 + +% Fonts +% ----- + + +\if \@times + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}% + \if \@mathtime + \usepackage[mtbold,noTS1]{mathtime}% + \else +%%% \usepackage{mathptm}% + \fi +\else + \relax +\fi + +\if \@ninepoint + +\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% + \@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9pt}{10pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{3pt plus 1pt minus 2pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5pt}{6pt}} + +\renewcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7pt}{8pt}} + +\renewcommand{\small}{% + \@setfontsize{\small}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{% + \@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8pt}{9pt}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{4pt plus 1pt minus .5pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}% + \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{2pt plus 1pt}% + \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}} + +\renewcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize{\large}{11pt}{13pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14pt}{18pt}} + +\renewcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{18pt}{20pt}} + +\renewcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20pt}{25pt}} + +\renewcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{25pt}{30pt}} + +\else\if \@tenpoint + +\relax + +\else + +\relax + +\fi\fi + +% Abstract +% -------- + + +\renewenvironment{abstract}{% + \section*{Abstract}% + \normalsize}{% + } + +% Bibliography +% ------------ + + +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\section*{\refname + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + \bibfont + \clubpenalty4000 + \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty + \widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} + +\if \@natbib + +\if \@authoryear + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'authoryear' citation style.} + \usepackage[authoryear,square]{natbib} + \bibpunct{[}{]}{;}{a}{}{,} % Change citation separator to semicolon, + % eliminate comma between author and year. + \let \cite = \citep +\else + \typeout{Using natbib package with 'numbers' citation style.} + \usepackage[numbers,sort&compress,square]{natbib} +\fi +\setlength{\bibsep}{3pt plus .5pt minus .25pt} + +\fi + +\def \bibfont {\small} + +% Categories +% ---------- + + +\@setflag \@firstcategory = \@true + +\newcommand{\category}[3]{% + \if \@firstcategory + \paragraph*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}% + \@setflag \@firstcategory = \@false + \else + \unskip ;\hspace{.75em}% + \fi + \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}} + +\def \@category #1#2#3[#4]{% + {\let \and = \relax + #1 [\textit{#2}]% + \if \@emptyargp{#4}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}: #3\fi + \else + :\space + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}#3---\fi + \textrm{#4}% + \fi}} + +% Copyright Notice +% --------- ------ + + +\def \ftype@copyrightbox {8} +\def \@toappear {} +\def \@permission {} +\def \@reprintprice {} + +\def \@copyrightspace {% + \@float{copyrightbox}[b]% + \vbox to 1in{% + \vfill + \parbox[b]{20pc}{% + \scriptsize + \if \@preprint + [Copyright notice will appear here + once 'preprint' option is removed.]\par + \else + \@toappear + \fi + \if \@reprint + \noindent Reprinted from \@conferencename, + \@proceedings, + \@conferenceinfo, + pp.~\number\thepage--\pageref{sigplanconf@finalpage}.\par + \fi}}% + \end@float} + +\long\def \toappear #1{% + \def \@toappear {#1}} + +\toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + \noindent Copyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ ACM \@copyrightdata + \dots \@reprintprice\par} + +\newcommand{\permission}[1]{% + \gdef \@permission {#1}} + +\permission{% + Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or + part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without + fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or + commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full + citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to + post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific + permission and/or a fee.} + +% Here we have some alternate permission statements and copyright lines: + +\newcommand{\ACMCanadapermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for Computing Machinery. + ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored by an affiliate of the + National Research Council of Canada (NRC). + As such, the Crown in Right of + Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright, however granting + nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution + is also given to the authors and the NRC.}} + +\newcommand{\ACMUSpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright \@copyrightyear\ Association for + Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that + this contribution was authored or co-authored + by a contractor or affiliate + of the U.S. Government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, + royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, + or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.}} + +\newcommand{\authorpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).} + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\Sunpermission}{% + \permission{% + Copyright is held by Sun Microsystems, Inc.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\USpublicpermission}{% + \permission{% + This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States + Government and is in the public domain.}% + \toappear{% + \noindent \@permission \par + \vspace{2pt} + \noindent \textsl{\@conferencename}\quad \@conferenceinfo \par + ACM \@copyrightdata.}} + +\newcommand{\reprintprice}[1]{% + \gdef \@reprintprice {#1}} + +\reprintprice{\$10.00} + +\newcommand{\authorversion}[4]{% + \permission{% + Copyright \copyright\ ACM, #1. This is the author's version of the work. + It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. + Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in + #2, #3, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/#4.}} + +% Enunciations +% ------------ + + +\def \@begintheorem #1#2{% {name}{number} + \trivlist + \item[\hskip \labelsep \textsc{#1 #2.}]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +\def \@opargbegintheorem #1#2#3{% {name}{number}{title} + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip\labelsep \textsc{#1\ #2}% + \if \@notp{\@emptyargp{#3}}\nut (#3).\fi]% + \itshape\selectfont + \ignorespaces} + +% Figures +% ------- + + +\@setflag \@caprule = \@true + +\long\def \@makecaption #1#2{% + \addvspace{4pt} + \if \@caprule + \hrule width \hsize height .33pt + \vspace{4pt} + \fi + \setbox \@tempboxa = \hbox{\@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2}% + \if \@dimgtrp{\wd\@tempboxa}{\hsize}% + \noindent \@setfigurenumber{#1.}\nut #2\par + \else + \centerline{\box\@tempboxa}% + \fi} + +\newcommand{\nocaptionrule}{% + \@setflag \@caprule = \@false} + +\def \@setfigurenumber #1{% + {\rmfamily \bfseries \selectfont #1}} + +% Hierarchy +% --------- + + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{\@numheaddepth} + +\newskip{\@sectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@sectionaboveskip}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@sectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@sectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\section}{% + \@startsection + {section}% + {1}% + {0pt}% + {-\@sectionaboveskip}% + {\@sectionbelowskip}% + {\large \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@subsectionaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@subsectionaboveskip}{8pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\newskip{\@subsectionbelowskip} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{0.1pt}% +\else + \setlength{\@subsectionbelowskip}{4pt}% +\fi + +\renewcommand{\subsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsection}% + {2}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip}% + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{% + \@startsection% + {subsubsection}% + {3}% + {0pt}% + {-\@subsectionaboveskip} + {\@subsectionbelowskip}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \raggedright}} + +\newskip{\@paragraphaboveskip} +\setvspace{\@paragraphaboveskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} + +\renewcommand{\paragraph}{% + \@startsection% + {paragraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \bfseries \if \@times \itshape \fi}} + +\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{% + \@startsection% + {subparagraph}% + {4}% + {0pt}% + {\@paragraphaboveskip} + {-1em}% + {\normalsize \itshape}} + +% Standard headings: + +\newcommand{\acks}{\section*{Acknowledgments}} + +\newcommand{\keywords}{\paragraph*{Keywords}} + +\newcommand{\terms}{\paragraph*{General Terms}} + +% Identification +% -------------- + + +\def \@conferencename {} +\def \@conferenceinfo {} +\def \@copyrightyear {} +\def \@copyrightdata {[to be supplied]} +\def \@proceedings {[Unknown Proceedings]} + + +\newcommand{\conferenceinfo}[2]{% + \gdef \@conferencename {#1}% + \gdef \@conferenceinfo {#2}} + +\newcommand{\copyrightyear}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightyear {#1}} + +\let \CopyrightYear = \copyrightyear + +\newcommand{\copyrightdata}[1]{% + \gdef \@copyrightdata {#1}} + +\let \crdata = \copyrightdata + +\newcommand{\proceedings}[1]{% + \gdef \@proceedings {#1}} + +% Lists +% ----- + + +\setlength{\leftmargini}{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiii{13pt} +\setlength\leftmarginiv{13pt} +\setlength{\labelsep}{3.5pt} + +\setlength{\topsep}{\standardvspace} +\if \@blockstyle + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\else + \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt} + \setlength{\parsep}{3pt} +\fi + +\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{{\small \centeroncapheight{\textbullet}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\centeroncapheight{\rule{2.5pt}{2.5pt}}} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiii}{$-$} +\renewcommand{\labelitemiv}{{\Large \textperiodcentered}} + +\renewcommand{\@listi}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmargini + \listparindent = 0pt} +%%% \itemsep = 1pt +%%% \parsep = 3pt} +%%% \listparindent = \parindent} + +\let \@listI = \@listi + +\renewcommand{\@listii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginii + \topsep = 1pt + \labelwidth = \leftmarginii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiii}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiii + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiii + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +\renewcommand{\@listiv}{% + \leftmargin = \leftmarginiv + \labelwidth = \leftmarginiv + \advance \labelwidth by -\labelsep + \listparindent = \parindent} + +% Mathematics +% ----------- + + +\def \theequation {\arabic{equation}} + +% Miscellaneous +% ------------- + + +\newcommand{\balancecolumns}{% + \vfill\eject + \global\@colht = \textheight + \global\ht\@cclv = \textheight} + +\newcommand{\nut}{\hspace{.5em}} + +\newcommand{\softraggedright}{% + \let \\ = \@centercr + \leftskip = 0pt + \rightskip = 0pt plus 10pt} + +% Program Code +% ------- ---- + + +\newcommand{\mono}[1]{% + {\@tempdima = \fontdimen2\font + \texttt{\spaceskip = 1.1\@tempdima #1}}} + +% Running Heads and Feet +% ------- ----- --- ---- + + +\def \@preprintfooter {} + +\newcommand{\preprintfooter}[1]{% + \gdef \@preprintfooter {#1}} + +\if \@preprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize + \rlap{\textit{\@preprintfooter}}\hfil + \thepage \hfil + \llap{\textit{\@formatyear}}}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else\if \@reprint + +\def \ps@plain {% + \let \@mkboth = \@gobbletwo + \let \@evenhead = \@empty + \def \@evenfoot {\scriptsize \hfil \thepage \hfil}% + \let \@oddhead = \@empty + \let \@oddfoot = \@evenfoot} + +\else + +\let \ps@plain = \ps@empty +\let \ps@headings = \ps@empty +\let \ps@myheadings = \ps@empty + +\fi\fi + +\def \@formatyear {% + \number\year/\number\month/\number\day} + +% Special Characters +% ------- ---------- + + +\DeclareRobustCommand{\euro}{% + \protect{\rlap{=}}{\sf \kern .1em C}} + +% Title Page +% ----- ---- + + +\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@false + +\def \@titletext {\@latex@error{No title was provided}{}} +\def \@subtitletext {} + +\newcount{\@authorcount} + +\newcount{\@titlenotecount} +\newtoks{\@titlenotetext} + +\def \@titlebanner {} + +\renewcommand{\title}[1]{% + \gdef \@titletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{% + \gdef \@subtitletext {#1}} + +\newcommand{\authorinfo}[3]{% {names}{affiliation}{email/URL} + \global\@increment \@authorcount + \@withname\gdef {\@authorname\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#1}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#2}% + \@withname\gdef {\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authorcount}{#3}} + +\renewcommand{\author}[1]{% + \@latex@error{The \string\author\space command is obsolete; + use \string\authorinfo}{}} + +\newcommand{\titlebanner}[1]{% + \gdef \@titlebanner {#1}} + +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% + \pagestyle{plain}% + \if \@onecolumn + {\hsize = \standardtextwidth + \@maketitle}% + \else + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \fi + \@placetitlenotes + \if \@copyrightwanted \@copyrightspace \fi} + +\def \@maketitle {% + \begin{center} + \@settitlebanner + \let \thanks = \titlenote + {\leftskip = 0pt plus 0.25\linewidth + \rightskip = 0pt plus 0.25 \linewidth + \parfillskip = 0pt + \spaceskip = .7em + \noindent \LARGE \bfseries \@titletext \par} + \vskip 6pt + \noindent \Large \@subtitletext \par + \vskip 12pt + \ifcase \@authorcount + \@latex@error{No authors were specified for this paper}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{}\or + \@titleauthors{i}{ii}{iii}\@titleauthors{iv}{v}{vi}% + \@titleauthors{vii}{viii}{ix}\@titleauthors{x}{xi}{xii}% + \else + \@latex@error{Cannot handle more than 12 authors}{}% + \fi + \vspace{1.75pc} + \end{center}} + +\def \@settitlebanner {% + \if \@andp{\@preprint}{\@notp{\@emptydefp{\@titlebanner}}}% + \vbox to 0pt{% + \vskip -32pt + \noindent \textbf{\@titlebanner}\par + \vss}% + \nointerlineskip + \fi} + +\def \@titleauthors #1#2#3{% + \if \@andp{\@emptyargp{#2}}{\@emptyargp{#3}}% + \noindent \@setauthor{40pc}{#1}{\@false}\par + \else\if \@emptyargp{#3}% + \noindent \@setauthor{17pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{3pc}% + \@setauthor{17pc}{#2}{\@false}\par + \else + \noindent \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#1}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#2}{\@false}\hspace{2pc}% + \@setauthor{12.5pc}{#3}{\@true}\par + \relax + \fi\fi + \vspace{20pt}} + +\def \@setauthor #1#2#3{% {width}{text}{unused} + \vtop{% + \def \and {% + \hspace{16pt}} + \hsize = #1 + \normalfont + \centering + \large \@name{\@authorname#2}\par + \vspace{5pt} + \normalsize \@name{\@authoraffil#2}\par + \vspace{2pt} + \textsf{\@name{\@authoremail#2}}\par}} + +\def \@maybetitlenote #1{% + \if \@andp{#1}{\@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}}% + \titlenote{See page~\pageref{@addauthors} for additional authors.}% + \fi} + +\newtoks{\@fnmark} + +\newcommand{\titlenote}[1]{% + \global\@increment \@titlenotecount + \ifcase \@titlenotecount \relax \or + \@fnmark = {\ast}\or + \@fnmark = {\dagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\ddagger}\or + \@fnmark = {\S}\or + \@fnmark = {\P}\or + \@fnmark = {\ast\ast}% + \fi + \,$^{\the\@fnmark}$% + \edef \reserved@a {\noexpand\@appendtotext{% + \noexpand\@titlefootnote{\the\@fnmark}}}% + \reserved@a{#1}} + +\def \@appendtotext #1#2{% + \global\@titlenotetext = \expandafter{\the\@titlenotetext #1{#2}}} + +\newcount{\@authori} + +\iffalse +\def \additionalauthors {% + \if \@gtrp{\@authorcount}{3}% + \section{Additional Authors}% + \label{@addauthors}% + \noindent + \@authori = 4 + {\let \\ = ,% + \loop + \textbf{\@name{\@authorname\romannumeral\@authori}}, + \@name{\@authoraffil\romannumeral\@authori}, + email: \@name{\@authoremail\romannumeral\@authori}.% + \@increment \@authori + \if \@notp{\@gtrp{\@authori}{\@authorcount}} \repeat}% + \par + \fi + \global\@setflag \@addauthorsdone = \@true} +\fi + +\let \addauthorsection = \additionalauthors + +\def \@placetitlenotes { + \the\@titlenotetext} + +% Utilities +% --------- + + +\newcommand{\centeroncapheight}[1]{% + {\setbox\@tempboxa = \hbox{#1}% + \@measurecapheight{\@tempdima}% % Calculate ht(CAP) - ht(text) + \advance \@tempdima by -\ht\@tempboxa % ------------------ + \divide \@tempdima by 2 % 2 + \raise \@tempdima \box\@tempboxa}} + +\newbox{\@measbox} + +\def \@measurecapheight #1{% {\dimen} + \setbox\@measbox = \hbox{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}% + #1 = \ht\@measbox} + +\long\def \@titlefootnote #1#2{% + \insert\footins{% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore +%%% \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% +%%% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% + \color@begingroup + \def \@makefnmark {$^{#1}$}% + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#2\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} + +% LaTeX Modifications +% ----- ------------- + +\def \@seccntformat #1{% + \@name{\the#1}% + \@expandaftertwice\@seccntformata \csname the#1\endcsname.\@mark + \quad} + +\def \@seccntformata #1.#2\@mark{% + \if \@emptyargp{#2}.\fi} + +% Revision History +% -------- ------- + + +% Date Person Ver. Change +% ---- ------ ---- ------ + +% 2004.09.12 PCA 0.1--5 Preliminary development. + +% 2004.11.18 PCA 0.5 Start beta testing. + +% 2004.11.19 PCA 0.6 Obsolete \author and replace with +% \authorinfo. +% Add 'nocopyrightspace' option. +% Compress article opener spacing. +% Add 'mathtime' option. +% Increase text height by 6 points. + +% 2004.11.28 PCA 0.7 Add 'cm/computermodern' options. +% Change default to Times text. + +% 2004.12.14 PCA 0.8 Remove use of mathptm.sty; it cannot +% coexist with latexsym or amssymb. + +% 2005.01.20 PCA 0.9 Rename class file to sigplanconf.cls. + +% 2005.03.05 PCA 0.91 Change default copyright data. + +% 2005.03.06 PCA 0.92 Add at-signs to some macro names. + +% 2005.03.07 PCA 0.93 The 'onecolumn' option defaults to '11pt', +% and it uses the full type width. + +% 2005.03.15 PCA 0.94 Add at-signs to more macro names. +% Allow margin paragraphs during review. + +% 2005.03.22 PCA 0.95 Implement \euro. +% Remove proof and newdef environments. + +% 2005.05.06 PCA 1.0 Eliminate 'onecolumn' option. +% Change footer to small italic and eliminate +% left portion if no \preprintfooter. +% Eliminate copyright notice if preprint. +% Clean up and shrink copyright box. + +% 2005.05.30 PCA 1.1 Add alternate permission statements. + +% 2005.06.29 PCA 1.1 Publish final first edition of guide. + +% 2005.07.14 PCA 1.2 Add \subparagraph. +% Use block paragraphs in lists, and adjust +% spacing between items and paragraphs. + +% 2006.06.22 PCA 1.3 Add 'reprint' option and associated +% commands. + +% 2006.08.24 PCA 1.4 Fix bug in \maketitle case command. + +% 2007.03.13 PCA 1.5 The title banner only displays with the +% 'preprint' option. + +% 2007.06.06 PCA 1.6 Use \bibfont in \thebibliography. +% Add 'natbib' option to load and configure +% the natbib package. + +% 2007.11.20 PCA 1.7 Balance line lengths in centered article +% title (thanks to Norman Ramsey). + +% 2009.01.26 PCA 1.8 Change natbib \bibpunct values. + +% 2009.03.24 PCA 1.9 Change natbib to use the 'numbers' option. +% Change templates to use 'natbib' option. + +% 2009.09.01 PCA 2.0 Add \reprintprice command (suggested by +% Stephen Chong). + +% 2009.09.08 PCA 2.1 Make 'natbib' the default; add 'nonatbib'. +% SB Add 'authoryear' and 'numbers' (default) to +% control citation style when using natbib. +% Add \bibpunct to change punctuation for +% 'authoryear' style. + +% 2009.09.21 PCA 2.2 Add \softraggedright to the thebibliography +% environment. Also add to template so it will +% happen with natbib. + +% 2009.09.30 PCA 2.3 Remove \softraggedright from thebibliography. +% Just include in the template. + +% 2010.05.24 PCA 2.4 Obfuscate author's email address. + +% 2011.11.08 PCA 2.5 Add copyright notice to this file. +% Remove 'sort' option from natbib when using +% 'authoryear' style. +% Add the \authorversion command. + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/url.sty --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/url.sty Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@triumf.ca +% Copyright 1996-1999 Donald Arseneau, Vancouver, Canada. +% This program can be used, distributed, and modified under the terms +% of the LaTeX Project Public License. +% +% A form of \verb that allows linebreaks at certain characters or +% combinations of characters, accepts reconfiguration, and can usually +% be used in the argument to another command. It is intended for email +% addresses, hypertext links, directories/paths, etc., which normally +% have no spaces. The font may be selected using the \urlstyle command, +% and new url-like commands can be defined using \urldef. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% See further instructions after "\endinput" +% +\def\Url@ttdo{% style assignments for tt fonts or T1 encoding +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\\\do\/\do\!\do\_\do\|\do\%\do\;\do\>\do\]% + \do\)\do\,\do\?\do\'\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{\do\<}% (unnecessary) +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~}% any ordinary characters that aren't usually +} +\def\Url@do{% style assignments for OT1 fonts except tt +\def\UrlBreaks{\do\.\do\@\do\/\do\!\do\%\do\;\do\]\do\)\do\,\do\?\do\+\do\=}% +\def\UrlBigBreaks{\do\:\do@url@hyp}% +\def\UrlNoBreaks{\do\(\do\[\do\{}% prevents breaks after *next* character +\def\UrlSpecials{\do\<{\langle}\do\>{\mathbin{\rangle}}\do\_{\_% + \penalty\@m}\do\|{\mid}\do\{{\lbrace}\do\}{\mathbin{\rbrace}}\do + \\{\mathbin{\backslash}}\do\~{\raise.6ex\hbox{\m@th$\scriptstyle\sim$}}\do + \ {\ }}% +\def\UrlOrds{\do\'\do\"\do\-}% +} +\def\url@ttstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\tt}}{\def\UrlFont{\ttfamily}}\Url@ttdo +} +\def\url@rmstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\rm}}{\def\UrlFont{\rmfamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@sfstyle{% +\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\def\UrlFont{\sf}}{\def\UrlFont{\sffamily}}\Url@do +} +\def\url@samestyle{\ifdim\fontdimen\thr@@\font=\z@ \url@ttstyle \else + \url@rmstyle \fi \def\UrlFont{}} + +\@ifundefined{strip@prefix}{\def\strip@prefix#1>{}}{} +\@ifundefined{verbatim@nolig@list}{\def\verbatim@nolig@list{\do\`}}{} + +\def\Url{% + \begingroup \let\url@moving\relax\relax \endgroup + \ifmmode\@nomatherr$\fi + \UrlFont $\fam\z@ \textfont\z@\font + \let\do\@makeother \dospecials % verbatim catcodes + \catcode`{\@ne \catcode`}\tw@ \catcode`\ 10 % except braces and spaces + \medmuskip0mu \thickmuskip\medmuskip \thinmuskip\medmuskip + \@tempcnta\fam\multiply\@tempcnta\@cclvi + \let\do\set@mathcode \UrlOrds % ordinary characters that were special + \advance\@tempcnta 8192 \UrlBreaks % bin + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlBigBreaks % rel + \advance\@tempcnta 4096 \UrlNoBreaks % open + \let\do\set@mathact \UrlSpecials % active + \let\do\set@mathnolig \verbatim@nolig@list % prevent ligatures + \@ifnextchar\bgroup\Url@z\Url@y} + +\def\Url@y#1{\catcode`{11 \catcode`}11 + \def\@tempa##1#1{\Url@z{##1}}\@tempa} +\def\Url@z#1{\def\@tempa{#1}\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\Url@Hook + \expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th$\endgroup} +\def\Url@Hook{\UrlLeft} +\let\UrlRight\@empty +\let\UrlLeft\@empty + +\def\set@mathcode#1{\count@`#1\advance\count@\@tempcnta\mathcode`#1\count@} +\def\set@mathact#1#2{\mathcode`#132768 \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\def~{#2}}} +\def\set@mathnolig#1{\ifnum\mathcode`#1<32768 + \lccode`\~`#1\lowercase{\edef~{\mathchar\number\mathcode`#1_{\/}}}% + \mathcode`#132768 \fi} + +\def\urldef#1#2{\begingroup \setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup + \def\Url@z{\Url@def{#1}{#2}}#2} +\expandafter\ifx\csname DeclareRobustCommand\endcsname\relax + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \def#1{#2{#3}}} +\else + \def\Url@def#1#2#3{\m@th$\endgroup\egroup\endgroup + \DeclareRobustCommand{#1}{#2{#3}}} +\fi + +\def\urlstyle#1{\csname url@#1style\endcsname} + +% Sample (and default) configuration: +% +\newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% +% picTeX defines \path, so declare it optionally: +\@ifundefined{path}{\newcommand\path{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}}{} +% +% too many styles define \email like \address, so I will not define it. +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} + +% Process LaTeX \package options +% +\urlstyle{tt} +\let\Url@sppen\@M +\def\do@url@hyp{}% by default, no breaks after hyphens + +\@ifundefined{ProvidesPackage}{}{ + \ProvidesPackage{url}[1999/03/02 \space ver 1.4 \space + Verb mode for urls, email addresses, and file names] + \DeclareOption{hyphens}{\def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}}% allow breaks after hyphens + \DeclareOption{obeyspaces}{\let\Url@Hook\relax}% a flag for later + \DeclareOption{spaces}{\let\Url@sppen\relpenalty} + \DeclareOption{T1}{\let\Url@do\Url@ttdo} + \ProcessOptions +\ifx\Url@Hook\relax % [obeyspaces] was declared + \def\Url@Hook#1\UrlRight\m@th{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\UrlLeft + \Url@retain#1\Url@nosp\, }\@tempa\UrlRight\m@th} + \def\Url@retain#1 {#1\penalty\Url@sppen\ \Url@retain} + \def\Url@nosp\,#1\Url@retain{} +\fi +} + +\edef\url@moving{\csname Url Error\endcsname} +\expandafter\edef\url@moving + {\csname url used in a moving argument.\endcsname} +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \let \url@moving\undefined + +\endinput +% +% url.sty ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 Donald Arseneau asnd@reg.triumf.ca +% +% This package defines "\url", a form of "\verb" that allows linebreaks, +% and can often be used in the argument to another command. It can be +% configured to print in different formats, and is particularly useful for +% hypertext links, email addresses, directories/paths, etc. The font may +% be selected using the "\urlstyle" command and pre-defined text can be +% stored with the "\urldef" command. New url-like commands can be defined, +% and a "\path" command is provided this way. +% +% Usage: Conditions: +% \url{ } If the argument contains any "%", "#", or "^^", or ends with +% "\", it can't be used in the argument to another command. +% The argument must not contain unbalanced braces. +% \url| | ...where "|" is any character not used in the argument and not +% "{" or a space. The same restrictions as above except that the +% argument may contain unbalanced braces. +% \xyz for "\xyz" a defined-url; this can be used anywhere, no matter +% what characters it contains. +% +% The "\url" command is fragile, and its argument is likely to be very +% fragile, but a defined-url is robust. +% +% Package Option: obeyspaces +% Ordinarily, all spaces are ignored in the url-text. The "[obeyspaces]" +% option allows spaces, but may introduce spurious spaces when a url +% containing "\" characters is given in the argument to another command. +% So if you need to obey spaces you can say "\usepackage[obeyspaces]{url}", +% and if you need both spaces and backslashes, use a `defined-url' for +% anything with "\". +% +% Package Option: hyphens +% Ordinarily, breaks are not allowed after "-" characters because this +% leads to confusion. (Is the "-" part of the address or just a hyphen?) +% The package option "[hyphens]" allows breaks after explicit hyphen +% characters. The "\url" command will *never ever* hyphenate words. +% +% Package Option: spaces +% Likewise, breaks are not usually allowed after spaces under the +% "[obeyspaces]" option, but giving the options "[obeyspaces,spaces]" +% will allow breaks at those spaces. +% +% Package Option: T1 +% This signifies that you will be using T1-encoded fonts which contain +% some characters missing from most older (OT1) encoded TeX fonts. This +% changes the default definition for "\urlstyle{rm}". +% +% Defining a defined-url: +% Take for example the email address "myself%node@gateway.net" which could +% not be given (using "\url" or "\verb") in a caption or parbox due to the +% percent sign. This address can be predefined with +% \urldef{\myself}\url{myself%node@gateway.net} or +% \urldef{\myself}\url|myself%node@gateway.net| +% and then you may use "\myself" instead of "\url{myself%node@gateway.net}" +% in an argument, and even in a moving argument like a caption because a +% defined-url is robust. +% +% Style: +% You can switch the style of printing using "\urlstyle{tt}", where "tt" +% can be any defined style. The pre-defined styles are "tt", "rm", "sf", +% and "same" which all allow the same linebreaks but different fonts -- +% the first three select a specific font and the "same" style uses the +% current text font. You can define your own styles with different fonts +% and/or line-breaking by following the explanations below. The "\url" +% command follows whatever the currently-set style dictates. +% +% Alternate commands: +% It may be desireable to have different things treated differently, each +% in a predefined style; e.g., if you want directory paths to always be +% in tt and email addresses to be rm, then you would define new url-like +% commands as follows: +% +% \newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url} +% \newcommand\directory{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% You must follow this format closely, and NOTE that the final command is +% "\Url", not "\url". In fact, the "\directory" example is exactly the +% "\path" definition which is pre-defined in the package. If you look +% above, you will see that "\url" is defined with +% \newcommand\url{\begingroup \Url} +% I.e., using whatever url-style has been selected. +% +% You can make a defined-url for these other styles, using the usual +% "\urldef" command as in this example: +% +% \urldef{\myself}{\email}{myself%node.domain@gateway.net} +% +% which makes "\myself" act like "\email{myself%node.domain@gateway.net}", +% if the "\email" command is defined as above. The "\myself" command +% would then be robust. +% +% Defining styles: +% Before describing how to customize the printing style, it is best to +% mention something about the unusual implementation of "\url". Although +% the material is textual in nature, and the font specification required +% is a text-font command, the text is actually typeset in *math* mode. +% This allows the context-sensitive linebreaking, but also accounts for +% the default behavior of ignoring spaces. Now on to defining styles. +% +% To change the font or the list of characters that allow linebreaks, you +% could redefine the commands "\UrlFont", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials" etc. +% directly in the document, but it is better to define a new `url-style' +% (following the example of "\url@ttstyle" and "\url@rmstyle") which defines +% all of "\UrlBigbreaks", "\UrlNoBreaks", "\UrlBreaks", "\UrlSpecials", and +% "\UrlFont". +% +% Changing font: +% The "\UrlFont" command selects the font. The definition of "\UrlFont" +% done by the pre-defined styles varies to cope with a variety of LaTeX +% font selection schemes, but it could be as simple as "\def\UrlFont{\tt}". +% Depending on the font selected, some characters may need to be defined +% in the "\UrlSpecials" list because many fonts don't contain all the +% standard input characters. +% +% Changing linebreaks: +% The list of characters that allow line-breaks is given by "\UrlBreaks" +% and "\UrlBigBreaks", which have the format "\do\c" for character "c". +% The differences are that `BigBreaks' have a lower penalty and have +% different breakpoints when in sequence (as in "http://"): `BigBreaks' +% are treated as mathrels while `Breaks' are mathbins (see The TeXbook, +% p.170). In particular, a series of `BigBreak' characters will break at +% the end and only at the end; a series of `Break' characters will break +% after the first and after every following *pair*; there will be no +% break after a `Break' character if a `BigBreak' follows. In the case +% of "http://" it doesn't matter whether ":" is a `Break' or `BigBreak' -- +% the breaks are the same in either case; but for DECnet nodes with "::" +% it is important to prevent breaks *between* the colons, and that is why +% colons are `BigBreaks'. +% +% It is possible for characters to prevent breaks after the next following +% character (I use this for parentheses). Specify these in "\UrlNoBreaks". +% +% You can do arbitrarily complex things with characters by making them +% active in math mode (mathcode hex-8000) and specifying the definition(s) +% in "\UrlSpecials". This is used in the rm and sf styles for OT1 font +% encoding to handle several characters that are not present in those +% computer-modern style fonts. See the definition of "\Url@do", which +% is used by both "\url@rmstyle" and "\url@sfstyle"; it handles missing +% characters via "\UrlSpecials". The nominal format for setting each +% special character "c" is: "\do\c{}", but you can include +% other definitions too. +% +% +% If all this sounds confusing ... well, it is! But I hope you won't need +% to redefine breakpoints -- the default assignments seem to work well for +% a wide variety of applications. If you do need to make changes, you can +% test for breakpoints using regular math mode and the characters "+=(a". +% +% Yet more flexibility: +% You can also customize the verbatim text by defining "\UrlRight" and/or +% "\UrlLeft", e.g., for ISO formatting of urls surrounded by "< >", define +% +% \renewcommand\url{\begingroup \def\UrlLeft{}% +% \urlstyle{tt}\Url} +% +% The meanings of "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight" are *not* reproduced verbatim. +% This lets you use formatting commands there, but you must be careful not +% to use TeX's special characters ("\^_%~#$&{}" etc.) improperly. +% You can also define "\UrlLeft" to reprocess the verbatim text, but the +% format of the definition is special: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{ ... do things with #1 ... } +% +% Yes, that is "#1" followed by "\UrlRight" then the definition. For +% example, to put a hyperTeX hypertext link in the DVI file: +% +% \def\UrlLeft#1\UrlRight{\special{html:}#1\special{html:}} +% +% Using this technique, url.sty can provide a convenient interface for +% performing various operations on verbatim text. You don't even need +% to print out the argument! For greatest efficiency in such obscure +% applications, you can define a null url-style where all the lists like +% "\UrlBreaks" are empty. +% +% Revision History: +% ver 1.1 6-Feb-1996: +% Fix hyphens that wouldn't break and ligatures that weren't suppressed. +% ver 1.2 19-Oct-1996: +% Package option for T1 encoding; Hooks: "\UrlLeft" and "\UrlRight". +% ver 1.3 21-Jul-1997: +% Prohibit spaces as delimiter characters; change ascii tilde in OT1. +% ver 1.4 02-Mar-1999 +% LaTeX license; moving-argument-error +% The End + +Test file integrity: ASCII 32-57, 58-126: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 +:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/usetex-v1-anon.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1-anon}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null +% \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% +% \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold +% \vskip 2ex% + {\large +% \lineskip .5ex% +% \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% +% \@author +% \end{tabular}\par + }% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 0.5ex + \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 0.5ex + \textit{Authors and affiliation elided for review.} + \vskip 0.5ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par +% \vskip 2ex +} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/usetex-v1.cls --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Ownership_def_of_Sync_construct/latex/usetex-v1.cls Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{usetex-v1}[2002/10/31 v1.2 usetex Usenix article class] + +% usetex-v1.cls - to be used with LaTeX2e for Usenix articles +% +% To use this style file, do this: +% +% \documentclass{usetex-v1} +% +% The following definitions are modifications of standard article.cls +% definitions, arranged to do a better job of matching the Usenix +% guidelines. and make for convenient Usenix paper writing +% +% Choose the appropriate option: +% +% 1. workingdraft: +% +% For initial submission and shepherding. Features prominent +% date, notice of draft status, page numbers, and annotation +% facilities. +% +% 2. proof: +% +% A galley proof identical to the final copy except for page +% numbering and proof date on the bottom. Annotations are +% removed. +% +% 3. webversion: +% +% A web-publishable version, uses \docstatus{} to indicate +% publication information (where and when paper was published), +% and page numbers. +% +% 4. finalversion: +% +% The final camera-ready-copy (CRC) version of the paper. +% Published in conference proceedings. This doesn't include +% page numbers, annotations, or draft status (Usenix adds +% headers, footers, and page numbers onto the CRC). +% +% If several are used, the last one in this list wins +% + +% +% In addition, the option "endnotes" permits the use of the +% otherwise-disabled, Usenix-deprecated footnote{} command in +% documents. In this case, be sure to include a +% \makeendnotes command at the end of your document or +% the endnotes will not actually appear. +% + +\newif\if@draftcopy \newif\ifworkingdraft +\DeclareOption{workingdraft}{\workingdrafttrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifproof \DeclareOption{proof}{\prooftrue\@draftcopytrue} +\newif\ifwebversion +\DeclareOption{webversion}{\prooftrue\webversiontrue\@draftcopytrue} +\DeclareOption{finalversion}{} +\newif\ifhasendnotes +\DeclareOption{endnotes}{\hasendnotestrue} + +% pass all other options to the article class +\DeclareOption*{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} + +% actually process the options +\ProcessOptions + +% usetex is based on article +\LoadClass[twocolumn]{article} + +% Footnotes are not currently allowed, but +% endnotes (while a bad idea) are. +\ifhasendnotes + \RequirePackage{endnotes} +\fi + +% save any provided document status information +\def\@docstatus{} +\def\docstatus#1{\gdef\@docstatus{#1}} + +\ifworkingdraft + + % formatting helper for draft notes + \newcommand{\@noteleader[1]}{% + {\marginpar{\framebox{\scriptsize\textbf{#1}}}}% + \bfseries\itshape + } + + % put a small anonymous editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{{\@noteleader[note] (#1)}} + + % put a small attributed editing note in the draft copy + \newcommand{\edatnote}[2]{{\@noteleader[#1] #2}} + + % put an attributed editing note paragraph in the draft copy + \newenvironment{ednote}[1] + {\newcommand{\who}{#1}\@noteleader[\who]} + + % mark a spot where work has been left off for later + \newcommand{\HERE}{% + {\mbox{}\marginpar{\framebox{\textbf{here}}}}{\bf\ldots}} + +\else + + % dummy versions of editing commands to produce warnings + + \newcommand{\edannote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edannote command in final version ignored}} + + \newcommand{\edatnote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover edatnote command in final version ignored}} + + \newsavebox{\@discard} + \newenvironment{ednote}[1]{\@latex@warning + {Leftover ednote environment in final version ignored}% + \begin{lrbox}{\@discard}}{\end{lrbox}} + + \newcommand{\HERE}{\@latex@warning + {Leftover HERE command in final version ignored}} + +\fi + +% set up the footers appropriately +\def\@setfoot{% + \ifwebversion + % webversions get whatever status the author says + \gdef\@evenfoot{\@docstatus \hfil \thepage}% + \else + % all other drafts get the standard draft footer + \gdef\@evenfoot{\textbf{Draft:} \@draftdate\hfil \textbf{Page:} \thepage}% + \fi + \gdef\@oddfoot{\@evenfoot}% +} + +% +% Usenix wants no page numbers for submitted papers, so that +% they can number them themselves. Drafts should have +% numbered pages, so they can be edited. +% +\if@draftcopy + % Compute a date and time for the draft for use + % either in \@setfoot (proof) or in \maketitle (workingdraft) + % + % Time code adapted from custom-bib/makebst.tex + % Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly + % Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie + % E-mail: daly@linmp.mpg.de + \newcount\hour + \hour=\time + \divide\hour by 60 + \newcount\minute + \minute=\hour + \multiply\minute by 60 + \advance\minute by -\time + \multiply\minute by -1 + \newcommand{\@draftdate} + {{\the\year/\/\two@digits{\the\month}/\/\two@digits{\the\day}% + ~\two@digits{\the\hour}:\two@digits{\the\minute}}} + \pagestyle{plain} + \@setfoot +\else + \pagestyle{empty} +\fi + +% Times-Roman font is nice if you can get it (requires NFSS, +% which is in latex2e). +\usepackage{times} + +% endnote support, as described at +% http://www.lyx.org/help/footnotes.php +\ifhasendnotes + \typeout + {Warning: endnotes support is deprecated (see documentation for details)} + \let\footnote=\endnote + \def\enoteformat{\rightskip\z@ \leftskip\z@ + \parindent=0pt\parskip=\baselineskip + \@theenmark. } + \newcommand{\makeendnotes}{ + \begingroup + \def\enotesize{\normalsize} + \theendnotes + \endgroup + } +\else + \long\gdef\footnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated footnote command (see documentation for details)}} + \long\gdef\endnote{\@latex@error + {Deprecated endnote command (see documentation for details)}} +\fi + +% +% Usenix margins +% Gives active areas of 6.45" x 9.0" +% +\setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} +\setlength{\columnsep}{0.25in} +\setlength{\textwidth}{6.45in} +%\setlength{\footskip}{0.0in} +%\setlength{\footheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\topmargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headheight}{0.0in} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.0in} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{1.5em} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.35in} + +% The standard maketitle insists on +% messing with the style of the first page. +% Thus, we will wrap maketitle with code to put +% things right again. +\let \save@maketitle=\maketitle +\def\maketitle{ + \save@maketitle + \if@draftcopy + \@specialpagefalse + \else + \thispagestyle{empty} + \fi +} + +% +% Usenix titles are in 14-point bold type, with no date, and with no +% change in the empty page headers. The author section is +% 12 point roman and italic: see below. +% +\def\@maketitle{% + \newpage + \null + \vskip 3ex% + \begin{center}% + \let \footnote \thanks + {\Large \bf \@title \par}% % use 14 pt bold + \vskip 2ex% + {\large + \lineskip .5ex% + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}% + \@author + \end{tabular}\par}% + \ifworkingdraft + \vskip 3ex \textbf{Draft of \@draftdate} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \ifwebversion + \vskip 3ex \textbf{\@docstatus} \vskip 3ex + \fi + \end{center}% + \par + \vskip 2ex} + +% +% The author section +% should have names in Roman, address in +% italic, e-mail/http in typewriter. +% This is enforced by use of these macros +% +\def\authname#1{{#1}\\} +\def\authaddr#1{\itshape{#1}\\} +\def\authurl#1{{\normalsize #1}\\} + +% +% The abstract is preceded by a 12-pt bold centered heading +% +\def\abstract{\begin{center}% + {\large\bf \abstractname\vspace{-.5ex}\vspace{\z@}}% + \end{center}} +\def\endabstract{} + +% +% Main section titles are 12-pt bold. Lower divisions can +% be same size or smaller: we choose same. +% Main section leading is tight. Subsection leading is even +% slightly tighter. All lower divisions are formatted like subsections. +% +\newcommand\@sectionfont{\reset@font\large\bf} +\newlength\@sectionaboveskip +\setlength\@sectionaboveskip{-0.7\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip + minus -0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@sectionbelowskip +\setlength\@sectionbelowskip{0.3\baselineskip + plus 0.1\baselineskip} +\newlength\@subsectionaboveskip +\setlength\@subsectionaboveskip{-0.5\baselineskip + plus -0.1\baselineskip} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% + {\@sectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\newcommand\@gensubsection[2]{\@startsection {#1}{#2}{\z@}% + {\@subsectionaboveskip}{\@sectionbelowskip}{\@sectionfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@gensubsection{subsection}{2}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@gensubsection{subsubsection}{3}} +%\renewcommand\paragraph{\@gensubsection{paragraph}{4}} +%\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@gensubsection{subparagaph}{5}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} +\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% + {1.25ex \@plus 0.2ex \@minus 0.2ex}% + {-1.0em}% + {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} + +% List items need to be tightened up. +% There must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\@itemspacings{\listparindent=\parindent + \parsep=0pt\topsep=0.3\baselineskip\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt} +% now make envs use itemspacings +\def\itemize{% + \ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@itemdepth\@ne + \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname\@itemitem\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\enumerate{% + \ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@\@toodeep\else + \advance\@enumdepth\@ne + \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}% + \expandafter + \list + \csname label\@enumctr\endcsname + {\@itemspacings\usecounter\@enumctr\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}% + \fi} +\def\description{% + \list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \@itemspacings\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +% Bibliography items need to be tightened up. +% Again, there must be a better way than copying +% the definitions to modify the list environment... +\def\thebibliography#1% + {\section*{\refname}% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% + \parsep=0pt}% pack entries + \sloppy + \hbadness=8000% mostly don't whine about bibliography fmt + \clubpenalty=4000% + \@clubpenalty=\clubpenalty + \widowpenalty=4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + +% Floating bodies need to be tightened up. +\setlength\textfloatsep{14pt plus 2pt} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{\textfloatsep} +\setlength\intextsep{0.8\textfloatsep} +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{8pt minus 2pt} diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/PR__system_level_activity.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + + Master Fn + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeMasterCode + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + Lang Handlerfor acq Mutex + + + + + + + Assigner Fn + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + return fromsuspend + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + core 1 + core 2 + + + + return fromsuspend + + + + return fromsuspend + + + PR OS thread(core1) + + + Main OS thread + + main + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + + PR_start() + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + birth Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR__start() + normal call + + suspendand switchto runtime + normal call + + + + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + PR primitive Fnto create VP + Master Fn + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call to dyn lib + call to dyn lib + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + resume + + + + + + + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + call via Ptr to Dyn Lib Fn + + + core 1 + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR OS thread(core 2) + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/PR__timeline_dual.pdf has changed diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/PR__timeline_dual.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + Suspend(Point 2.S) + + Resume (Point 2.R) + Timeline B + + + Physical time + + + + Suspend(Point 1.S) + + + + 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+ + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + Master(runtime system) + ConstructSemanticsModule + + Hardware Specific Module(Proto-Runtime) + Assignmentof Workonto CoresModule + Language Plug-in + Hardware Abstraction Interface + + + + + + + Seed VP + + + + VP createdby Application + + + + VP createdby Application + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + prallelism_construct2_Fn + Language Wrapper LibCode + Proto-Runtime PrimitiveCode + Language PluginCode + Proto-RuntimeCode + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + Instance of runtime system + Instances ofVirtual Processors + + + + + + + + prallelism_construct1_Fn + + + + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf Binary file 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code.pdf has 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switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + normal call + normal call + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Master Fn + Assigner Fn + + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + Call via Ptr + + Top Level Fn + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + Call via Ptr + + diff -r f04cf8642d6f -r 8cb89eed66b4 0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back_2.svg --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/0__Papers/PR/PR__Tookit_portable_modular__used_elsewhere_focus_now/figures/Proto-Runtime__modules_plus_plugin_plus_code_back_2.svg Tue Dec 31 10:49:41 2013 -0800 @@ -0,0 +1,2231 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 1 + + + Seed VP(created atapp startup,on core 1) + + Application Code + Seed_Fn + Work_Fn + Language Wrapper-LibCode + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + Lang Handlerfor create VP + Assigner Fn + Instances of runtime system(data structson heap) + Instances ofVirtual Processors(data structson heap) + + create VPwrapper Fn + Call to dyn lib + + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + Top Level Fn + + + + + + Top Level Fn + Work_Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + PR primitive Fnto send request + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + Mutex Acquirewrapper Fn + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + returnfromsuspend + normal call + + + suspendand switchto runtime + + + normal call + normal call + + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + + + + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct2 + Assigner Fn + Handlerfor LanguageConstruct1 + + Top Level Fn + + + + + + + Timeline of SeedVP + suspend + resume + end + Proto-RuntimePrimitiveCode + PR primitive Fnto create VP + + + + VP 1(created byapplication,on core 2) + + + + VP 2(created byapplication,on core 3) + + Master Fn + + + + + + end VPwrapper Fn + + send requestprimitive Fn + + + + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + returnfromsuspend + + + suspendand switchto runtime + normal call + normal call + + + + + start + + + + Timeline of VP 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + + Timeline of Master on core 1 + suspend + resume + + start + + + Call via Ptr + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + Call to dyn lib + + + Master(runtime system)on core 2 + Lang Handlerfor Acq Mutex + + + + + PR primitive Fnto create VP + Master Fn + + + + + + + suspendand switchto app VP + + + + + + Timeline of Master on core 2 + + Call via Ptr + Call to dyn lib + + + + + + return fromsuspend + + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + PR primitive Fnto send request + + + end + + + + resume + resume + suspend + start + resume + + return fromsuspend + Language PluginCode + 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